The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

In this Chapter, we imagine a decision maker (or a group of experts) trying to establish or examine fair procedures to combine opinions about alternatives related to different points of view.

Multiple criteria decision making

Alan Ford,† Hugues Miel, Aoife Ring,† Catherine N. Slattery,† Anita R. Maguire,*,†,‡ and M. Anthony McKervey* †Department of Chemistry and ‡School of Pharmacy, Analytical and Biological Chemistry Research Facility, Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland Almac Discovery Ltd., David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, United Kingdom Almac Sciences Ltd., Almac House, 20 Seagoe Industrial Estate, Craigavon BT63 5QD, United Kingdom

Modern Organic Synthesis with α-Diazocarbonyl Compounds

A new method for exact analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients with respect to atomic coordinates is described. The new surface routine, GETAREA, finds solvent-exposed vertices of intersecting atoms, and thereby avoids calculating buried vertices which are not needed to determine the accessible surface area by the Gauss)Bonnet theorem. The surface routine was implemented in FANTOM, a program for energy minimization and Monte Carlo simulation, and tested for accuracy and efficiency in extensive energy minimizations of Met-enkephalin, the a-amylase inhibitor . tendamistat, and avian pancreatic polypeptide APP . The CPU time for the exact calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients has been . . reduced by factors of 2.2 Met-enkephalin and 3.2 tendamistat compared with our previous approach. The efficiency of our exact method is similar to the recently described approximate methods MSEED and SASAD. The performance of several atomic solvation parameter sets was tested in searches for low energy conformations of APP among conformations near the native X-ray crystal structure and highly distorted structures. The protein solvation parameters from w . x

Exact and efficient analytical calculation of the accessible surface areas and their gradients for macromolecules

The aim of this review article on recent developments of mechanochemistry (nowadays established as a part of chemistry) is to provide a comprehensive overview of advances achieved in the field of atomistic processes, phase transformations, simple and multicomponent nanosystems and peculiarities of mechanochemical reactions. Industrial aspects with successful penetration into fields like materials engineering, heterogeneous catalysis and extractive metallurgy are also reviewed. The hallmarks of mechanochemistry include influencing reactivity of solids by the presence of solid-state defects, interphases and relaxation phenomena, enabling processes to take place under non-equilibrium conditions, creating a well-crystallized core of nanoparticles with disordered near-surface shell regions and performing simple dry time-convenient one-step syntheses. Underlying these hallmarks are technological consequences like preparing new nanomaterials with the desired properties or producing these materials in a reproducible way with high yield and under simple and easy operating conditions. The last but not least hallmark is enabling work under environmentally friendly and essentially waste-free conditions (822 references).

/pdf/hallmarks-of-mechanochemistry-from-nanoparticles-to-5cyjx2wiue.pdf

Hallmarks of mechanochemistry: From nanoparticles to technology

Method for constructing cotton bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library by non-dark cultured leaves

The microstnicture of oriented Pb(Zr0.7Ti0.3)O3 thin films prepared via sol-gel method has been carefully investigated. After the precursor was heated, the resultant thin film displayed (100)-preferred orientation because of accumulation of the colloidal particles. X-ray diffraction (XRD) result indicated that the strong ⟨100⟩- or ⟨111⟩-prefered orientation of the PZT thin films could be observed when the substrates were slightly bent under appropriate external stresses during annealing procedure. Atomic force microscope (AFM) image revealed that (100)-oriented grains aggregated in some separate zones. The above results can be well explained in view of internal stress during crystallization.

PZT thin films with preferred-orientation induced by external stress

The future development of China’s container ports has become a critical issue, due to the sector’s dependence on international trade and the excessive interport competition that exists both within China itself and with the ports of neighboring countries. This article investigates the potential for utilizing domestic feeder shipping services (i.e., coastal and river container shipping services that carry both international and domestic cargoes) as a new source of future long-term growth in China’s container port sector. The Gini coefficient is utilized as an indicator for assessing the evolution of throughput over time for the 12 major container ports involved in feeder shipping operations in China. By applying decomposition analysis to a time series of throughput data, the key contributions of feeder shipping services to port development are identified. In addition, structural and spatial concentration effects on corresponding market segment components are computed. Finally, research findings provide evidence that there are potential opportunities for container ports to benefit from burgeoning feeder services carrying domestic trade and engaging in coastal transshipment activities.

The Role of Feeder Shipping in Chinese Container Port Development

The invention provides a method of hybridization in situ (Fiber-FISH) of cotton DNA fiber fluorescence. The invention adopts jackknife method to prepare karyon and drainage to pull the DNA fiber and then achieves hybridization in situ of DNA fiber fluorescence by using genome and 45S rDNA as the probes. During extracting the karyon by jackknife method, the phenols combined matter such as PVP40 isadded into the extracting solution and the hurtful medicine such as mercaptoethanol is avoided. The success rate reaches to a hundred percent. During pulling the DNA fiber by drainage, the influence of surface tension is avoided and the accumulation and fracture of the DNA fiber can be avoid, which are caused by uneven load when pushing the glass slide, therefore the prepared DNA fiber is lank, even and integrated. The genome and 45S rDNA label the probes by indentation translation method or random priming to achieve hybridization in situ of DNA fiber fluorescence and the legible and bright signal image can be obtained.

Yuhong Wang

Papers

Method for constructing cotton bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library by non-dark cultured leaves

PZT thin films with preferred-orientation induced by external stress

The Role of Feeder Shipping in Chinese Container Port Development

Cotton DNA in situ hybridization technique

Development of a methodological framework for evaluating biodiversity of built urban green infrastructures by practitioners