There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

The chemistry of graphene oxide is discussed in this critical review Particular emphasis is directed toward the synthesis of graphene oxide, as well as its structure Graphene oxide as a substrate for a variety of chemical transformations, including its reduction to graphene-like materials, is also discussed This review will be of value to synthetic chemists interested in this emerging field of materials science, as well as those investigating applications of graphene who would find a more thorough treatment of the chemistry of graphene oxide useful in understanding the scope and limitations of current approaches which utilize this material (91 references)

/pdf/the-chemistry-of-graphene-oxide-507zcedhhu.pdf

The chemistry of graphene oxide

DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201400323 This special issue of Advanced Healthcare Materials highlights some of the excellent research that has been featured at the International Advanced Drug Delivery Symposium (IADDS) in Taiwan over the last few years, supplemented by other outstanding contributions on drug delivery systems. Since 2007, National Tsing Hua University and the Industrial Technology Research Institute have held the IADDS annually, with the objective of bridging the knowledge gap between academic research and industrial need. This special issue is guest-edited by Professor Hsing-Wen Sung of National Tsing Hua University and Professor Zhuang Liu of Soochow University. The topics include stimuli-responsive carrier systems, targeting and imaging technologies, and drug, gene, and cell delivery applications for the treatment of pathological conditions, including cancers, heart, and eye diseases, as well as infl ammatory injuries.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/adhm.201400323

Advanced drug delivery systems for therapeutic applications.

Islet transplantation is a promising strategy for type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) treatment, whereas implanted-associated foreign body reaction (FBR) usually induces the necrosis of transplanted islets and leads to the failure of glycemic control. Benefiting from the excellent anti-biofouling property of zwitterionic materials and their successful application in macroscopic implanted devices, microcapsules with zwitterionic coatings may be promising candidates for islet encapsulation. Herein, a series of zwitterion-coated core-shell microcapsules is fabricated (including carboxybetaine methacrylate [CBMA]-coated gelatin methacrylate [GelMA] [CBMA-GelMA], sulfobetaine methacrylate [SBMA]-coated GelMA [SBMA-GelMA], and phosphorylcholine methacrylate [MPC]-coated GelMA [MPC-GelMA]) by one-step photopolymerization of inner GelMA and outer zwitterionic monomers via a handmade two-fluid microfluidic device and it is demonstrated that they can effectively prevent protein adsorption, cell adhesion, and inflammation in vitro. Interestingly, the zwitterionic microcapsules successfully resist FBR in C57BL/6 mice after intraperitoneal implantation for up to 4 months. After successfully encapsulating xenogeneic rat islets in the SBMA-GelMA microcapsules, sustained normoglycemia is further validated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mice for up to 3 months. The zwitterion-modified microcapsule using a microfluidic device may represent a platform for cell encapsulation treatment for T1DM and other hormone-deficient diseases.

Microfluidic Production of Zwitterion Coating Microcapsules with Low Foreign Body Reactions for Improved Islet Transplantation.

Stimulus-Responsive Nanoparticle-Integrated Dissolving Microneedles for Synergetic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Superficial Skin Tumors

Mesoporous silica-coated WS2@Fe3O4 nanosheets as a multifunctional theranostic nanocarrier for combination therapy of cancer

A novel detection method based on highly transparent and ion-recognizable hydrogel grating sensors is developed for efficient diagnosis of hyperkalemia in this work. The proposed hydrogel gratings are made of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-benzo-15-crown-5-acrylamide) (poly(NIPAM-co-B15C5Am)) networks by using tetra-arm-polyethylene-glycol-acrylamide (tetra-arm-PEGAAm) as a macromolecular cross-linker. The macromolecular cross-linker tetra-arm-PEGAAm can prevent the microstructure inside the poly(NIPAM-co-B15C5Am) hydrogel networks changing from the homogeneous state to the heterogeneous state during the response processes, which ensures the high transparency of hydrogel gratings as well as the strong laser intensity through the diffraction gratings during the response processes. The pendent crown ether 15-crown-5 units on the polymer networks in hydrogel can specifically recognize K+ to form stable 2:1 “sandwich” host–guest complexes, which cause the height shrinkage of hydrogel gratings. By using a simple optical detection system, the proposed poly(NIPAM-co-B15C5Am) hydrogel grating sensor can realize a highly selective and sensitive detection of K+ concentrations in both water and real human serum. Due to the specific host–guest complexation between crown ether 15-crown-5 and K+, the detections of K+ concentrations in aqueous solutions are nearly not interfered by other metal ions. Furthermore, because of the rapid response of the nanostructured poly(NIPAM-co-B15C5Am) hydrogel gratings, the diagnosis of hyperkalemia can be achieved within 3 min. The proposed smart hydrogel grating sensors in this work can be applied for rapid and efficient detection of hyperkalemia, and the results in this work provide valuable guidance for the development of novel smart sensors. 

Zhuang Liu

Papers

Advanced drug delivery systems for therapeutic applications.

Microfluidic Production of Zwitterion Coating Microcapsules with Low Foreign Body Reactions for Improved Islet Transplantation.

Stimulus-Responsive Nanoparticle-Integrated Dissolving Microneedles for Synergetic Chemo-Photothermal Therapy of Superficial Skin Tumors

Mesoporous silica-coated WS2@Fe3O4 nanosheets as a multifunctional theranostic nanocarrier for combination therapy of cancer

Efficient Detection of Hyperkalemia with Highly Transparent and Ion-Recognizable Hydrogel Grating Sensors