Showing papers by "American University in Cairo published in 1993"
TL;DR: This article investigated Egyptian and American compliments using both qualitative and quantitative methodology and found that both types of compliments tend to be adjectives and contain more comparatives, references to marriage and metaphors, whereas Americans tend to compliment more frequently than Egyptians; and both Egypians and Americans prefer direct rather than indirect means of compliments.
82 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an analytical formula is derived to approximate the finite sample bias of the OLS estimator of the autoregressive parameter when the underlying process has a unit root.
Abstract: An analytical formula is derived to approximate the finite sample bias of the ordinary least-squares (OLS) estimator of the autoregressive parameter when the underlying process has a unit root. It is found that the bias is expressible in terms of parabolic cylinder functions which are easy to compute. Numerical evaluation of the formula reveals that the approximation is very accurate. The derived formula inspires a heuristic approximation, obtained by leastsquares fitting of the asymptotic bias. More importantly, the formula proves analytically that the bias declines at a rate which is slower than the consistency rate, thus explaining some previous simulation findings. A case where the bias increases with the sample size is also given.
60 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a distinction is drawn between two classes of statistics: one which relies on deterministic normalizations and the other which uses stochastic normalizations, and when the data follow a driftless autoregression, a t test for a unit root is found to perform better than the other tests in small to moderate effective samples.
Abstract: Closed forms for the distribution of some conventional statistics are given as a prelude to deriving their asymptotic power functions as unit root tests. In the process, an important distinction is drawn between two classes of statistics: one which relies on deterministic normalizations and the other which uses stochastic normalizations. When the data follow a driftless autoregression, a t test (which belongs to the second class) for a unit root is found to perform better than the other tests in small to moderate effective samples.
43 citations
TL;DR: This paper presents a lexical analyser for inflected Arabic words using an augmented transition network (ATN) technique to represent the context‐sensitive knowledge about the relation between a stem and inflectional additions.
Abstract: This paper presents a lexical analyser for inflected Arabic words. An augmented transition network (ATN) technique was used to represent the context-sensitive knowledge about the relation between a stem and inflectional additions. An exhaustive-search algorithm is developed to traverse the ATN, generating all possible interpretations of an inflected Arabic word. The arcs of the ATN are augmented with rules containing conditions and actions. More than one rule is associated with some arcs. The states of the ATN are represented by Pascal procedures.
37 citations
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TL;DR: In the first half of the 1970s, Egypt turned away from the Soviet Union and initiated an economic open-door policy as mentioned in this paper, and since then, the United States, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank have encouraged comprehensive reforms that would make Egypt an outward-looking market-oriented capitalist economy in which the private sector plays a dominant role.
Abstract: In the first half of the 1970s, Egypt turned away from the Soviet Union and initiated an economic open-door policy. Since then, the United States, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank have encouraged comprehensive reforms that would make Egypt an outward-looking market-oriented capitalist economy in which the private sector plays a dominant role. While the Egyptian economy had gone in that direction between 1974 and 1990, it had fallen far short of what they were looking for. In lengthy negotiations with the IMF, Egypt had, in spite of strong pressure, remained unwilling to implement many elements in this orthodox reform package. At the same time, most observers agreed that the government's own policies were not successful: living standards declined while the foreign debt grew rapidly, undermining the country's political independence. Analysts attributed this resistance to reform in the face of foreign pressure to a mix of domestic and foreign factors.
32 citations
TL;DR: In the first half of the 1970s, Egypt turned away from the Soviet Union and initiated an economic open-door policy as discussed by the authors, and since then, the United States, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank have encouraged comprehensive reforms that would make Egypt an outward-looking market-oriented capitalist economy in which the private sector plays a dominant role.
Abstract: In the first half of the 1970s, Egypt turned away from the Soviet Union and initiated an economic open-door policy. Since then, the United States, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank have encouraged comprehensive reforms that would make Egypt an outward-looking market-oriented capitalist economy in which the private sector plays a dominant role. While the Egyptian economy had gone in that direction between 1974 and 1990, it had fallen far short of what they were looking for. In lengthy negotiations with the IMF, Egypt had, in spite of strong pressure, remained unwilling to implement many elements in this orthodox reform package. At the same time, most observers agreed that the government's own policies were not successful: living standards declined while the foreign debt grew rapidly, undermining the country's political independence. Analysts attributed this resistance to reform in the face of foreign pressure to a mix of domestic and foreign factors.
32 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigate the design of contracts which induce optimal investment of effort aimed at maintaining and improving the productive stocks in agricultural tenancy arrangements, and find that a long-term contract which interlinks tenancy with a credit agreement is optimal.
21 citations
TL;DR: An efficient algorithm is presented that generates a set of adaptive all state-pair optimised distinguishing sequences for testing systems modelled as non-deterministic FSMs.
Abstract: A variety of systems can be modelled as finite-state machines (FSM). Several formal methods have been proposed for testing the conformance of an implementation to a given FSM-based specification. However, all of these methods assume that the specification is modelled by a deterministic FSM. The paper presents an efficient algorithm that generates a set of adaptive all state-pair optimised distinguishing sequences for testing systems modelled as non-deterministic FSMs. >
19 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study on optimizing conditions in solar distillation units for increasing the yield of purified saline or brackish waters for agricultural user in a greenhouse was made, where two identical solar still units located at the Solar Energy Laboratory of the American University in Cairo were used to study the effect of water depth, water color, reflectors, a floating surface and addition of charcoal pieces.
17 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a decision support system for the design of flexible manufacturing systems (FMSDDSs) is presented, which is implemented using three routines: input, analysis, and output.
Abstract: Flexible manufacturing system (FMS) is an integrated system consisting of computer numerical control machine tools and automated material handling system controlled by an overall control computer system. The FMS design is broken down into strategic, tactical and operational level designs. This research is concerned with the development of a decision support system for the design of FMS (FMSDDS. Simulation is used as a primary analysis tool, making the DSS capable of solving problems at all three levels. The decision making ability is provided by a multi-attribute utility model which accounts for both quantitative and qualitative factors that affect a decision. The FMSDSS is implemented using three routines: input, analysis, and output. The input routine helps the user to select feasible FMS configurations interactively. The analysis routine consists of a generalized FMS simulation model. This routine analyses the FMS alternatives selected and provides the information required for the output analysis. The ...
14 citations
TL;DR: While the mobilizing character of the populist movements and regimes in the Third World countries offers a great potential for the practice of grassroots democracy, the populist ideology and development strategy, at the same time, set certain serious constraints against genuine democratic practices as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: While the mobilizing character of the populist movements and regimes in the Third World countries offers a great potential for the practice of grassroots democracy, the populist ideology and development strategy, at the same time, set certain serious constraints against genuine democratic practices. This theory is illustrated by a historical analysis of the experience of industrial democracy in Egypt under President Nasser and the subsequent regimes. Industrial democracy was designed to serve as a part of the populist strategy of mobilizing the working class in the post-revolutionary Egypt.
TL;DR: In this paper, a mathematical model is constructed to describe the physical problem in its general form without imposing assumptions a priori, where the losses due to thermal conductivity of the medium are neglected in order to focus on that due to viscosity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of a wickless heat pipe solar collector was analyzed using R-11, acetone, or water as a working fluid at different charging pressures.
Abstract: The wickless heat pipe solar collector has the advantage of high effective thermal conductance due to its exploitation of phase-change phenomena, and the advantage of solving the problems of flat-plate solar water heaters suck as scale formation (corrosion), cycle reversing (during the night), and freezing. The use of the heat pipe technology in solar collectors will not only solve these problems but also eliminate the effect of the daily and seasonal variation of the solar radiation on the collector performance. The purpose of this article is to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the thermal performance of a wickless heat pipe solar collector on the basis of heat-transfer analysis using R-11, acetone, or water as a working fluid at different charging pressures. Also the effect of angle of inclination and the effect of liquid fill on the performance of the wickless heat pipe solar collector were studied. The experimental results show that the maximum efficiency occurs at 45° tilt angle. The ...
TL;DR: The research team worked with local staff at the clinic to improve testing and treatment for villagers, especially school children, and trained local residents in social research techniques, so that they work with local villagers to understand why exposure to canal water persists and what can be done to minimize this contact.
Abstract: Schistosomiasis remains one of the major public health problems in rural Egypt. Many rural people continue to be exposed to the disease as they enter irrigation canals during agricultural, domestic and recreational activities. Current control strategies focus on testing and treatment of cases in rural health units; apart from a TV media campaign, health education plays a small role. This article reports on an on-going participatory research project involving all the people and institutions in two villages who have an interest in schistosomiasis control at the village level. The project is studying human behavior and the transmission of schistosomiasis, with the ultimate aim of recommending appropriate control strategies. The research team worked with local staff at the clinic to improve testing and treatment for villagers, especially school children. It also trained local residents in social research techniques, so that they work with local villagers to understand why exposure to canal water persists and what can be done to minimize this contact.
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of nonprice factors in determining the success or failure of a less-developed country to export its manufactured products is revealed using the sub-sector approach, which reveals several bottlenecks in the system which seriously impede the flow of exports and make the domestic market more appealing for producers than foreign markets.
TL;DR: In this paper, the optical and mechanical properties of silicone glazing were studied and it was found to have a solar transmission of 90%, an ultraviolet cut-off at 270 nm, and an infrared cutoff at 8.0 μm.
TL;DR: Using a quadratic price-endogenous programming mode, the authors analyzes the liberalization of Egypt's agriculture through a case study of the Minoufia governorate based on 1986-87 data and finds that the introduction of international price equivalents and relaxed cropping constraints would lead to significant increases in farmer incomes and in the economic return to sector sources.
Abstract: Using a quadratic price-endogenous programming mode, this study analyzes the liberalization of Egypt's agriculture through a case study of the Minoufia governorate based on 1986-87 data. The results suggest that the introduction of international price equivalents and relaxed cropping constraints would lead to significant increases in farmer incomes and in the economic return to sector sources. However, the relative income gap between small and large farmers would increase. Copyright 1993 by Oxford University Press.
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of the efforts to bring CNN to Egypt in 1991 is presented, which traces the development of Cable News Egypt (CNE), and explains how the presence of CNE prompted changes in Egyptian television news.
Abstract: Since 1983 when CNN began its international service, global television news has spread to more than 125 countries. Today, both CNN and the BBC are growing rapidly in mostly the industrialized world. At a much slower pace, global news networks are moving into developing countries. While the potential markets for such a service are huge, the obstacles to success are formidable. This article is a case study of the efforts to bring CNN to Egypt in 1991. It traces the development of Cable News Egypt (CNE), and explains how the presence of CNE prompted changes in Egyptian television news.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of heat treatment and cation uptake on the textural characteristics of hydrous oxides was investigated and it was suggested that water plays a key role in stabilizing the microporous textures.
Abstract: Nitrogen adsorption studies were carried out on zirconia gels prepared through the agency of ammonium carbonate to zirconyl chloride solutions. The effect of heat treatment and cation uptake on the textural characteristics of such hydrous oxides was investigated. The freshly prepared gels as well as those heat treated at 110°C were found to be microporous. After the uptake of the Co 2+ and Ca 2+ cations the microporosity prevailed with the development of more extensive surface areas and pore volumes. It is suggested that water plays a key role in stabilizing the microporous textures. Primary and secondary mechanisms of micropore filling seem to take place in most of the gels.