Showing papers by "DePaul University published in 1981"

Inter-Relationships Between Organizational Commitment and Job Characteristics, Job Satisfaction, Professional Behavior, and Organizational Climate

Abstract: Commitment to the organization is an important behavioral dimension which can be utilized to evaluate employees' strength of attachment. Keeping employees highly committed is important, especially in not-forprofit firms whose salary scales may not be as competitive as industrial firms. Management is concerned with identifying those variables that are related to organizational commitment in order that they may design organizational strategies to maximize commitment levels. Results in a healthcare institution indicate that role conflict and role ambiguity are detrimental to commitment, while a participative climate, power, teamwork, reading professional journals, satisfaction with work and promotion opportunities, age, GS level, tenure, and length of professional employment are positively related to organizational commitment.

The prothoracicotropes: Source of the prothoracicotropic hormone

Abstract: SYNOPSIS. An in vitro assay for the insect prothoracicolropic hormone (PTTH) has been developed which measures the rate of ecdysone synthesized by Manduca sexta prothoracic glands (PG) stimulated in vitro by PTTH. This assay has been used to quantify PTTH in single neurosecretory cells (NSC) resulting in the identification of one NSC in each hemisphere of the brain as the prothoracicotrope, source of PTTH. The axonal and dendritic distribution of the prothoracicotrope has been determined by cobalt filling with silver intensification. From a comparison of the titers of PTTH in brains, corpora cardiaca and corpora allata during larval-pupal development, the corpus allatum has been identifiedas the neurohemal organ for PTTH. Electron microscopic analyses suggest that the acellular sheath surrounding the corpus allatum contains the axon terminals of the prothoracicotropes. There is at least one form of PTTH, ˜22,000 mol wt (big PTTH), and possibly a smaller form of about 7,000 mol wt (small PTTH). Bioassay and PTTH hemolymph titer data during the head critical period (HCP) for larval-larval development reveal that big PTTH is released as a single peak lasting ˜6 hr. By contrast, during the first HCP of the last larval instar PTTH is released over a period of ˜18 hr in three bursts, but its molecular weight has not been established with certainty. The kinetics of PG activation by these two forms suggest that big PTTH may function to activate the PG dramatically and thereby elicit molting, while small PTTH may activate the PG minimally at the time of cellular reprogramming.

The impact of industrialization on meal patterns in Vienna, Austria

Abstract: In Vienna, the number of socially recognized mealtimes has declined from five at the turn of the century to three today. This paper analyzes the forces which have resulted in this decline. Meal patterns are viewed as non‐arbitrary reflections of time allocations in industrializing societies in which work time organization is the single dominant feature. Work organization is linked to mealtimes through the daily schedules of household members. The changes in meal patterns are accompanied by shifts in shopping patterns and food preparation time. The paper suggests that the component of diets in industrial societies derived from social eating patterns is a direct result of the ideologies surrounding the management of work time.

The anatomy of neurons projecting to the corpus cardiacum from the larval brain of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.).

Abstract: Retrograde cobalt filling followed by silver intensification revealed new features of the anatomy of neurons which project from the brain to the corpus cardiacum (CC) of the fifth instar larva of Manduca sexta. Filling via the fused nervi corporis cardiaci (NCC) I+II demonstrated four groups of cell bodies (Ia, Ib, II, and III) previously described by Nijhout (1975), plus three major axonal tracts (A, B, and C), and four previously unobserved areas of dendritic branching, dendritic fields (DF) 1, 2, 3, and 4. Tract C is unusual in that it originates from cell bodies on the side contralateral to the filled nerve, travels ventrally and crosses over to the ipsilateral side where it turns dorsally, forming a hook in the center of the brain. It then turns ventrally again to join with tract A. DF 1 and 2 are located ventrally on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides of the brain respectively. DF 3 and 4 are situated in the dorsal protocerebrum, on the ipsilateral and contralateral sides respectively.

State Power and its Limits Corporatism in Mexico

Abstract: Several analysts of Mexican politics have suggested that the Mexican State is largely autonomous and exercises substantial control over that country's policy development process. This study, howeve...

Optimal numerical differentiation using three function evaluations

Abstract: An optimal choice ofu for approximating thed th derivative,d=1,2, of a real valued function of a real variable by a difference quotient of the formh −d ∑ i=1 n w i f(x+u i h) is given. Ifd=1 andn is odd, or ifd=2 andn is even, this choiceu turns out to be surprisingly asymmetric.

Family Therapy Training in Clinical Psychology Programs

Abstract: In a national questionnaire survey of graduate programs offering the Ph.D. or Psy.D. in clinical psychology, the status of family therapy training was examined. With a 79 per cent response rate (102 programs), the study found that 10 per cent of the nationwide faculty identified themselves as primarily family therapy oriented, 32 per cent of the programs had no family-oriented faculty members, 18 per cent of all psychotherapy courses were family therapy courses, and 21 per cent of the schools had no family therapy course. The ratings of the importance of providing students with family therapy training were found to be unrelated to the number of family therapy courses available but positively correlated with the percentage of family therapy courses within the total curriculum.

The effects of an attentional training procedure on the performance of high and low test-anxious children

Abstract: Children, ages 9 through 12, who were either high or low in test anxiety were matched on sex and grade level, then randomly assigned to one of three conditions: (1)attentional training, (2)placebo training, and (3)notraining control. The attentional training group was rewarded for successful inhibition of irrelevant responses and correct attending behavior on a task similar to the Stroop Color Word Test. The placebo training group experienced the same training task but received rewards that were not contingent on inhibition of the irrelevant responses. For the younger children, posttraining assessement on the Stroop test revealed that attentional training enabled high test-anxious children to perform as well as low test-anxious children, while high test-anxious children in the placebo and control groups continued to make more errors than low test-anxious children. This effect did not occur for the older subjects. A second test measuring central-incidental learning was included to test for generalization effects of training, but this task yielded nonsignificant results.

Cross-Validation With Small Samples: An Algorithm for Computing Gollob's Estimator:

Abstract: Several years ago, Gollob (1967) presented a novel method for empirically estimating the population cross-validation coefficient of a sample regression equation. The method has been rarely used and has not been very thoroughly investigated. The principal reasons for apparent lack of interest in the method seem to be that investigators were unacquainted with it or that like Campbell (1974) they considered it to be too cumbersome to calculate. The purpose of the present paper was, therefore, twofold: to acquaint (or reacquaint) readers with Gollob's method and to provide a reasonably efficient algorithm for computation.

The Impacts on Capital Allocation of Some Aspects of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

Abstract: This paper develops and employs a five-asset, four-household and single-business sector simulation model to measure the long-run impacts of the major provisions of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 on the allocation of a fixed capital stock among owner-occupied housing, rental housing, and nonresidential capital. The specific provisions analyzed are the increases in tax depreciation for nonresidential capital and rental housing and the reduction in the maximum tax rate on unearned income. Our analysis suggests a 6 percent increase in nonresidential capital, an 11 percent decline in owner-occupied housing and little change in rental housing (the increase in the number of renters -- the homeownership rate declines by 1 1/2 percentage points -- offsets a decline in the quantity of rental services demanded per renter). In the absence of an increase in aggregate saving, real pretax interest rates rise by nearly two percentage points. Corporate profit taxes decline by 60 percent, and after-tax earnings rise by 25 percent. As a result of the Act, the net (of depreciation) user costs for the three types of capital will almost be equalized.

Territorial Behavior on Beaches

Abstract: Summary In a study of female territorial behaviors on beaches, 30 women were approached on beaches over a four-month period and asked some questions about their territorial behavior. The Ss reported that they generally tolerated male intrusions on their beach territory. They tended to employ passive, as opposed to active, protective behaviors in defending their territory. On the average, they reported being approached about once each time they went to the beach. Ten percent of the sample indicated that they were currently dating a man who had previously invaded their beach territory. The frequency of going to the beach and the use of assertive female behavioral strategies were significantly correlated with the number of times men approached the Ss, but female attractiveness and age were not significantly correlated with male territorial intrusions.

Enhancing Social Interactions and Activity Among the Elderly Through Stimulus Control

Abstract: The present study investigated the effectiveness of a stimulus control procedure (access to free coffee and cookies) in increasing attendance and interactions among elderly in a lounge area of a nursing home. Following a baseline period, residents were provided access to coffee and cookies. The results showed that the refreshments were effective in increasing attendance and interactions and in decreasing television watching. In addition, attendance and participation during a subsequent activity session increased. Attendance, interactions, and participation decreased during a return to baseline period, and increased again with reimplementation of treatment.

Advertising Directed to Children: A Look at The Mother's Point of View

Abstract: The issue of whether to ban children's advertising from television has generated quite a controversy over the past several years. One view of the controversy which has received little attention, however, is the mothers'. This paper looks at those mothers who are both pro can con with regard to the idea of banning children's advertising.

Characteristics of Community Psychologists in 1974 and 1978

Abstract: DePaul University The present study describes characteristics of community psychologists in two comprehensive surveys conducted in 1974 and 1978 by the American Psychological Association. Data gathered on psychologists classified as community psychologists includes information on demographic character- istics, employment settings, and specialty areas, in addition, for the 1978 sample, comparisons were made between the types of community-oriented services provided by community psychologists and human service professionals d.e., clinical, social, school, and counseling psychologists). Implications of the documented changes among community psychologists over a 4-year period as well as differences in the roles of community versus human service professionals are discussed. Over the past two decades, the field of community mental health, community psychology (CMH/CP) has experienced considerable growth. This is evident by the emergence of a new division (27) in the American Psychological Association, as well as a precipitous rise in the number of universities which offer programs with curricula or majors in CMH/CP. (In 1962 there was 1 program, today there are over 62; Meyer & Gerrard, 1977.) Another sign of the evolving maturity of this field has been the recent creation of a Council of Community Psychology Program Directors. Given the exponential expansion of this emerging new discipline, there is a need to periodically document community-oriented curricula and training op- portunities in university and internship settings, and characteristics and specialty areas of practicing community psychologists.

Training Undergraduates in Behavioral Therapy and Behavioral Community Psychology

Abstract: A clas s of undergraduates , enrolled in a psychol ogy internship prog ra m , were provided training in behavior t he rapy a nd beh a vioral community psychology. A t the begin ning of t he quarter, each u ndergraduat e se l ec t ed and operationally defined a behavio r t o chart a nd u ltim a tel y mod i fy (e. g. , studying , w e i ght control, etc.). After th e un dergraduates h ad colle c ted bas eli ne data and imple mented inter v entions on th ei r sel f -control projects , they bega n ga th e rin g d ata o n a commun i ty problem ( e.g . , vanda li sm, environ mental hazards, litt er, e nergy waste). The projects prov id ed t he un d ergraduates a real - l ife e xp er ience for understanding the p rocess of effec ting behavior change at th e in dividual and com mu ni ty l evels . Of most i mpo rtance was the op portunity provide d the undergraduates for e xp l or ing an alternative concept u al model, the c o mm unity p sy ch ology approach, for extending mental health serv i ces.

Identifying patterns of syntactic disorder in six-year-old children.

Abstract: SummaryThis study analyzes profiles of syntactic usage among six-year old language disordered children. By means of the LARSP categories, the syntactic structures of 30 language disordered and 15 normal children were grouped, by a Q-Factor analysis into clusters of mathematically similar profiles. Two groups with imbalanced syntactic development, in contrast to the normal pattern of balanced development were discerned. These appear to be similar to patterns found by Crystal. The first group (A) reveals normal clause development but inadequate phrase and word structures. The second group (B) exhibits a pattern of depressed word and phrase structure but even lower ability in the area of clause structure, with the added features of inconsistent performance and a wide gap between maximum and typical performance. The relationships between profiles found in this study and those found by Crystal, as well as implications of the research are discussed.

Freedom of Assembly and the Hostile Audience in Anglo-American Law

Abstract: Public conflict between rival factions creates one of the most persistent and difficult dilemmas in Anglo-American Civil Liberties. This paper examines the decisions and actions of courts and other policy makers in Britain and the United States when faced with the need to protect freedom of speech and freedom of assembly in the context of disorder and violence arising out of confrontations between speakers and demonstrators, on the one hand, and an audience or a community hostile to their message or their mere presence, on the other.

Class, Family, Education, and the Process of Status Attainment: A Comparison of American and British Women College Graduates*

Abstract: Turner's conceptualization of the relationship between education and social mobility in Great Britain and the United States as forming "sponsored" and "contest" systems is used as a theoretical framework for comparing the process of occupational status attainment of British and American women college graduates. British women graduates are more occupationally mobile than Americans; they gain more from attending prestigious institutions, studying science and mathematics and securing a higher class degree as compared with American women with similar qualifications. American graduate women benefit more from attaining a Ph.D. Marriage and motherhood have less significant, but different, cross-national effects. Is occupational status affected more by educational attainment or by social class ascription? This question cannot be effectively examined for women without considering familial circumstances that often intervene before an established occupational status is achieved. Because women usually assume the roles of wife and mother (or are expected to) at a point when men of their age cohort are seeking to establish their career positions, cross-sex research on predictors of status attainment must either ignore or treat as a special female aberration the natural endeavors of women's early adult years. The predictors of women's occupational status might be better examined by comparing social class, educational attainment, and familial factors across nations rather than between women and men. The purpose of this paper is to compare the predictors of occupational status attainment of women college graduates in the United States and Great Britain. By largely controlling for education, age, and date of graduation in a crossnational comparison, a more concentrated analysis of effects of social origin, educational attainment, and familial factors can be achieved.

From Early Secondary to Primary Preventive Interventions in Schools

Abstract: The present paper describes a four-year research effort aimed at developing preventive educational interventions for children in inner-city schools. The initial thrust of the programs was towards secondary prevention; identifying early childhood disorders and formulating consultation interventions to remediate the problems. Over time, the direction of the projects changed from an early secondary to a primary preventive orientation. In these later interventions, entire classes or groups of children were provided skill building experiences (e.g., social skills, problem solving techniques, or peer-tutoring skills). Other children were involved in programs designed to prevent the onset of smoking. Still others were provided skills to master critical developmental transitions. Examples of these latter preventive interventions included providing behavior management skills to a first time teacher in a first grade classroom, an orientation program to children transferring to a new school, and public speaking skills to children entering high school. The implications of switching the emphasis from early secondary to primary preventive programs are discussed.

Attitudinal Consistency Among Political Elites: Implications of Support for the Equal Rights Amendment

Abstract: This study looks at attitudes toward the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) held by two geographically distant groups of political elites. My purpose is to examine attitudinal consistency with respect to feminist issues and to ascertain the extent to which approval of the ERA is related to support for a variety of feminist public policy goals. Moderate relationships are found between the feminist policy indices and support for ERA but the indices are more closely related to positive attitudes toward the women's movement. Partial correlational analysis shows that the relationships between support for ERA and support for the women's issues become weaker in each sample when controlling for the effects of approval of the women's movement. Although the existence of a feminist ideology seems supported by the data, doubt remains about the wisdom of assuming that approval of the ERA is concomitant with endorsement of specific political issues which would enhance legal equality with political or social equality.

On free quadratic extensions of rings

Abstract: The quaternion algebraB[j] over a commutative ringB with 1 defined byS. Parimala andR. Sridharan is generalized in two directions: (1) the ringB may be non-commutative with 1, and (2)j2 may be any invertible element (not necessarily −1). LetG={ϱ} be an automorphism group ofB of order 2, andA={b inB|ϱ (b)=b}. LetB[j] be a generalized quaternion algebra such thataj ϱ (a) for eacha inB. It will be shown thatB is Galois (for non-commutative ring extensions) overA which is contained in the center ofB if and only ifB[j] is Azumaya overA. Also,A[j] is a splitting ring forB[j] such thatA[j] is Galois overA. Moreover, we shall determine which automorphism group ofA[j] is a Galois group.

Drinking-related control orientation and alcohol intoxication

Abstract: Locus of control is a personality construct reflecting one's belief or perception about who controls behavior and life events (Roner, 1966). The range of beliefs extend from internal ro external locus of control. The prediction that persons who expect a contingent relationship between personal actions and outcomes (internals) will respond differently in a variety of situations from persons who expect that personal effort and reward are uncorrelated (external scorers) has been substantiated (Joe, 1971; Lefcourr, 1966; Phares, 1976). Belief in personal control is both a general predisposition which influences behavior across a wide range of situations and a rather specific set of beliefs which may apply to a more limited situation (Connolly, 1980). Roner's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale (Rotter, 1966) measures one's general control orientation. Recently, the Drinkingrelated Locus of Control Scale was developed with items specific to alcohol use/misuse (Donovan & O'Leary, 1978). These items assess a drinker's ability to resist the temptation to drink and drinking to overcome negative emotions (the intrapersonal control factor). The drinker's ability to resist peer pressure to drink or drinking to cope better with people is also assessed (the interpersonal control factor). More internality is correlated with better control. Based on scores from the Drinking-related I-E scale, internal scorers were usually better at setting limits on their drinking than external scorers. For instance, Donovan and O'Leary (1978) found that hospitalized alcoholics having an external orientation based on Drinking-related I-E scores: (a) were more preoccupied with alcohol; (b) had more prolonged drinking problems, as indicated by higher levels of physical, social, and psychological impairment; and (c) manifested more loss of control when drinking, as indicated by belligerence, blackouts, passing out, gulping drinks, stumbling, and physically .harming themselves or others. The purpose of this smdy was to extend the aforementioned findings by examining the relationship between Drinking-related I-E scores and alcohol intoxication rates in non-hospitalized subjects. It was specifically hypothesized that greater internality would reliably correlate wich lower intoxication rates.