Showing papers by "Florida State University published in 1971"

Tropical East–West Circulations During the Northern Winter

Abstract: In this Paper we present the geometry and intensity of the mean east–west circulation during the northern winter. We show that near the equatorial latitudes two pronounced regions of divergent mass outflow in the upper troposphere are found near the convective regions over the northwestern part of South America and Indonesia. The intensity of the east–west circulation is shown to be of the order of 1 m sec−1 which is comparable to the intensity of the Hadley circulation. The divergent streamlines are shown to be important for the maintenance of the three waves of the subtropical westerly jet in the Northern Hemisphere, and are shown to exhibit asymptotes of convergence in the regions of mid-oceanic upper tropospheric troughs over the tropical southern oceans. Kinetic energy exchanges for a tropical belt 15S to 15N at 200 mb are expressed as a function of zonal wavenumber. Results for northern summer and winter seasons are compared. We find that wave interactions with the mean zonal flow differ in...

Autoradiographic and ultrastructural observations on the frog's olfactory mucosa

Abstract: Autoradiographic techniques have been employed to study the cell turnover in the olfactory mucosa of frog. It has been established that basal cells of the olfactory epithelium divide and differentiate into mature neurons in adult animals. These findings prove that the olfactory neurons are replaced during the adult life. Supporting cells were also found to undergo turnover. The basal cells are indicated as the stem elements of both supporting and sensory cells as they undergo division and maturation processes leading to the replacement of both supporting and sensory cells.

Comparisons of order statistics and of spacings from heterogeneous distributions

Abstract: Given two sets of independent, possibly unlike, components, conditions involving majorization are given which insure that any k-out-of-n system constructed of components in the first set will have reliability at least as great as that of a corresponding system constructed of components in the second set. Since the ordered failure times of the components represent order statistics from heterogeneous distributions, we obtain stochastic comparisons between the order statistics from one set of underlying distributions {F 1 , …, F n } and those from another set{F 1 *, …, F n *} under both parametric and nonparametric assumptions. As a sample result, if one vector of component hazards (−log[1 −F 1 (t)], …, −log[1 − F n (t)]) majorizes a second such vector (−log[1 − F 1 *(t)], …, −log[1 − F n *(t)]) for each t ≥ 0, then for k = 1, …, n, the k-th order statistic from the set {F 1 , …, F n } is stochastically larger than the k-th order statistic from the set {F 1 *, …, F n *}. Results of this type can be used to find bounds for the reliability of a k-out-of-n system of unlike components in terms of a k-out-of-n system of like components.

Five Dimensions of the Industrial Adoption Process

Abstract: A model of the industrial adoption process forms the conceptual framework for an analysis of the purchase of a machine-tool innovation. This article explores five aspects of the industrial adoption...

Host behavior : its influence on the feeding success of mosquitoes.

Abstract: Evidence is presented that the defensive (antimosquito) behavior of certain vertebrates successfully prevents attracted mosquitoes from feeding. Although patterns of feeding have generally been ascribed to the preferences of mosquitoes, our findings suggest that host behavior plays an important role in determining the blood sources of mosquitoes in nature, and thereby, in the epidemiology of mosquito-borne disease.

Observational Study of the Tropical Upper Tropospheric Motion Field during the Northern Hemisphere Summer.

Abstract: Conventional and commerical aircraft wind observations over the global tropics have been used to prepare daily charts of the field of motion at the 200-mb level for June, July and August 1967. Computations describe the climatology of the field of motion (streamlies and isotachs) and the divergence and vorticity distributions. A number of dynamical computations are made utilizing these data. These include 1) A comparison of the strength of the rotational part of the wind with the total wind. 2) A description of the strength and geometry of the Hadley and Walker circulations. 3) An analysis of the ultralong waves (zonal wavenumbers 1 and 2). The waves, which are quasi-stationary, are shown to carry a large proportion of the total variance of the motion field and to have a very pronounced southwest to northeast tilt. The amplitude and motion of transient ultralong waves, wavenumbers 1 and 2, are studied on polar diagrams. It is shown that these waves are intermittent and rapidly moving. 4) An analys...

Notes and Comments Trait-State Anxiety and Motor Behavior

Abstract: (1971). Notes and Comments Trait-State Anxiety and Motor Behavior. Journal of Motor Behavior: Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 265-279.

The Electoral Impact of Congressional Roll Call Voting

Abstract: This paper presents evidence that candidate issue positions have a measurable impact on elections for the U.S. House of Representatives. For eight election years, electoral margins of Northern incumbent congressional candidates were examined to test the proposition that “moderates” within each party are better vote getters than those whose roll call records reflect their party's ideological extreme. The effects of roll call positions on election results were estimated by examining the relationships between roll call “extremism” and vote margins with district presidential voting held constant as a control for normal constituency voting habits. Although no strong support was found for the proposition that Democratic Representatives lose electoral support when they take extremely liberal roll call positions, a clear pattern emerged for Republicans: the Republican Congressmen who are the best vote getters tend to be the relative moderates and liberals who avoid the extreme conservative end of the political spectrum. An analysis of survey data suggests that the small group of voters whose electoral decisions are influenced by their Republican Congressman's roll call performance are found within the ranks of a select group who are both free of strong partisan motivations and highly politically informed.

Development of the Spanish edition of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

Abstract: R e s u m e n . La meta de este estudio es de describir la construcción de escalas para medir estado (A-State) y rasgo (A-Trait) de ansiedad, que sean adecuadas para uso en investigaciones transeulturales. El State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger et al., 1970) se tradujo al castellano con asistencia de psicólogos de 10 diferentes paises latino-americanos. Para evaluar la confiabilidad y la equivalencia de las formas del STAI en inglés y en español, estas escalas se administraron en orden contra-balanceado a Ss bilingües en Texas y Puerto Eico. En las dos muestras, correlaciones ele­ vadas (item-remainder) y coeficientes alpha extendiendose del .82 al .95 establecieron la consistencia interna de las escalas de A-Trait y A-State. Indicación de la equivalencia de las escalas fué proporcionada por correla­ ciones de .83 a .94 entre las versiones en inglés y en español. Como se espe­ raba, la escala A-State fué influida por stress transitorio situacional, resul­ tando en índices de confiabilidad de test-retest bajos. Indices de confiabilidad de test-retest elevados fueron obtenidos para la escala A-trait, la cual se mantuvo estable a través del tiempo. Se concluyó que el STAI en castellano proporciona escalas internamente consistentes y confiables para medir es­ tado y rasgo de ansiedad que son esencialmente equivalentes a las escalas A-State y A-Trait del STAI en inglés. Anxiety is considered to be the “fundamental phenomenon and the central problem of neurosis” (Freud, 1936, p. 85), and it is widely regarded as the “most pervasive psychological phenomenon of our time” (Hoch & Zubin, 1950). Not only is anxiety a basic ex-

Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety

Abstract: (1971). Heart rate as an index of speech anxiety. Speech Monographs: Vol. 38, No. 1, pp. 65-69.

Peripheral interactions among single papilla inputs to gustatory nerve fibers.

Abstract: Recordings were made from single fibers of the rat chorda tympani nerve while the peripheral receptor fields were mapped using a stimulator developed to stimulate single fungiform papillae which in the rat contain a solitary taste bud. The results indicate that several fungiform papillae may supply input to a single fiber, and the most sensitive papilla of these provided, on the average, about one-half of the response of that fiber to stimulation of the entire tongue. The magnitude of the response to each concentration of stimulus and the shape of the concentration-response curves differ among papillae innervated by the same fiber. If one of the papillae supplying input to the fiber was stimulated individually with NaCl solution, application of this stimulus to the tongue surface surrounding the isolated papilla resulted in enhancement of the fiber response. If the papilla was stimulated with NaCl and potassium benzoate solution was applied to the surround, a depression of the response occurred. The excitatory input of the cationic stimuli and the depressing influence of the anionic stimuli interacted to determine the resultant steady-state impulse frequency of the single afferent fiber. A hypothetical model involving the summation of generator currents along the unmyelinated terminals of the single afferent neuron is presented as a speculative explanation of the integration of inputs from several receptors innervated by the same single fiber.

Garfish olfactory nerve: easily accessible source of numerous long, homogeneous, nonmyelinated axons.

Abstract: The olfactory nerve of the garfish, Lepisosteus, is about 1 millimeter in diameter and about 20 centimeters long, depending on the size of the fish; it is easily prepared by breaking off successive scored segments of the rostrum. It consists of a relatively homogeneous population of about 10(7) nonmyelineated nerve fibers, each about 0.24 micrometer in diameter. In most other nerves each fiber is separated from all others by an enfolding Schwann cell, but in the olfactory nerve the fibers are directly in contact with one another in groups of several hundred fibers. The Schwann cell, not directly concerned with propagation of the nerve impulse, forms a thin layer at the periphery of the group and makes up a small proportion of the total cellular material. The volume of axon cytoplasm is about five times greater than that of Schwann cell cytoplasm, and the axon surface is about 30 times the Schwann cell surface. The ratio of surface to volume for axons of a typical olfactory nerve is about 5400 times that for the squid axon of the same diameter. The large proportion of axonal membrane recommends this nerve for use in chemical and physical studies of properties of axon membranes.

Late Palaeozoic glaciation of Australia

Abstract: Late Palaeozoic glaciation in Australia, discovered over a century ago, is now known to have covered a large part of the continent. In South Australia, tillite and outwash debris lie upon clearly striated pavements within glacial valleys, and show that ice sheets with valley tongues moved northward from sources now occupied by deep ocean south of the continent. These glaciers reached into the Cooper, Arckaringa, and Pedirka Basins at the end of the Carboniferous and laid down patches of till in the Early Permian, now preserved largely in the subsurface. In Tasmania, an ice sheet waxed in the latest Carboniferous from sources to the west of the island, and deposited till and “drop‐stones” into fossiliferous marine strata until well into the Late Permian. In Victoria, the ice cap laid down till on a striated floor, and here and there sequences of outwash, including boulder pavements. In New South Wales, continental glaciation expanded eastward to the sea early in the Permian, and left a record inte...

A positive-energy relativistic wave equation

Abstract: The relativistic wave equations currently used in physical theory are symmetrical between positive and negative energies. A new relativistic wave equation for particles of non-zero rest-mass is here proposed, allowing only positive values for the energy. There is great formal similarity between it and the usual relativistic wave equation for the electron, but the physical significance is very different. In particular, the new equation gives integral values for the spin.

Field studies of homing, mass emigration, and orientation in the spiny lobster, panulirus argus*

Abstract: The western Atlantic spiny lobster, Panulirus argus, is known to be migratory7*9J2 and capable of homing.4~~ Yet, there is little quantitative or experimental information characterizing their orientation and indicating mechanisms of directional orientation. Creaser and Travis8 reported that 20 percent of tagged lobsters returned to the site of original capture after displacements up to several miles. Several lobsters remarkably reappeared at their capture site within a few days after release one mile offshore at a depth of 500 m. However, the trap-tag-recapture method used gave no indication of pathways, guideposts, or sensory systems involved. Recently, preliminary sonic tracking studies showed the typical nocturnal period of activity to consist of spontaneous movements from specific den sites off the reef and return, often to the same den, before dawn, with distances of hundreds of meters being covered.4 Although the latter report is briefly descriptive, it demonstrated the suitability of diver-operated sonic tracking techniques for such homing studies and suggested that homing plays a significant role in the normal behavior of spiny lobsters. Past migration studies based upon inferential evidence from trapping and tagrecapture techniques suggest seasonal trends of generalized inshore-off shore and random population movements, with occasional long distance movements by i n d i v i d u a l ~ . ~ , ~ ~ ~ J ~ J ~ For example, Dawson and Idylls reported that lobsters released at various places in the Florida Keys and southeast coast usually stayed within five miles of the release point, and that those moving farther traveled northward or southward up to 100 miles in three to four months. Again, this type of study provides no evidence of mode of migration (individual or group), pathway (direct or circuitous) or any indication of orientational components. A very distinctive mode of migration was described by Cummings and Herrnkind in which thousands of spiny lobsters emigrated en masse, by day, southward along the west coast of Bimini, Bahamas.12 During the mass movements lobsters joined in long, single-file columns or queues, all of which exhibiting an equivalent bearing.10 The group heading was maintained despite variable bottom slope, changing terrain and currents, poor visibility and overcast skies, making it difficult to postulate orientation by gravity gradient, chemorheotaxy or celestial cues. This paper presents information to characterize homing, mass emigration, and orientation by spiny lobsters more fully in the field and presents evidence for a nonvisual mechanism operating by hydrodynamic cues.

Steady Coastal Upwelling Induced by an Along-Shore Current

Abstract: Studies of frictionally induced motions of continental shell water near a large-scale ocean current reveal the possibility of strong coastal upwelling whenever the straight coast lies to the left of the current direction in the Northern Hemisphere and to the right of it in the Southern Hemisphere. In a homogeneous ocean with linear dynamics, this is apparently a consequence of the adjustment necessitated by the presence of bottom friction over the continental shelf which causes reduction of the Coriolis acceleration and allows the development of an onshore flow near the bottom due to the unbalanced pressure gradient. As a result, a one-sided subsurface mass convergence is established. In a vertical section normal to the coast, viewed in the direction of the current, the streamlines thus form a clockwise gyre in the Northern Hemisphere and a counterclock-wise gyre in the Southern Hemisphere. In both cases, strong coastal upwelling appears. In the presence of a subsurface countercurrent offshore, t...

Light and scanning electron microscopy of the endolithic desert algal habitat1

Abstract: Endolithic algae from fossiliferous limestones, crystalline limestones and sandstones collected in desert areas of Israel and California were studied with reflected light and scanning electron micr...

Late Paleozoic Glaciation: Part IV, Australia

Abstract: The distribution of striated pavements, tillite, outwash deposits, faceted and striated stones, boulders preserved in laminated sequences and interpreted as dropped by ice floes, and other records, show that a large part of Australia was glaciated during the late Paleozoic. Alpine glaciers grew in the Carboniferous upon mountain ranges bordering the Tasman geosyncline in Queensland and northern New South Wales, beginning in the latest Namurian and culminating during the Westphalian and early Stephanian. Later, following deep erosion, continental ice sheets expanded at the end of the Carboniferous (latest Stephanian), and reached their maximum extent in the Early Permian (Sakmarian), when they spread across Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia, and much of New South Wales. They reached the Northern Territory in central Australia, and covered a large part of Western Australia, with centers in regions bordering the Perth, Carnarvon, Canning, Officer, and Bonaparte Gulf basins. A broad arcuate depression, at times occupied by the sea, crossed the continent from Western Australia, through central South Australia, and northeastward into Queensland. The ice sheets rapidly dwindled in the Artinskian; although in eastern Australia and Tasmania, large blocks were dropped into marine sediments from distant glaciers, continuing into the Late Permian (early Kazanian). The piecemeal stratigraphic record indicates that continental ice spread northeastward into Tasmania from highlands bordering the region on the southwest, and northward through glacial valleys along the coast of South Australia. The apparent source region is now under the deep ocean, but in the late Paleozoic was probably occupied by then-adjacent Antarctica. The spread northward of continental ice sheets at the end of the Carboniferous corresponds with a rapid shift of paleolatitude as determined from published paleomagnetic studies. Continental glaciers apparently grew when Gondwanaland moved near the South Pole and an unfrozen paleo-Pacific was close by to provide abundant moisture.

Substrate and light dependent fixation of molecular nitrogen in Rhodospirillum rubrum

Abstract: Whole cells of Rhodospirillum rubrum were cultivated in a malate medium lacking bound nitrogen under N2 and tested for their nitrogenase activity by measuring the disappearance of nitrogen manometrically.

Numerical estimates of ancient waves, water depth and fetch

Abstract: A series of carefully controlled marine experiments, in which sand of known grain diameter and essentially perfect sorting was exposed to waves of various sizes, was supplemented by study of lakes of various widths (and hence differing values for fetch), in an effort to obtain relationships between parameters measurable in sedimentary rocks (i.e., ripple-mark spacing) and paleogeo-graphic information (water depth, wave height, wave length, and fetch). The results were subjected to regression analysis. Two equations were obtained, relating ripple-mark spacing to grain size, water wavelength and water depth, with predictive abilities higher than 80%. Two equations were obtained, relating ripple-mark spacing to grain size, water wave-height and water depth, with a predictive ability of 75%-80%. Two useful equations involved water wave-length, and two involved water wave-height; in general those based on water wave-length were superior to those based on water wave-height. In shallow-water work, the pairs of values which can be obtained from equations included in this paper are highly limited in range, and thus define the paleogeographic unknowns reasonably closely. These pairs (or single values, as may be appropriate) can be inserted into three additional equations, which relate fetch to various wave parameters. An application is made to Jurassic rocks (lower Morrison sandstones) in northern New Mexico, which are interpreted as deposits of a large, shallow lake. Shorelines, where they cannot be located by inspection of the rocks, can be inferred fairly closely from the fetch data.