Showing papers by "Hofstra University published in 1998"

The evolution of English prose, 1700-1800 : style, politeness, and print culture

Abstract: Preface 1. The ordering of English 2. Literacy and politeness: the gentrification of English prose 3. Testing the model 4. Loose and periodic sentences 5. Lofty language and low 6. Nominal and oral styles: Johnson and Richardson 7. The new rhetoric of 1748-93 8. The instruments of literacy 9. Politeness feminisation 10. Style and rhetoric Epilogue - language change.

Speaking the Unspeakable: Marital Violence against South Asian Immigrant Women in the United States

Abstract: Acknowledgements: I would like to thank all the South Asian Women who participated in my research and the following South Asian Women’s Organisations: Sakhi for South Asian Women, SEWAA (Service and Education for Women Against Abuse), Apna Ghar, Maitri and Sneha. Without their support this work would not be possible. I am grateful to Kanta Khipple and Usha Ari for sharing their home with me on my trips to Chicago and Philadelphia.

An electrophysiological study of infants' sensitivity to the sound patterns of English speech

Abstract: The study explores 10- to 11-month-old infants' sensitivity to the phonological characteristics of their native language. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were obtained for tones that were superimposed on two versions of a story: an Unmodified version containing normal English function morphemes, and a Modified version in which the prosodic and segmental properties of a subset of function morphemes were changed to make them atypical. The 11-month-olds exhibited significantly lower amplitude ERPs to the tones during the Modified story than to the Unmodified story, whereas the 10-month-olds showed no differences. These results suggest that the 11-month-olds discriminated the two versions of the story based on their representations of the phonological properties of English. Further, the tone-probe ERP method can successfully be used to study the development of speech perception in the pre-linguistic infant.

Cultural Differences between Arabs and Americans Individualism-Collectivism Revisited

Abstract: Cultural differences between Arabs and Americans were investigated using Wagner's individualism-collectivism survey. Arab subjects were significantly more collectivist than U.S. subjects, and within the Arab culture, Egyptian subjects were significantly more individualistic than Gulf States subjects.

Complete mitochondrial genome of a neotropical fruit bat, Artibeus jamaicensis, and a new hypothesis of the relationships of bats to other eutherian mammals.

Abstract: The complete mitochondrial genome was obtained from a microchiropteran bat, Artibeus jamaicensis. The presumptive amino acid sequence for the protein-coding genes was compared with predicted amino acid sequences from several representatives of other mammalian orders. Data were analyzed using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and neighbor joining. All analyses placed bats as the sister group of carnivores, perissodactyls, artiodactyls, and cetaceans (e.g., 100% bootstrap value with both maximum parsimony and neighbor joining). The data strongly support a new hypothesis about the origin of bats, specifically a bat/ferungulate grouping. None of the analyses supported the superorder Archonta (bats, flying lemurs, primates, and tree shrews). Our hypothesis regarding the relationship of bats to other eutherian mammals is concordant with previous molecular studies and contrasts with hypotheses based solely on morphological criteria and an incomplete fossil record. The A. jamaicensis mitochondrial DNA control region has a complex pattern of tandem repeats that differs from previously reported chiropteran control regions.

Opportunities for marketing travel services to new‐age elderly

Abstract: Based on Schiffman and Sherman’s conceptual model of the new‐age elderly this article constructs a measure that identifies this segment of elderly in terms of their value orientation. The findings show that older consumers’ value orientations are an effective segmentation approach; one that is superior for partitioning the market for services like leisure travel than the traditional age‐based segmentation approach. Marketing strategy implications of the findings are also discussed.

Buttress drumming by wild chimpanzees: Temporal patterning, phrase integration into loud calls, and preliminary evidence for individual distinctiveness

Abstract: Wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) generate low-frequency sounds that are audible to humans from a distance of at least 1 km away by hitting the buttresses of trees with their hands and feet. This buttress drumming occurs in discrete bouts of rapidly delivered beats that usually accompany “pant hoots,” the species-specific long-distance vocalization. Individual differences in male chimpanzee (P.t. verus) drumming were investigated during a 6-month field study in the Tai National Park, Ivory Coast. Analysis of drumming bouts recorded from six adult males revealed significant differences between individuals in three acoustic features: (1) mean duration of inter-beat interval; (2) mean number of beats per bout; and (3) mean bout duration. Preliminary analysis indicated that individuals differ in their tendency to deliver drum beats in temporally close pairs separated by longer interbeat intervals. Qualitative examination also suggested that individuals may differ in the temporal integration of drumming into the pant hoot vocalization. These results suggest that there may be acoustic cues available for chimpanzees to recognize unseen males by their drumming performances alone. Drumming by Tai chimpanzees was also compared to drumming by chimpanzees (P.t. schweinfurthii) from the Kanyawara study group in Kibale National Park. Uganda. The Kanyawara chimpanzees appeared to drum more often without vocalizing than did the Tai chimpanzees. When they did drum and vocalize together, the Kanyawara chimpanzees appeared to integrate their drumming later into the associated pant hoots than did the Tai chimpanzees. These results suggest the possibility that interpopulation variation exists in chimpanzee buttress drumming.

A surface active protein involved in aerial hyphae formation in the filamentous fungus Schizophillum commune restores the capacity of a bald mutant of the filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor to erect aerial structures

Abstract: The filamentous bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor undergoes a complex process of morphological differentiation involving the formation of a dense lawn of aerial hyphae that grow away from the colony surface into the air to form an aerial mycelium. Bald mutants of S. coelicolor, which are blocked in aerial mycelium formation, regain the capacity to erect aerial structures when exposed to a small hydrophobic protein called SapB, whose synthesis is temporally and spatially correlated with morphological differentiation. We now report that SapB is a surfactant that is capable of reducing the surface tension of water from 72 mJ m-2 to 30 mJ m-2 at a concentration of 50 microgram ml-1. We also report that SapB, like the surface-active peptide streptofactin produced by the species S. tendae, was capable of restoring the capacity of bald mutants of S. tendae to erect aerial structures. Strikingly, a member (SC3) of the hydrophobin family of fungal proteins involved in the erection of aerial hyphae in the filamentous fungus Schizophyllum commune was also capable of restoring the capacity of S. coelicolor and S. tendae bald mutants to erect aerial structures. SC3 is unrelated in structure to SapB and streptofactin but, like the streptomycetes proteins, the fungal protein is a surface active agent. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that aerial structures produced in response to both the bacterial or the fungal proteins were undifferentiated vegetative hyphae that had grown away from the colony surface but had not commenced the process of spore formation. We conclude that the production of SapB and streptofactin at the start of morphological differentiation contributes to the erection of aerial hyphae by decreasing the surface tension at the colony surface but that subsequent morphogenesis requires additional developmentally regulated events under the control of bald genes.

How Many Authors Does It Take to Publish an Article? Trends and Patterns in Political Science

Abstract: P olitical scientists have a tradition of reflecting on the evolution and state of their discipline. Numerous studies have examined rankings of departments (Klingemann 1986; Jackman and Siverson 1996; Lowery and Silver 1996; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996b; Morgan and Fitzgerald 1977), graduate programs (Katz and Eagles 1996), journals (Baum et al. 1976; Garand 1990; Giles and Wright 1975; Giles, Mizell, and Patterson 1989; Lester 1990), and citation rates (Cnudde 1986; Gleditsch 1993; Gleditsch 1996; Klingemann, Groffman, and Campagna 1989; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996a). The status of women in the profession-ascertained by, for example, counting the number of Ph.D.s granted over time-has also become a subject of study (Burton 1979; Sarkees and McGlen 1992; Kelly, Williams, and Fisher 1993; Hesli and Burrell 1995; Young 1995). We continue the self-study tradition by examining an area that has not received much attention among political scientists: trends and patterns of multiple-authored journal articles in political science over time (for an exception, see Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996a, Table 7). In the social sciences more generally, patterns of multiple authorship have increasingly become the focus of scholarly attention and concern (Endersby 1996; Fisher et al. 1998; De Maio and Kushner 1981; Hudson 1996; Wildavsky 1986). About half of all articles published in toptiered professional social science journals are written by two or more scholars; two or three decades ago, the proportion of multiple-authored articles was one-quarter to one-third of all social science articles (Endersby 1996; Hudson 1996; Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996a). The explanations offered for this increase in multiple authorships fall into three loosely defined categories (see Endersby 1996, Hudson 1996, Miller, Tien, and Peebler 1996a). First, the pool from which suitable collaborators can be found has

Efficient integration of a realistic two-dimensional cardiac tissue model by domain decomposition

Abstract: The size of realistic cardiac tissue models has been limited by their high computational demands. In particular, the Luo-Rudy phase II membrane model, used to simulate a thin sheet of ventricular tissue with arrays of coupled ventricular myocytes, is usually limited to 100/spl times/100 arrays. The authors introduce a new numerical method based on domain decomposition and a priority queue integration scheme which reduces the computational cost by a factor of 3-17. In the standard algorithm all the nodes advance with the same time step /spl Delta/t, whose size Is limited by the time scale of activation. However, at any given time, many regions may he inactive and do not require the same small /spl Delta/t and consequent extensive computations. Hence, adjusting /spl Delta/t locally is a key factor in improving computational efficiency, since most of the computing time is spent calculating ionic currents. This paper proposes an efficient adaptive numerical scheme for integrating a two-dimensional (2-D) propagation model, by incorporating local adjustments of /spl Delta/t. In this method, alternating direction Cooley-Dodge and Rush-Larsen methods were used for numerical integration. Between consecutive integrations over the whole domain using an implicit method, the model was spatially decomposed into many subdomains, and /spl Delta/t adjusted locally. The Euler method was used for numerical integration in the subdomains. Local boundary values were determined from the boundary mesh elements of the neighboring subdomains using linear interpolation. Because /spl Delta/t was defined locally, a priority queue was used to store and order nest update times for each subdomain. The subdomain with the earliest update time was given the highest priority and advanced first. This new method yielded stable solutions with relative errors less than 1% and reduced computation time by a factor of 3-17 and will allow much larger (e.g. 500/spl times/500) models based on realistic membrane kinetics and realistic dimensions to simulate reentry, triggered activity, and their interactions.

Habitat islands, genetic diversity, and gene flow in a Patagonian rodent

Abstract: The effects of terrestrial habitat islands on gene flow and genetic diversity in animal populations have been predicted and discussed in theoretical terms, but empirical data are needed to test these predictions and provide an understanding of the relationships of life-history characteristics to genetics of insular species. We studied saxicolous mice (Phyllotis xanthopygus) in Patagonia to explore genetic structure, phylogeography, and gene flow in a species inhabiting natural habitat islands. Phylogeographic analyses based on mtDNA sequences revealed two haplotype clades, which presumably reflect early Pleistocene factors that temporarily separated the mice into two geographically isolated groups. The Rio Chubut, which lies within a glacial drainage basin bisecting northern Patagonia, might have affected gene flow in the species. Although we anticipated isolation by distance and founder phenomena associated with habitat islands, in some habitat patches we found evidence of high local genetic diversity. The amount of divergence in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (approximately 3.4%) in animals at a single locality could best be explained through a combination of historical factors and metapopulation source-sink theory. Demographic shifts, dispersal, and episodic recolonization are important in the life history and genetic population structure of P. xanthopygus.

Development of the gambling attitude scales: Preliminary findings

Abstract: Social scientists recognize gambling as a universal phenomenon that occurs in a myriad of forms. Although gambling is often a harmless social activity, some participants become pathological gamblers. Given the negative consequences associated with pathological gambling, it is important to understand attitudes toward gambling because they typically represent a readiness to act. One hundred and seventy university students completed four gambling attitude scales constructed to measure general attitudes and attitudes toward gambling in casinos, betting on horse races, and playing the lottery. Results showed the scales to be internally consistent and to have short-term temporal stability. The most positive attitudes were shown toward playing the lottery and the least positive were shown toward betting on horse races. In general, men reported more positive attitudes than women. Positive attitudes toward gambling were related to a tendency toward risk taking. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 54: 763–771, 1998.

Streptofactin, a novel biosurfactant with aerial mycelium inducing activity from Streptomyces tendae Tü 901/8c

Abstract: Streptomyces tendae Tu 901/8c produces an extracellular hydrophobic peptide, termed streptofactin. The compound was isolated from conditioned agar medium and characterized. Streptofactin is a mixture of structurally related peptides with the major components ranging in size from 1003 m/z to 1127 m/z. Extracellular application of the purified peptide restored the capacity to form aerial mycelium in mutants defective in morphological development. Surface activity measurements revealed that streptofactin decreased the surface tension of water from 72.0 mN m−1 to 39.4 mN m−1 and achieved a critical micelle concentration value of 36 mg l−1. The properties of streptofactin suggest that it plays a structural role in aerial mycelium development and supports the erection of aerial hyphae by lowering the surface tension of water films enclosing the colonies. A model for aerial mycelium formation which represents a novel mechanism for the adaption to environmental changes in Streptomyces is proposed.

Examining trying as a mediator and control as a moderator of intention–behavior relationship

Abstract: This article presents a modified model of the theory of planned behavior by incorporating trying as a mediator and actual control as a moderator of the intention–behavior relationship. The revised model was tested with the use of structural equation models for eight commonly performed activities (N = 240). Results provide general support for the model suggesting that intentions influenced the level of trying, which, in turn, influenced behavior. Correlation analysis employing Fisher's z transformation revealed that actual control moderated the relationship between trying and behavior. Implications of the findings are discussed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Inner-Ages of Middle-Aged Prime-Lifers.

Abstract: A comprehensive survey examined three age-role self-concepts: cognitive, ideal, and social ages. Participants were forty to sixty-nine years old and viewed themselves as middle-aged. The investigation reviewed inner-age research and evaluated inner-age infra-structure (with t-tests and correlations), as well as connections between inner-age and participants' characteristics (with covariates, partial correlations, and regressions) in the context of eight psychographic trait-sets (sex-identity, quality-of-life, health, self-consciousness, societal traits, venturesomeness, supermarket shopping involvement, and exercise activities). The three inner ages, while closely interrelated diverged in their distribution patterns, in mean ages, as well as (after removal of birth age's linear effects) in their covariates and correlates.

Pulmonary apoptosis in aged and oxygen-tolerant rats exposed to hyperoxia

Abstract: Accumulating evidence demonstrates that genotoxic and oxidant stress can induce programmed cell death or apoptosis in cultured cells. However, little is known about whether oxidative stress resulting from the deleterious effects of hyperoxia can induce apoptosis in vivo and even less is known regarding the functional significance of apoptosis in vivo in response to hyperoxia. Using hyperoxia as a model of oxidant-induced lung injury in the rat, we show that hyperoxic stress results in marked apoptotic signals in the lung. Lung tissue sections obtained from rats exposed to hyperoxia exhibit increased apoptosis in a time-dependent manner by terminal transferase dUTP nick end labeling assays. To examine whether hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in the lung correlated with the extent of lung injury or tolerance (adaptation) to hyperoxia, we investigated the pattern of apoptosis with a rat model of age-dependent tolerance to hyperoxia. We show that apoptosis is associated with increased survival of aged rats to hyperoxia and with decreased levels of lung injury as measured by the volume of pleural effusion, wet-to-dry lung weight, and myeloperoxidase content in aged rats compared with young rats after hyperoxia. We also examined this relationship in an alternate model of tolerance to hyperoxia. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated young rats not only demonstrated tolerance to hyperoxia but also exhibited a significantly lower apoptotic index compared with saline-treated rats after hyperoxia. To further separate the effects of aging and tolerance, we show that aged rats pretreated with LPS did not exhibit a significant level of tolerance against hyperoxia. Furthermore, similar to the hyperoxia-tolerant LPS-pretreated young rats, the nontolerant LPS-pretreated aged rats also exhibited a significantly reduced apoptotic index compared with aged rats exposed to hyperoxia alone. Taken together, our data suggest that hyperoxia-induced apoptosis in vivo can be modulated by both aging and tolerance effects. We conclude that there is no overall relationship between apoptosis and tolerance.

Religious Belief and the Self-Concept: Evaluating the Implications for Psychological Adjustment:

Abstract: It was proposed that (a) religious belief has implications for properties of the self-concept and that (b) the relationship between religious belief and psychological adjustment can be understood in self-theoretical terms. In two studies ( Ns = 145, 52) religious belief strength was associated with more positive and certain self-conceptions, and the influence of religiousness on the self-concept was evident in multiple self-knowledge domains. The results also demonstrated that self-concept positivity partially mediated the relationship between religious belief and psychological adjustment. In addition, self-concept and coping models of the association of religiousness and adjustment were compared. The results indicated that religious belief had a small, positive indirect effect on adjustment through self-concept positivity and a larger but negative indirect effect through a measure of God-related control attributions. Theoretical links between religious belief and the self-concept are discussed.

Wild Patience and Bad Fit: Assessing the Impact of Affirmative Action on Women in School Administration

Abstract: Goals 2000: Educate America Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-227 (1994). (Title IX-Educational Research and Improvement, 20 U.S.C. 6001) Government Performance and Results Act of 1993, Pub. L. No. 103-62 (1993). Improving America's Schools Act of 1994, Pub. L. No. 103-287 (1994). (20 U.S.C. 6301; reauthorizes the Elementary and Secondary Education Act; contains equity provision in the General Education Provision Act, ?427) Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972-Prohibition of Sex Discrimination, Pub. L. No. 92-318, 86 Stat. 373 (1972). (20 U.S.C. 1681-87; 34 C.F.R., Part 106; 30955 Fed. Reg. (1980))

A Study of the Development of Young Artists: The Emergence of on Artistic and Creative Identity

Abstract: This study explored what children have to say about making art and the sense of self as they begin to make art. Thirty-nine children, ranging in age from 8 to 11 and enrolled in a private after-school art enrichment class, participated in this study of young artists. The study involved individual interviews with all participants, inviting them to describe the focus of their painting projects, experiences in the process of making art, what it means to them to be an artist, and what it means to be creative. Two independent raters summarized the transcribed interviews, revealing age-related qualitative changes in skill development as well as in ‘participants’ conceptions of what it means to be an artist and what it means to be creative. The investigation further revealed that conceptions of what it means to be an artist and to be creative reflected the artistic focus, just as the artistic focus reflected conceptions about being an artist and being creative. The motivation to work hard at developing skills was clearly evident in the young artists' descriptions of their artistic focus, and in their conceptions of just what it means to be an artist.

Adolescent Motherhood among Low-Income Urban Hispanics: Familial Considerations of Mother-Daughter Dyads

Abstract: A family systems perspective was used to investigate adolescent motherhood among low-income Hispanic families living in high-crime areas. The study focused primarily on the mother-daughter relationship. A semistructured interview was administered separately to mother and daughter in 11 mother-daughter dyads. Using open and axial coding of the data, a grounded theory of adolescent motherhood emerged. The study identified adolescent motherhood as an attempt to restore a sense of stability and balance not only to the life of the teenager but also to that of her mother. The finding that participants became more dependent on and were more supervised by their mothers after their pregnancies raised some paradoxical questions concerning the issue of separation and individuation.

Common WISC-III Examiner Errors: Evidence from Graduate Students in Training.

Abstract: Sixty WISC-III protocols, administered by graduate students in training, were examined to obtain preliminary data on the frequency and types of administration and scoring errors that examinees commit. Results were compared with previous studies that have evaluated examiner errors on the Wechsler scales. In general, the present results were consistent with those of previous studies that have illustrated that a large number of scoring errors are committed by graduate students as well as by other professional groups. The majority of errors committed by participants in this study were general errors. That is, errors were not specific to a particular subtest. The five most frequent errors included failure to query, failure to record responses verbatim, reporting Full Scale IQ incorrectly, reporting Verbal IQ incorrectly, and adding individual subtest scores incorrectly. However, the traditional difficult to score Verbal subtests were not as troublesome for examiners in this study as they were for examiners in previous studies. In addition, significant decreases in the mean number of errors per protocol and in the number of most frequently occurring errors per protocol were noted. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Image transmission in multicore-fiber code-division multiple-access networks

Abstract: Two-dimensional (2-D) signature patterns, so-called optical orthogonal signature pattern codes (OOSPCs), were previously proposed to encode binary digitized image pixels in optical code-division multiple-access (CDMA) networks with "multicore" fiber. The new technology enables parallel transmission and simultaneous access of 2-D images in a multiple-access environment. However, previous work on OOSPCs assumed that the weight of every signature pattern in a code set was the same. In this paper, we construct and analyze a new family of OOSPCs without this assumption. Since the performance of a signature pattern varies with its code weight, our approach is useful for optical CDMA networks with a multiple performance requirement.

Using Constructivism and Reflective Practice To Bridge the Theory/Practice Gap.

Abstract: Constructivism is a theory about knowledge, whereas reflective practice is a professional development strategy with roots in the constructivist paradigm. A way to integrate these two conceptual frameworks within the context of professional development for prospective administrators is offered here. Constructivism and reflective practice share basic assumptions about knowledge and learning. Central to both is the belief that ideas and action are integral, interdependent, and essential aspects of the learning process. Pedagogical strategies for effective teaching in the context of administration programs include engaging the learner; exploring personal beliefs, knowledge, and experience; challenging ideas and facilitating reconceptualization; and providing opportunities for experimentation and assessment. Since both paradigms assume that learning begins with a personal desire to learn, it is the instructor's initial responsibility to stimulate the learner's interest. Constructivism and reflective practice both emphasize the importance of conceptual conflict, a "perturbation," or problem as stimulus for learning. The principles of constructivism and reflective practice suggest that these general strategies lead more effectively to learning in which the ultimate goal is competent action or improved performance. These strategies are effective because they redefine the purpose of learning, and their application in the professional development setting facilitates the integration of theory into practice. (RJM) ******************************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. ********************************************************************************

Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in a Yemeni Town

Abstract: Tournaments of Value: Sociability and Hierarchy in. Yemeni Town. Anne Meneley. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. 216 pp.