Showing papers by "McMaster University published in 1974"
TL;DR: In this paper, a practical guide to goodness-of-fit tests using statistics based on the empirical distribution function (EDF) is presented, and five of the leading statistics are examined.
Abstract: This article offers a practical guide to goodness-of-fit tests using statistics based on the empirical distribution function (EDF). Five of the leading statistics are examined—those often labelled D, W 2, V, U 2, A 2—and three important situations: where the hypothesized distribution F(x) is completely specified and where F(x) represents the normal or exponential distribution with one or more parameters to be estimated from the data. EDF statistics are easily calculated, and the tests require only one line of significance points for each situation. They are also shown to be competitive in terms of power.
2,890 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the chemical and stable isotope compositions of unpolluted ground waters in carbonate terranes are a function of the pH, PCO2, 13C content of the ground water recharge, the 13C contents of the carbonate rock, and the manner in which the rock is dissolved or precipitated.
663 citations
TL;DR: In this article, minority carrier MIS tunnel diodes are analyzed using a very general formulation of the tunneling processes through the insulator, transport properties in the semiconductor, and surface state effects.
Abstract: If the insulating layer in a metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diode is very thin ( A for AlSiO2Si), measureable tunnel current can flow between the metal and the semiconductor. If the insulating layer is even thinner ( A ), tunnel currents are so large that they can significantly disturb the semiconductor from thermal equilibrium. Under such conditions, MIS diodes exhibit properties determined by which of the following tunneling processes is dominant; tunneling between the metal and the majority carrier energy band in the semiconductor, between the metal and the minority carrier energy band, or between the metal abd surface state levels. In the present paper, minority carrier MIS tunnel diodes are analysed using a very general formulation of the tunneling processes through the insulator, transport properties in the semiconductor, and surface state effects. Starting from solutions for diodes with relatively thick insulating layers where the semiconductor is essentially in thermal equilibrium, solutions are obtained for progressively thinner insulating layers until non-equilibrium effects in the semiconductor are observed. It is shown that such minority carrier MIS tunnel diodes with very thin insulating layers possess properties similar to p-n junction diodes including exponential current-voltage characteristics which approach the “ideal diode” law of p-n junction theory. The theory adequately describes the observed properties of experimental devices reported in a companion paper. The diodes have application as injecting contacts, as photodiodes or elements of photodiode arrays, and as energy conversion devices employing the electron- or photo-voltaic effects.
384 citations
TL;DR: The frequency and magnitude of late asthmatic responses (LAR) indicate that they are important in the disease, and occurred in the more sensitive subjects.
Abstract: Allergen inhalation tests with ragweed pollen extract were performed in 15 ragweed-allergic asthmatic subjects. Isolated early asthmatic responses were induced in 6 subjects, dual (early and late) responses in 8 subjects, and predominantly or isolated late responses in 1 subject. The frequency and magnitude of late asthmatic responses (LAR) indicate that they are important in the disease. LAR occurred in the more sensitive subjects; in general, these subjects required smaller doses of inhaled ragweed pollen extracts, exhibited larger skin test responses, and had higher serum levels of IgE antibodies to ragweed antigen E. Intradermal tests with ragweed pollen extract elicited early (wheal and flare) or dual (early followed by late) cutaneous allergic responses. With relatively large concentrations of injected ragweed allergen, dual responses could be elicited in virtually all subjects.
232 citations
TL;DR: Fragments of human adenovirus type 5 DNA as small as one million daltons can transform cells in vitro.
Abstract: Fragments of human adenovirus type 5 DNA as small as one million daltons can transform cells in vitro. The DNA segment which induces transformation is located between 1 and 6% from the left end of the Ad 5 DNA molecule.
230 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the relation s = so(R/Ro−N) to calculate the bond valence of 63 different crystals using the relation S = so (R/R−N).
191 citations
TL;DR: That immunity to infection in the respiratory tract is not only mediated by humoral antibody responses has been clearly shown in experiments of local immunization in animals and man in which specific release of migration inhibition factor has been found in lymphocytes from bronchial washings.
Abstract: The role of the respiratory tract in the defense against potential pathogens has been a subject of interest to microbiologists, virologists and immunologists for many years. The description of the secretory IgA system, common to mucosal surfaces throughout the body, has extended the interests of immunologists in the mechanisms of mucosal resistance (1). Like the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract is characterized by the predominance of IgA containing cells in the lamina propria, by the presence of secretory IgA in bronchial and nasal secretions, and the demonstration of secretory component in the glandular epithelia. Further, the demonstration of local antibody, mainly of the IgA class, following immunization by nose drops or aerosol with a variety of antigens has shown that this system must play a major role in immunological responses to local antigen (2,3). Resistance to infection by certain organisms has been correlated with the presence of some local antibody and a lack of correlation exists between resistance and serum antibody. That immunity to infection in the respiratory tract is not only mediated by humoral antibody responses has been clearly shown in experiments of local immunization in animals and man in which specific release of migration inhibition factor has been found in lymphocytes from bronchial washings (4,5).
190 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that 131 I-albumin crosses the normal aortic endothelium, and that the uptake shows both regional and focal differences, which are interpreted as indicating focal spontaneous areas of increased endothelial permeability, possibly the result of focal hemodynamic injury.
167 citations
TL;DR: Three nitrofurans were tested for ability to induce revertants of E. coli WP2 and its uvrA - derivative from tryp - to tryp + and all proved to be mutagnic while two furan analogues (lacking the nitro- group) proving to be inactive.
Abstract: Summary 22 nitrofurans were tested for ability to induce revertants of E. coli WP2 and its uvrA - derivative from tryp - to tryp +. All proved to be mutagnic while two furan analogues (lacking the nitro- group) proved to be inactive. Test strains containing exrA - or recA - genes were not induced to mutate, suggesting that mutants arise in the other strains during repair of damage to DNA by the “error-prone” repair system. Two mutant strains isolated from WP 2 uvrA - on, the basis of resistance to nitrofurazone were not mutated by nitrofurazone or N -[4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)-2-thiazolyl]formamide (FANFT) indicating that the ultimate mutagens are likely to be a reduction product rather than the nitrofurans per se . Several of the nitrofurans cause induction of prophage leading to mass lysis in E. coli T44 (λ) a strain which is known to be very sensitive to heat and certain chemicals. Since two nitrofurans which have been reported to lack carcinogenic activity proved to be mutagnic, it is suggested that further assessment of the hazards that medical use of nitrofurans poses to humans should be further evaluated.
165 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors derived analytical expressions characterizing the minority carrier multiplication process and its dependence upon the metal, insulator, and semiconductor parameters for one specific class of diode.
Abstract: In contrast to thick insulator structures, metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) diodes with very thin insulating layers (< 30 A for the silicon-silicon dioxide system) allow appreciable tunnel current flow between the metal and the semiconductor causing the semiconductor to depart significantly from thermal equilibrium conditions when the diode is biased. Under such conditions, recent experiments have demonstrated that multiplication of minority carrier current can occur in the contact region. This multiplication process is described in detail by deriving analytical expressions characterizing this process and its dependence upon the metal, insulator, and semiconductor parameters for one specific class of diode. Numerical methods are used to investigate the multiplication properties under more general conditions. Solutions obtained by this method indicate that values of the small signal multiplication factor, M, in the range of 102–103 can be obtained with appropriately designed diodes. The applications of the multiplication process to a transistor structure and to a photodiode with internal multiplication properties are described briefly.
143 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the identification, estimation and diagnostic checking of closed-loop systems is discussed and illustrated on two real sets of data, i.e., data generated by a process industry.
Abstract: In the process industries data must often be obtained under conditions of closedloop operation; that is, under conditions where feedback control is being applied. In the analysis of such data care is needed to properly take account of the manner of its generation. In particular, if standard open-looped procedures of model identification, estimation and diagnostic checking are applied to closed-loop data incorrect models niay result and lack of fit not be detected. This paper discusses the identification, estimation and diagnostic checking of closedloop systems and illustrates the ideas on two real sets of data.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss three theories of duration discrimination and several empirical findings, and compare the three theories in terms of their ability to incorporate empirical data, and the duration discrimination psychometric function is examined.
Abstract: There are few quantitative theories of duration discrimination and few established empirical phenomena to guide theorizing. This paper discusses three such theories and several empirical findings. The theories assume that the discrimination is based only upon information extracted from the temporal extent of the stimulus pattern, and experimental evidence is presented that clearly supports this assumption for many stimulus patterns. Recent findings which indicate that duration information is analyzed in certain ways that are fundamentally different from other stimulus dimensions are reviewed, the duration discrimination psychometric function is examined, and the time-order error is discussed. The three theories are compared in terms of their ability to incorporate the empirical data.
TL;DR: The morphology of endothelial cells from the pig aorta was examined using silver nitrate-stained Hautchen preparations, and known permeability differences between areas of Evans Blue uptake and areas of no dye uptake were compared.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the fluctuation in the electron population of a region of real space (or loge) provides a measure of the extent of the correlative interactions between the motions of the electrons in that space.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the presence of fibr inogen or fibrin in early atheromatous lesions may reflect the demonstrated permeability of normal aortic endothelium to circulating fibrInogen.
TL;DR: The simple laboratory procedure for ennumerating band neutrophils with comparison of absolute values and changes to a normal range represents a hematologic technique of major importance in the diagnosis of sepsis of the newborn infant.
Abstract: A system has been developed for the evaluation of hematological data in the newborn. Normal values were established for segmented (neutrophil) and nonsegmented (band) polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the peripheral blood of 169 healthy full-term infants during the first five days of life. This normal data is displayed graphically and the values for infants under study are compared directly. Newborn infants with proven bacterial infections had normal neutrophil counts; however, the band counts increased significantly beyond the normal range. Therefore, the simple laboratory procedure for ennumerating band neutrophils with comparison of absolute values and changes to a normal range represents a hematologic technique of major importance in the diagnosis of sepsis of the newborn infant.
TL;DR: Three experiments investigated the effects of restraint and of inescapable fixed duration preshocks on subsequent shuttlebox escape-from-shock learning and found no effects were found for low fixed-intensity or random-intensity preshock nor for a condition in which movement was rewarded during Preshock.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors demonstrate the presence of a large braid bar with adjacent side channel, and show that gravel moves only in the topographically higher parts of the system, indicating that much of the sand in the spaces between pebbles and boulders filtered in after the gravel was deposited.
Abstract: Facies relationships in Pleistocene braided outwash deposits in southern Ontario demonstrate the presence of a large braid bar with adjacent side channel. The core of the bar is up to 6 m high, and consists of crudely horizontally stratified gravels. Downstream from the core is the bar front facies, consisting of large gravelly foresets up to 4 m high, rounded off in many places by reactivation surfaces. Upstream from the core is the bar stoss side facies consisting of several sets (individually up to 35 cm thick) of tabular cross-bedding, arranged in coarsening-upward sequences. The stoss side—core—bar front relationships are continuously exposed in one 400 m long quarry face which is cut almost parallel to the palaeoflow direction. A transverse quarry face shows the side channel facies, which consists of trough cross-bedded sands. Gravel layers can be seen to finger from the main gravelly bar into the sandy side channel, but they do not reach the base of the channel. This surprising relationship indicates that gravel moved only in the topographically higher parts of the system. After deposition in the side channel, and growth upstream and downstream from the bar core, the entire system aggraded. Crudely horizontally stratified, and imbricated gravel sheets were laid down as a bar top facies.
Grain size analyses indicate strongly bimodal distributions, implying that much of the sand in the spaces between pebbles and boulders filtered in after the gravel had been deposited. This interpretation is strengthened by velocity calculations—mean velocities in excess of 300 cm/s would be needed to roll the gravel as bed load, but at such a velocity, a large amount of sand would be transported entirely in suspension.
In a final section of the paper, our results are combined with other work on braided systems in an attempt to formulate a more general facies model.
TL;DR: O 18 /O 16 ratios have been obtained for rocks and minerals along a 200 mile traverse from near the Grenville front north of Lake Nipissing to the Paleozoic contact to the east of Georgian Bay.
TL;DR: Comparison with the maximum response caused by ADP showed that both collagen and thrombin caused a greater increase in the 32P‐content of PA than can be obtained with ADP.
Abstract: Summary. During the ADP-induced shape change and aggregation of washed platelets that have been labelled with 32PO4 there is increased incorporation of 32P into phosphatidic acid (PA) and the phosphoinositides of the platelets. When added to suspensions of washed platelets, collagen and thrombin cause not only a change in shape and aggregation, but also the release reaction. The present experiments were carried out to study the effect of collagen and thrombin on the 32P-content of PA and the phosphoinositides of washed platelets from rabbits. Both collagen and thrombin caused an increase in the labelling of PA that was apparent when the platelets had changed shape and before aggregation of platelets was detected. Unlike the change in labelling of PA that occurs during ADP-induced aggregation, there was a marked increase in labelling of PA after the commencement of platelet aggregation. Comparison with the maximum response caused by ADP showed that both collagen and thrombin caused a greater increase in the 32P-content of PA than can be obtained with ADP. Like ADP, collagen and thrombin also caused an increase in labelling of mono-phosphatidylinositol (MPI). Collagen caused an increase in labelling of diphosphatidylinositol (DPI) but not triphosphatidylinositol (TPI). As with ADP in previously reported experiments, the increase in labelling of DPI occurred after the increase in labelling of PA but preceded the increase in labelling of MPI. An increase in the 32P-content of DPI has not been demonstrated previously in similar in vitro experiments with other cells using other stimuli. The changes in extent of incorporation of 32P into PA and phosphoinositides may reflect changes in these phospholipids which are important in the mechanism of the change in platelet shape and the release reaction.
TL;DR: It is concluded that neonatal imprinting directly involves individual neurons, and that different degrees of imprinting by the same agent lead to masculinization or feminization of the central nervous system.
TL;DR: The concept of context-equivalence of rings is introduced and studied in this paper, where a generalization of the Morita Theorems is presented, and induced contexts between quotient rings of R and S are constructed.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized de novo in the maize endosperm.
Abstract: Degradation of the major storage proteins in maize endosperm, zein and glutelin, begins during the 2nd day of germination. The protein most abundant in the mature endosperm is degraded most rapidly. The patterns of protein loss are essentially similar in germinating seeds and excised endosperms. Cycloheximide, added at the beginning of the incubation period, prevents the development of alpha-amylase and protease activities and the disappearance of starch and protein reserves. Late additions (70 hours) of cycloheximide still inhibit the increase in hydrolase activity but have no effect on the hydrolysis of storage reserves. The results indicate that the hydrolytic enzymes are synthesized de novo in the maize endosperm.
TL;DR: A minimax approach to nonlinear programming is presented and it is shown that a point satisfying the necessary conditions for a minimax optimum also satisfies the Kuhn-Tuckernecessary conditions for the original problem.
Abstract: A minimax approach to nonlinear programming is presented. The original nonlinear programming problem is formulated as an unconstrained minimax problem. Under reasonable restrictions, it is shown that a point satisfying the necessary conditions for a minimax optimum also satisfies the Kuhn-Tucker necessary conditions for the original problem. A leastpth type of objective function for minimization with extremely large values ofp is proposed to solve the problem. Several numerical examples compare the present approach with the well-known SUMT method of Fiacco and McCormick. In both cases, a recent minimization algorithm by Fletcher is used.
TL;DR: In this paper, the surface binding energies (Eb) of polycrystalline Ti2O3 have been used to explain the stochastic behavior of the surface layer in the presence of thermal spiky vaporization.
TL;DR: In this paper, Socio-economic determinants of the consumption of alcoholic beverages were investigated in the context of the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on the distribution of consumption of beverages.
Abstract: (1974) Socio-economic determinants of the consumption of alcoholic beverages Applied Economics: Vol 6, No 4, pp 293-302
TL;DR: Results are consistent with a role for cyclic GMP in the platelet release reaction and Collagen increased and aspirin decreased the cyclic [(3)H]GMP concentration in platelets.
Abstract: A method is described for isolating cyclic [(3)H]GMP from platelets preincubated with [(3)H]guanine. Collagen increased and aspirin decreased the cyclic [(3)H]GMP concentration in platelets. The results are consistent with a role for cyclic GMP in the platelet release reaction.
TL;DR: Chimaeras have been derived from aggregation of normal and dystrophic mouse embryos which had healthy muscles of almost totally dyStrophic genotype, and diseased muscles of normal genotype which suggest that extramuscular factors must be implicated in muscular dystrophy.
Abstract: Chimaeras have been derived from aggregation of normal and dystrophic mouse embryos which had healthy muscles of almost totally dystrophic genotype, and diseased muscles of normal genotype. These results suggest that extramuscular factors must be implicated in muscular dystrophy.
TL;DR: In this article, a mathematical formulation of the practical problem of computer-aided design of electrical circuits and systems and engineering designs in general, subject to tolerances onk independent parameters, is proposed, starting from arbitrary initial acceptable or unacceptable designs and culminating in designs which are acceptable in the worst-case sense.
Abstract: A possible mathematical formulation of the practical problem of computer-aided design of electrical circuits (for example) and systems and engineering designs in general, subject to tolerances onk independent parameters, is proposed. An automated scheme is suggested, starting from arbitrary initial acceptable or unacceptable designs and culminating in designs which, under reasonable restrictions, are acceptable in the worst-case sense. It is proved, in particular, that, if the region of points in the parameter space for which designs are both feasible and acceptable satisfies a certain condition (less restrictive than convexity), then no more than 2k points, the vertices of the tolerance region, need to be considered during optimization.
TL;DR: A glacial chronology constructed from the age and isotopic data lends support to the astronomical theory of climatic change.
Abstract: Speleothems from continental North American caves have been dated by means of the 230Th/234U method. Oxygen isotopic variations in the dated samples and phases of speleothem deposition can be interpreted in terms of climatic change. A glacial chronology constructed from the age and isotopic data lends support to the astronomical theory of climatic change.