Showing papers by "Ministry of Public Works published in 2019"

Cascading Geological Hazards and Risks of the 2018 Sulawesi Indonesia Earthquake and Sensitivity Analysis of Tsunami Inundation Simulations

Abstract: Multiple cascading hazards triggered by the 2018 Sulawesi, Indonesia, earthquake caused various compounding consequences. A major strike-slip fault movement with along-dip components resulted in intense ground shaking, liquefaction and lateral spreading, large-scale mudflows, and tsunamis. This paper presents observations of such multi-hazard effects on buildings and infrastructure in areas along Palu Bay, based on field reconnaissance work, and discusses the main causes of the disaster by focusing upon the combined effects of the cascading geological hazards. To evaluate the tsunami risk potential of the strike-slip event, tsunami simulations for the 2018 Sulawesi earthquake are performed by considering different model settings for spatial earthquake slip distribution, rake angle, astronomical tidal effect, and co-seismic ground deformation. The numerical results indicate that the co-seismic rupture of a moment magnitude 7.5 strike-slip earthquake, having notable dip components can generate damaging tsunami waves at coastal locations of Palu Bay. The conclusion has important implications for future tsunami hazard assessments in active seismic regions where major fault systems cut across a bay or into the sea.

Physical Modeling and Numerical Analysis of Tsunami Inundation in a Coastal City

Abstract: This study conducted a physical model experiment to investigate inundation processes in a complex coastal city model using the Hybrid Tsunami Open Flume in Ujigawa Open Laboratory (HyTOFU). The physical model was constructed at a 1:250 scale as an idealization of the coastal town of Onagawa. Two tsunami waveforms were used, hydraulic bore and solitary wave, which were produced by a pump-type wave generator and a mechanical piston-type wave generator, respectively, at HyTOFU. Tsunami wave generation similar to the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami in Onagawa was successfully reproduced, and the spatial distribution of the tsunami wave propagation and inundation processes on land was clearly observed. A comparison of experimental and numerical models was performed using two-dimensional (2D) and quasi-three-dimensional (Q3D) models. The 2D and Q3D results agreed well with the experimental results in terms of maximum water surface elevations and arrival times for hydraulic bore conditions. For solitary wave trials, the maximum water surface elevations of the 2D results were underestimated, and the arrival times in the numerical models were slower than those in the experimental results. In this study, as a benchmark for the 2011 Tohoku earthquake tsunami, the dataset of tsunami inundation is provided, which will be useful to validate other numerical tsunami models.

Role of Civil Society in Sustainable Urban Renewal (Machizukuri) after the Kobe Earthquake

Abstract: ‘Machizukuri’ is translated by most commentators as ‘place or city making’ and mainly refers to the direct participation of citizens into urban planning and construction. The present paper discusses the concept and evolution of machizukuri from a social movement to ‘soft-infrastructure’ at city level, focused on serving community needs in post-disaster settings. The 1995 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in Kobe is chosen as the main case study, in order to review the role and process of machizukuri in disaster management in the context of urban renewal. This is followed by a discussion on the possibility of replicating this model in other contexts and the challenges which machizukuri and similar bottom-up groups are faced with in ensuring their sustainability. The paper argues that the culture and personal engagement of the citizens, and the commitment of national and local governments to cooperate with civil society groups, are essential in this process. Finally, the study suggests that the utilization of this concept has proved that there are undeniable benefits in engaging civil society in decision-making processes and initiatives, with the ultimate aim to create communities capable of overcoming the catastrophic consequences of disasters.

A Strategic Environmental Assessment for Southern Coastal of West Java Province, Indonesia

Abstract: Urban development along the southern coastal zone of West Java province involves land-use changes that have a direct impact on coastal ecosystems and services. The southern coastal, a metropolitan area to the south of west java province, is a study case in which the urban coastal occupation is reflected, with the consequent loss of certain services that the ecosystems offer to the population. The research analyses the Environmental Impact Assessment and the impacts of Coastal Zone Management proposals. The methodology used in the research leads to the Drivers-Pressures-State change-Impact-Response (DPSIR) perspective. The approach to the DPSIR has been based on a set of objectives that have brought a strong focus on the long-term preservation of the environment. As such, the planning process has included and is recommended to include the following steps: a) Environmental risk assessment; b) Sieve mapping process; c) Formulation of development regulations; d) Local development plans; e) Environmental Impact Assessment, f) Environmental Management Plan. In this sense, management responses should focus on the conservation of these threatened services, with the coordination and cooperation among different public administrations.

An integrated assessment of vulnerability to water scarcity measurement in small islands of Indonesia

Abstract: Water scarcity, especially in the small islands of Indonesia, has caused trouble for social maintenence of water needs. While many instruments have been developed to measure community vulnerability indexes, the majority do not reflect the overall condition. Therefore, this research will formulate a vulnerability index for water fulfillment in small islands, using a comprehensive method so that the result can be used as a reference in policy-making. This research applied the deductive-positivist approach of the quantitative method. It started off with establishing the dimensions of vulnerability: exposure, adaptive capacity, and sensitivity. These were then operationalized into indicator/parameter of indexes to measure vulnerable conditions. The result shows that this vulnerability index can be utilized as a basis for policy decision-making as it considers the attributes that had proved to be sustainable. To reduce vulnerability in small islands, there is a need for a policy that considers community capacity and adaptive patterns that could improve their social and economic capital.

Site Characterization Using Microtremor Array and Seismic Hazard Assessment for Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract: The authors gratefully acknowledge the Research Institute for Housing and Human Settlement (RIHHS), Ministry of Public Works and Housing, the Republic of Indonesia, the seismic microzonation study team and the Research Centre for Disaster Mitigation (PPMB), Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB), for supporting data and assistance during this study.

The Effect of Initial Groundwater Table and Rainfall Wetting Towards Slope Stability (Case Study of Landslide in Tangkil Hamlet, Banaran Village, Pulung Subdistrict, Ponorogo Regency)

Abstract: Landslide is a natural phenomenon that can be controlled by a combination of various factors, such as topography, lithological condition, geological structure, water table, etc. Landslide is stated as a natural disaster if it causes casualties, direct losses and subsequent impacts of the initial destruction, as happened in Banaran Village, Ponorogo Regency. This study is aimed to examine the effects of initial groundwater table conditions and rainfall wetting on Banaran Village landslide. This study was conducted by assuming scenarios of initial groundwater table conditions. Soil parameters were obtained by testing soil samples in the laboratory. Infiltration parameters were acquired through permeability tests using the Philip-Dunne method, while areal rainfall was calculated using the Thiessen polygon method. In addition, slope stability modeling was calculated by using SLOPE/W while rainfall wetting analysis was carried out through SEEP/W. The analysis of Banaran Village landslide through these two numerical models was conducted by considering two conditions: 1) without rainfall and 2) with rainfall and infiltration. The analysis results imply that the landslide occurred in the initial groundwater table condition in scenario 3 with a safety factor of 1.008, and in a similar scenario with a safety factor of 0.973 when taking into account rainfall and infiltration. The results from SEEP/W and SLOPE/W indicate that the initial condition of the groundwater table highly influenced the decrease of the safety factor, while the wetting process did not cause a significant decrease of the safety factor.

Evaluation of the Operational Performance of Continuous Green T-Intersection under Different Levels of Congestion

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to evaluate and compare the operational efficiency of a conventional signalized T-intersection with an unconventional Continues Green T-intersection under different congestion levels. The analysis was performed using Synchro.8 micro-simulation software. A total of 48 hypothetical scenarios, 24 scenarios for each design, were created by changing the approach volumes and turning percentages on the major / minor intersecting roadways to reflect different levels of congestion that may occur on any urban intersection. Total intersection delay, Level of Service, maximum queue length and volume-to-capacity ratio (v/c) were the measures of effectiveness used for comparison purposes. These performance measures were selected because they demonstrated the overall efficiency of the intersection design. The simulation results showed that the Continuous Green T-intersection operates the best under stable traffic conditions and that it is not an effective solution for signalized T-intersections under heavy traffic volume.

Managing risks of precast concrete supply chain: a case study

Abstract: Precast concrete has typically long lead time, starting from order placement, production stage, to delivery to project site, all of which requires good supply chain management. As a consequence, the risks of its supply chains are inevitable and must be anticipated to ensure the success of a project. The aim of this research is to assess the risks of the supply chain of precast concrete from production to delivery to projects. WKB, a government-owned company that produces precast concrete, has been used as the case study. Activities along the supply chain were mapped based on five dimensions of Supply Chain Operation Reference (SCOR), i.e. Plan – Source – Make – Deliver – Return, upon which risks were identified. Data was collected through in-depth interview and questionnaire survey to key persons of WKB. A 1-5 Likert scale was used to quantify the occurrence and severity of risks along the supply chain. The identified risks were classified into four levels based on the multiplication of the occurrence and the severity, i.e. critical, major, moderate, and minor. A total of nine critical risks were found along the supply chain, i.e. sales forecast and planning for production (Plan); production capacity of natural material vendors (Source); sudden change of production, shortage of skilled workers, additional cost for land stockyard rental, and renewal for industrial land lease license (Make); risk of non-standard transportation (Deliver); defective and failed products (Return). This research provides a valuable understanding of the risks of the precast concrete supply chain and the mitigation strategies.

Study of flood characteristic in Cikalumpang River by using 2D flood model

Abstract: Flood is one of the natural disasters that occur in Indonesia frequently. At least there are 8.498 occurrences since 1980 through Indonesia. In order to prevent and resolve that natural disaster, some actions should be done. To know the best solution to solve flood, we should know the flood characteristic (what causes it, the inundation area, the height, how long it occurs, and etc.). The characteristic of flood will be easily known only when the flood occurs. Thus, it is necessary to build a model with high accuracy. The model was obtained by re-modeling the inundation incident that happened on March 7 th , 2018, and validated with observed data from several locations in that period. The result shows a good agreement with the observed data. This is evident from the extent and depth of the puddle from the modeling results similar to the value of field observation data. From the results, it can be concluded that the Cikalumpang River model has been obtained with a good correlation. From field observations, it is known that flooding is caused by quite complex problems, such as decreasing river capacity due to illegal building construction, sedimentation, land cover change, and climate change.

Renewing Street Lighting with LED Technology A Single Case Study in Casarabonela

Abstract: In 2015, the ecological, economic and social necessity of increasing energy efficiency contributed to street lighting renewal in the Spanish municipality of Casarabonela. Considering fixed operating and maintenance costs, it was a significant, long term investment with high impact for the community. Technicians chose LED light sources after studying technical and economic proposals submitted. Measurements of light levels, energy consumption and costs were carried out before and after the renovation. Once the chosen proposal was implemented, follow up surveys from technicians, maintenance workers and final users were collected. This case study aims to describe steps taken in the process of luminaires replacement. It has been estimated savings, expected and actual together with the return period on investment. This case may well serve as a prototype for a subsequent multiple case study which aims to validate a list of indicators obtained in a previous research.

Bridge Displacement Estimation using Tiltmeter Data

Abstract: Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS) works as an efficient platform for monitoring health condition and and deterioration of civil structures during long-term service periods. One of the sensors is currently applied to Soekarno Bridge is tiltmeter. Vertical displacement data are often required to reflect the overall response of bridge span, however the Soekarno Bridge does not have any displacement sensor. On the other hand, the displacement sensor is very costly compared to tiltmeter. A method is proposed to estimate bridge displacement using data that is collected through tiltmeter. The method is using interpolation and numerical integration to evaluate the displacement. The result shows that the result obtained from the proposed method is reliable with accuracy of displacement around 5 mm. Some recommendations for further implementation of the sensors are provided.

Enhancing performance of soil using lime and precluding landslide in Benin (West Africa)

Abstract: The past decade has been characterized by the development of infrastructure in the main cities in West Africa. This requires more comprehensive studies of geotechnical properties of the soil in the region with an aim of creating sustainable development. This paper examined the performance of the soil in Benin (West Africa). In this research, three objectives have been adopted in-depth on the performance characteristics of West Africans soil and aim to (i) accessing characteristics of soil types in the region; (ii) assessing the performance of these soils with 2%, 3% and 5% of lime and (iii) characterizing landslide to evaluate the damage and potential instability. The methods used to examine these objectives are experimental tests according to standard French test. The particle size test, Proctor test, and Atterberg limits test which are physical tests and the mechanical tests such as dynamic penetration test, direct shear test, and oedometer test, were used to assess the first objective. The Proctor test and California bearing ratio test were examined for the second objective and geological, environmental, social and safety study of the river bank slide were evaluated for the third objective. This paper firstly reveals the unstable and stable areas in southern Benin (West Africa) with the presence of clays soil and gives an equation for predicting the unstable and stable area, and secondly shows that the proportion of percentage lime leading to the best performances varying between 2% and 3%. Finally, this paper shows that the sliding of a bank could be the consequence of the sudden receding water recorded in a valley.

Advanced Properties of Continuously Graded Pervious Concrete for Rigid Pavement Base Layer

Abstract: According to previous studies, a pervious concrete using continuously graded aggregate gives a better strength and approaches the condition of aggregate gradation on the field. The aim of this research is to study a pervious concrete mix-design for Indonesian Specification input category using continuously graded pervious concrete as an alternative rigid pavement base layer. Some advanced properties are applied to represent the required criteria for pavement base layer, i.e. elastic modulus, Poisson’s ratio, flexural strength, horizontal permeability, heterogeneity level, and dynamic elastic modulus. It is found that the pervious concrete with continuously graded tends to be more physically elastic when compared to normal concrete and has a better endurance against elastic deformation rather than normal concrete. Its static elastic modulus has a better relationship with horizontal permeability than flexural strength. Overall, five mix-designs have been successfully met the advanced properties criteria for rigid pavement base layer required by the Specification.

Effect of Heat Treatment and Use of Aluminum Foil on Physical and Mechanical Properties of Wood

Abstract: Wood is hygroscopic. It can attract and hold water molecules from its environment depending on the humidity. Heat treatment can be used to reduce its hygroscopic properties and improve the stability of the wood. The application of heat treatment and the use of aluminum foil affects the physical and mechanical properties of the wood. This study seeks to evaluate the effect of these processes on wood. Oven temperature treatment with a variation of 170 and 180 degree Celsius for 2 hours; treatment with and without wrapping with aluminum foil were employed in this study. A comparison of the wood properties was performed before and after the treatment. The results revealed that the temperature treatment and the use of aluminum foil significantly affected the moisture content, weight loss and compressive strength parallel to the grain.

Safe reuse of treated wastewater and sludge in decentralized system

Abstract: The unsafe water and solid reuse from decentralized wastewater treatment plant still occur due to the lack of improved and effective water management. This paper has aims to provide research findings of main management aspect of decentralized wastewater treatment plant with water reuse orientation. The scope of analysis includes wastewater treatment process performance evaluation, health risk, water reuse constraints and community motivation. The decentralized wastewater system had been designed as green technology in some settlements areas, which have low maintenance, low sludge production, and have high potential of water reuse for non potable water demand. According to the treatment schemes for water reuse system, the management is affected by treatment performance, proper maintenance, environmental condition and community motivation. The treated water quality according to water reuse standard of USEPA can be a source for agriculture or non-potable water demand and reduce contamination of water sources. Achievement of the effective wastewater management system could provide non-potable water source to fulfill 50-65% of clean water demand according water reuse standards. There are some constraints of wastewater reuse that were minimized through some steps to enhance wastewater system towards safe water and solid reuse.

Gender, public management and organizational performance: evidence from Indonesian public schools

Abstract: Significant progress has been made to support the positive management-performance link as well as the important role of gender in public management. However, little is known if the current body of knowledge is applicable to developing countries. To fill this gap, this study investigates impacts of school principals’ management functions (managing upward, downward, and outward), and their gender, on school performance in the context of Indonesian public schools. Different findings, compared to the current knowledge accumulated in developed countries, suggest that different approaches to understanding and managing public organizations in developing countries are needed.

A field experiment on green walls taking into consideration wind flow in the hot-humid climate of Indonesia

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a preliminary experiment using test cells constructed in Bandung, Indonesia. We particularly analysed the thermal effects by comparing green walls with wooden blinds in contrast with those of no covering materials to determine the factors affecting the improvements of indoor thermal conditions in hot-humid climates. The results showed that, unexpectedly, indoor thermal conditions were not improved when green walls/blinds were installed, at least at the center of the units. Nevertheless, air temperatures behind the green walls were found to be lower than those of the other conditions. Moreover, the factors affecting the Standard Effective Temperature (SET*) were analysed in detail by dividing SET* into four thermal factors in terms of temperature, including air temperature, radiation, humidity and wind speed. The further analysis showed that the increases in SET* in the units with green walls were mainly attributed to the reduction of wind velocities (36–45%). It can be concluded that the airflow blockage effect by the green walls was larger than its transpiration cooling effect at the center of the units.

Editorial to the topical collection INTERCOH 2015

Abstract: The 13th edition of the International Conference on Cohesive Sediment Transport Processes (INTERCOH 2015) has been held from 7 to 14 September 2015 at the University of Leuven (KU Leuven) in Leuven, Belgium. INTERCOH provides an international forum for scientists and engineers facing challenges posed by the presence of cohesive sediments (Bmud^) in the aquatic environment. Even though for the first time organized in Belgium, it was not the first international meeting of this kind in Belgium. Twenty-five years earlier, in November 1990, an International Workshop on Cohesive Sediments, entitled Towards a definition of Bmud,^ was organized by the Royal Belgian Institute for Natural Sciences in Brussels, in collaboration with many national partners, under the chair of Prof. Stanislas Wartel. This very likely triggered the further internationalization of Prof. Ashish Mehta’s workshops in the USA (started in 1981), resulting in the first edition under the title INTERCOH, which was organized in 1994 for the first time outside the US by HR Wallingford in the UK. For further information on INTERCOH, visit the website www.intercoh.org. Belgium, located at the heart of Europe, is small, but the occurrence of mud in the coastal zone and in the ports of Antwerp and Zeebrugge and their access channels has initiated applied and fundamental research as early as the end of the nineteenth century. The characterization of marine deposits in the Belgian coastal zone was initiated by hydrographers from the Ministry of Public Works, i.e., Stessels (1866), for hydrographical mapping and Van Mierlo (1899, 1908) during the construction of the port of Zeebrugge between 1899 and 1903, and by Gilson (Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences) in the framework of marine ecosystem research (Gilson 1900, 1928). A revival of sediment research came with the studies on mud dynamics in the Scheldt Estuary by Peters at the Hydraulics Research Laboratory (now Flanders Hydraulics Research) since 1964 (e.g., Peters et al. 1965; see potamology.com), and occurred during the large-scale BProject Sea^ (1970–1976), when also SPM dynamics was investigated in the southern bight of the North Sea using numerical models and in situ measurements (Nihoul and Gullentops 1976). The major extensions of the ports Zeebrugge in the 1980s have triggered the most recent cohesive sediment research line in Belgium, a challenge taken up by Prof. Berlamont of the KU Leuven (e.g., Berlamont 1989). This work resulted in the establishment of a dedicated research unit on fundamental and applied sediment mechanics. The engineering challenges associated with marine construction and dredging operations and their impact on the marine and estuarine environment has led to further development of cohesive sediment related research at the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS) and at Flanders Hydraulics Research (FHR), a division of the Flemish Ministry of Public Works. At RBINS, the Directorate Natural Environment (comprising the former Management Unit of the Mathematical Model of the North Sea) is responsible for the monitoring and modeling of the Belgian part of the North Sea. They developed the modeling system COHERENS (http://odnature.naturalsciences.be/coherens/), which has a wide international users group, and have gained a lot of expertise in in situ measurements and their analysis. FHR contributes to model improvements for their applications to waterway and harbor management (especially the Scheldt Estuary and the Belgian Coast) and is one of the forerunners in research on defining and measuring the nautical depth in muddy areas. Belgium is also the home to two of the largest Responsible Editor: Jörg-Olaf Wolff

Biofilter Evaluation in Settlements on Expanded Polystyrene Foam Floating Structure (Case Study: Tambak Lorok Semarang)

Abstract: The development of settlement in expanded polystyrene foam (EPS) floating structure must be supported by suitable waste water infrastructure. Capacity factor analysis has been developed as a way to increase waste water technology capacity. This research purpose is to evaluate and increase biofilter capacity factor to meet requirement when a floating settlement is built in Tambak Lorok Semarang. Capacity factor identified from literature, group discussion and inspection data. The community and environment analysis conducted in Tambak Lorok settlement (n = 250). The capacity factor divided into 4 main factors to to evaluate the biofilter. Biofilter must be certified and following its service capability to fulfill the services capacity factor. Sun protector, tidal wave protector, salt water or marine resistant coating and installed only in calm wave area is needed to fulfill its technical capacity factor. Biofilter as low cost technology can fulfill the environmental economy factor needed by the community which has a low willingness to pay (Rp. 1000 / month). The evaluation and model that built in Tambak Lorok can be uses as guidelines for designing biofilter in floating Settlement or building on EPS structure. Keywords: biofilter, capacity factor, floating settlement, EPS

Adaptation and Mitigation on Climate Change Through Collaboration Between Local Municipal and Community Participation in DKI Jakarta

Abstract: An anthropogenic and natural cause has contributed significantly to the increases in temperature globally. A wide range of actions from institutional and social level can be done as the response to these changes. This study explores the ability of adaptation and mitigation in terms of governmental-social-ecological using lessons from the specific case study. As a metropolitan city, Jakarta is examined as one of the most vulnerable cities to climate change risk. By using observation approach through the interview, this case study focuses on climate village program which integrated the participation of people who reside in Jakarta and local government effort, as a domestic part in term of supporting green gas emission reduction. Keywords: climate change, adaptation, mitigation

Analysis Of Data Climate The Several Town In Indonesia For Support The Development Of Standard Adaptive Comfort The Traditional Homes.

Abstract: : According to the adaptive thermal comfort approach, the neutral temperatures or the comfortable temperature of building occupants can be predicted based on the average data of the outdoor air temperature in the vicinity of the residential buildings. Generally the residents of the residential buildings still feel comfortable in the range of zones 80% or plus minus two and a half degrees of comfortable temperature. This paper attempts to analyze the typical annual climate data was published by ASHRAE RP 1477 in the Year 2011 for the purpose of estimating the comfort zone of traditional buildings in Indonesia. The method was used is the statistical data processing of 28 cities in Indonesia, to be presented in the form of average, minimum, maximum, daily and monthly data. It is expected that this method will get selected daily data profile and monthly data. Furthermore, the monthly data calculated comfort zone follows the adaptive thermal equation of ASHRAE 55 2004. The existing data are expected later to be used to compare with the actual data of mean vote which have accumulated over several years of this measurement for prediction the comfort level of the existing traditional dwelling. Keywords : Typical Annual Climate Data; Adaptive Thermal Comfort; ASHRAE; Traditional Buildings; Natural Ventilation

Value for Money Assessment for Government and Business Entity Cooperation Projects by Using the Availability Payment Model: Proposition Methodology

Abstract: This paper proposes a quantitative methodology for ex-ante value-for-money (VfM) assessment to select the best modality option between conventional procurement and public-private partnership under the availability payment model for infrastructure provision within the Indonesian context. The proposed methodology incorporates efficient risk allocation principles into assessment to monetize risk retained by the government and risk transferred to the private sponsor. A simple numerical example under different scenarios of risk allocation for a road maintenance project case is presented to demonstrate its applicability. This paper also identifies some relevant issues, acknowledges limitations of the proposed methodology, and recommends directions for future research efforts.

Sustainable Settlement Development in the Upstream Watershed Area (Case Study: Kampung Cikapundung, Suntenjaya Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency)

Abstract: The upstream watershed area is a very vital area because of its protective function for the entire watershed. One of the activities that develop quite rapidly in various upstream watersheds in Indonesia is a settlement. The rapid development of settlement activity has been frequently blamed for the decline in the hydrological function of watershed areas. In order to achieve sustainable development in the upper part of the watershed, it is necessary to develop settlements - which are often already grown - and manage the natural resources sustainably. Kampung Cikapundung, Suntenjaya Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency is one of the most rapidly increasing settlement area in the upstream part of Cikapundung River. In addition to its rapid development of the built environment, the activity of dairy farms in this village causes considerable negative impacts to Cikapundung River watershed downstream areas, especially through organic waste as the dairy farms waste product that floats on the body of Cikapundung River. The purpose of this paper is to assess the sustainability level of settlements in Kampung Cikapundung and formulate the direction of development. Eco Degree (E) rating model is used to assess the sustainability of settlement areas in Kampung Cikapundung. The results of the analysis show that the settlement areas are categorized as Semi Eco Settlements. Several suggestions are given as some efforts to create more sustainable settlements. Keywords: upstream watersheds, settlements, sustainable development

Adaptation of Rating System for Sustainable Housing and Settlements in Indonesia

Abstract: This paper describes the process of identification, weighting, and validation of assessment criteria for the sustainable housing and settlements rating system. The assessment criteria in this rating system divided into two categories, i.e., the environmental quality and load. The rating system criteria were selected using the Delphi Method, and their weight coefficients were obtained using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). There are 37 criteria resulted from Delphi Consensus and grouped into the environmental quality and load category. The weight coefficients for three main criteria in the environmental quality category consist of (1) microclimate control and ecosystem conservation (0.439), (2) improvement of service function (0.384) and (3) improvement of citizen’s welfare (0.177). The weight coefficients for three main criteria in the environmental load category consist of (1) reduction of the environmental load to other areas (0.432), (2) reduction of infrastructure load (0.381), and (3) environmental management (0.187). These criteria and their weight coefficients were then validated to obtain a correlation coefficient between rating values and citizen satisfaction. The validation result shows a positive and strong correlation. The rating system can be used by local governments to identify the sustainability level and to determine suitable development policies.

Characterisation of C-shape pultruded fibre reinforced polymer for bridge structures

Abstract: The development of polymer technology has been increased for the past 20 years. Most of the polymer based product is available for aviation, automotive, industrial, and infrastructure purposes include bridges. But, information concern with the used of polymer materials for bridge structures are scattered. In this paper, characterisation was made to investigate the applicability of pultruded fibre reinforced polymer (PFRP) for bridges as structural elements. Several experiments test was then carried out to determine the physical and mechanical properties of PFRP. Some results are compared with the available pre-standard of PFRP for structures. Afterwards, an ageing test was undertaken to observe the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of PFRP. Comparison with the pre-standard of PFRP for structures show that the physical characteristics are satisfied the minimum requirements. In the mechanical part, the tensile and flexural properties of tested PFRP are conform with the pre-standard of PFRP, whereas the compressive strength was below the recommendation of the pre-standard. From ageing test under high temperature, the PFRP strength is possible to increase or decrease. Enhancement of mechanical strength could be generated by polymer cross-linking reactions which takes place after the production of PFRP and accelerated by high temperature. While, the decreasing of strength is related to the delamination process of the fibre.