Showing papers by "Oklahoma State University–Stillwater published in 1986"
TL;DR: Results support the concept that energetic efficiency of growing ruminants is greater if starch is digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen, and processing methods to reduce particle size or alter the protein matrix, which cements starch granules together, will increase the extent of digestion.
Abstract: Site and extent of starch digestion by ruminant animals varies with species, grain type and processing method. Based on a review of 40 different experiments with cattle, between 18 and 42% of the dietary starch from corn and sorghum grains fed to cattle reaches the small intestine for digestion. With more extensive grain processing, a smaller quantity of starch reaches the small intestine. In the small intestine, from 47 to 88% of the presented starch is digested, while in the large intestine, 33 to 62% of the presented starch is digested. Though limits to digestion in and absorption from the small intestine can be demonstrated by infusing starch and glucose into the duodenum, enzymatic capacity does not appear to limit intestinal starch digestion since no plateau in the amount of starch disappearing from the small intestine is detected with typical diets. Yet, extent of digestion is incomplete. Other factors, such as time and surface exposure may limit small intestinal digestion of starch. Processing methods to reduce particle size or alter the protein matrix, which cements starch granules together, will increase the extent of digestion both in the rumen and in the small intestine. Performance data from growing cattle fed processed corn and sorghum grains indicate that starch was used 42% more efficiently if it was digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen. Though total tract starch digestibility is of primary concern, results support the concept that energetic efficiency of growing ruminants is greater if starch is digested in the small intestine rather than in the rumen.
518 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a fluorogenic stain consisting of carboxyfluorescin diacetate (CFDA) and the relatively membrane-impermeant nuclear stain propidium iodide (PI) was used to distinguish three distinct populations of spermatozoa.
Abstract: Spermatozoa from bulls, boars, dogs, horses, mice, and men were examined using a fluorogenic stain consisting of the membrane-permeant substrate carboxyfluorescin diacetate (CFDA) and the relatively membrane-impermeant nuclear stain propidium iodide (PI). Three distinct populations of spermatozoa were discernible in samples from each species upon microscopic examination. Individual spermatozoa, presumed to be viable because of their motility, retained products of the fluorescein chromophore throughout the cell. A second population of spermatozoa in which the nuclei stained red with PI retained the green fluorescein fluorophore mainly in the acrosome. A third population, presumed to be degenerate spermatozoa, possessed only red fluorescent nuclei. These populations were quantified using dual parameter flow cytometry in 14 samples of cryopreserved bovine spermatozoa for which fertility and seminal quality data were available. Flow cytometric analyses were highly correlated with other seminal quality measurements. Sequential flow cytometric analyses provided the ability to rapidly quantitate changes in specific fluorescently stained populations. The ability to make rapid quantitative measurements should allow development of new and presumably more reliable information on the functional aspects of spermatozoa.
268 citations
TL;DR: Gellan gum, the extracellular polysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas elodea, had been shown to be composed of a repeating, partially acetylated tetrasaccharide.
207 citations
TL;DR: The velocity of the nearly spherical growing crystals has rough interfaces with a time-independent interface velocity, v, that is consistent with an equation for normal growth with a limiting velocity determined by free-particle diffusion.
Abstract: bcc crystalline colloidal microsphere suspensions are shear melted into the metastable liquid phase. Recrystallization occurs via nucleation and growth of single crystallites at dilute sites. The nearly spherical growing crystals have rough interfaces with a time-independent interface velocity, $v$. The velocity is found to be consistent with an equation for normal growth with a limiting velocity determined by free-particle diffusion, ${v}_{0}\ensuremath{\sim}\frac{{D}_{0}}{\ensuremath{\xi}}$, where ${D}_{0}$ is the Stokes diffusion constant of independent noninteracting spheres, and $\ensuremath{\xi}$ is a length comparable to the particle spacing.
176 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an experimental study of the developing structural characteristics of a two-dimensional jet in an extremely quiet environment was performed, where measurements of energy spectra, fluctuation phase angles and two-dimensionality led to the inference of structural patterns in the flow.
Abstract: An experimental study of the developing structural characteristics of a two-dimensional jet in an extremely quiet environment was performed. The jet, at an exit Reynolds number of 6000 and with fluctuation intensity under 0.2% at the mouth, was operated within a large anechoic room. Measurements of energy spectra, fluctuation phase angles and two-dimensionality led to the inference of structural patterns in the flow. These patterns are initially characterized by relatively strong symmetric modes exhibiting limited two-dimensionality and oriented parallel to the mouth of the jet. Subsequent downstream evolution led to the formation of an antisymmetric pattern beyond the jet potential core and the associated development of extended structures possessing a definite large lateral inclination. The results of this work suggest a developing large-scale structural pattern more complicated than previously supposed.
118 citations
TL;DR: The photoreduction of polycrystalline samples of metal oxides was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) in this paper, where the authors showed that depending on band gap and chemical stability, complete or partial reduction of many oxide surfaces can be achieved.
118 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the relationship between Hispanic representation on school boards and public policy outputs that affect Hispanic students using a data set of 35 large urban school districts and found that Hispanic teachers have a major impact on the educational environment of the Hispanic student.
Abstract: This research examines the relationship between Hispanic representation on school boards and public policy outputs that affect Hispanic students. Using a data set of 35 large urban school districts, several questions are examined. First, the level of Hispanic representation on school boards is measured and related to types of electoral structure. Second, Hispanic representation on school boards is found to be a significant determinant of Hispanic employment as teachers. Third, Hispanic teachers have a major impact on the educational environment of the Hispanic student. Districts with larger percentages of Hispanic teachers also have Hispanic students who are more likely to complete school and more likely to attend college. These findings contribute to the growing literature linking passive representation with active representation.
117 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the marketing strategies of a small firm and found that the majority of small firm marketing strategy research is conducted by the authors of their own study, while few empirical studies have been conducted to date.
Abstract: Although the need for small firm marketing strategy research is widely acknowledged, few empirical studies have been conducted to date. The present study investigates the marketing strategies of a ...
116 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined selection decisions in the evaluation of applicants for managerial positions and recommended starting salaries in samples of professional interviewers and students, and significant differences were noted between the two samples in the number and nature of factors used in making selection and salary decisions.
Abstract: Selection decisions in the evaluation of applicants for managerial positions and recommended starting salaries were examined in samples of professional interviewers and students. Significant differences were noted between the two samples in the number and nature of factors used in making selection and salary decisions. Implications of the generalizability of student samples in selection and managerial decision-making research are discussed.
116 citations
TL;DR: Inputs and outputs for the resulting computer model developed from the methodology are discussed for a nuclear power plant licensing application by Public Service Company of Oklahoma and predicted an average total evacuation time of approximately two and a half hours.
Abstract: A methodology based on probabilistic mobilization time curves and pertinent evacuation network details is described for estimating the times required for the partial or total evacuation of an emergency planning zone (EPZ). Such an EPZ evacuation study is required by the U.S. Nuclear Regualatory Commission (NRC) for existing and proposed nuclear power operating plants. Inputs and outputs for the resulting computer model developed from the methodology are discussed for a nuclear power plant licensing application by Public Service Company of Oklahoma. With typical input conditions for the example under consideration, the computer model predicted an average total evacuation time of approximately two and a half hours, excluding notification and confirmation times.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a synthese de plusieurs modeles de reponse a l'influence sociale precisant la relation conceptuelle entre trois types de conformite and entre cinq autres reponses possibles including l'independance is presented.
Abstract: Presentation d'une synthese de plusieurs modeles de reponse a l'influence sociale precisant la relation conceptuelle entre trois types de conformite et entre cinq autres reponses possibles incluant l'independance
TL;DR: The results indicate that the accumulation of seed-storage proteins in wild-type embryos of Arabidopsis is closely tied to morphogenetic changes that occur during embryo development, and may be useful in future studies on the developmental regulation of storage-protein synthesis.
Abstract: The major storage proteins isolated from wild-type seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh., strain “Columbia”, were studied by sucrose gradient centrifugation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Both the hypocotyl and cotyledons of mature embryos contained abundant 12 S (cruciferin) and 2 S (arabin) proteins that appeared similar in size and subunit composition to the cruciferin (12 S) and napin (1.7 S) seed-storage proteins of Brassica napus. The 12 S protein from Arabidopsis was resolved by SDS-PAGE into two groups of subunits with approximate relative molecular weights of 22–23 kDa (kilodalton) and 30–34 kDa. These polypeptides accumulated late in embryo development, disappeared early in germination, and were not detected in other vegetative or reproductive tissues. Accumulation of the 12 S proteins in aborted seeds from nine embryo-lethal mutants with different patterns of abnormal development was studied to determine the extent of cellular differentiation in arrested embryos from each mutant line. Abundant 12 S proteins were found in arrested embryos from two mutants with late lethal phases, but not in seven other mutants with lethal phases ranging from the globular to the cotyledon stages of embryo development. These results indicate that the accumulation of seed-storage proteins in wild-type embryos of Arabidopsis is closely tied to morphogenetic changes that occur during embryo development. Embryo-lethal mutants may therefore be useful in future studies on the developmental regulation of storage-protein synthesis.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed a methodology for the design of integrated renewable energy systems (IRES) which utilize different manifestations of solar energy to satisfy various energy needs in remote rural areas of developing countries by employing a linear programming approach.
Abstract: Integrated renewable energy systems (IRES) which utilize different manifestations of solar energy to satisfy various energy needs are well suited for the remote rural areas of developing countries By employing a linear programming approach, this paper develops a methodology for the design of IRES The method is quite general and it minimizes an objective function of total annual cost, subject to a set of energy and power constraints A numerical example is included to illustrate the design procedure
TL;DR: A variety of transformations involving C-C bond cleavage in iridium complexes is described in this paper, where the mechanisms for the reactions observed are proposed and the corresponding crystal structures of two diene complexes of type 2 are reported.
Abstract: A variety of transformations involving C-C bond cleavage in iridium complexes is described. 1,1-Dimethylcyclopentane reacts with (IrH/sub 2/(Me/sub 2/CO)/sub 2/L/sub 2/)SbF/sub 6/ (L = (p-FC/sub 6/H/sub 4/)/sub 3/P, 1) to give first ((5,5-C/sub 5/H/sub 4/Me/sub 2/)IrL/sub 2/)SbF/sub 6/ (2) and then ((MeC/sub 5/H/sub 4/)IrMeL/sub 2/)SbF/sub 6/ (3). The corresponding 5,5-dimethylcyclopentadiene gives 1,2- and 1,3-diethylcyclopentadienyl complexes by a route that involves alkyl migration from ring to metal and back. 4,4-Dimethylcyclopentene also reacts to give 3 but the 3,3-isomer follows a different path to give ((MeC/sub 5/H/sub 4/)IrHL/sub 2/)SbF/sub 6/. Crystal structures of two diene complexes of type 2 are reported and mechanisms for the reactions observed are proposed.
TL;DR: Four experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of heat stress on acid-base status and the birds' response to supplemental KCl and KCO3 and found that potassium carbonate reduced body weight gain indicating that the response may not be attributed to K+ alone.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a series of experiments which show that motor performance suffers when responses in a repeated sequence have variable rather than fixed parameter mappings, and they also suggest that similar mechanisms underlie storage and retrieval of motor responses and symbolic materials.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present results of three studies testing whether decision bias due to framing, found in consumer purchase contexts, also would occur in a business setting and discuss the implications of this bias for business decision makers.
Abstract: This paper presents results of three studies testing whether decision bias due to framing, found in consumer purchase contexts, also would occur in a business setting. In the first study, business-student subjects displayed framing-induced decision bias just as subjects had in an earlier study by Tversky and Kahneman [12]. When the consumer problem was recast into a business decision in the second study, student subjects trained to handle the problem still revealed bias, although to a lesser extent. In the third study, experienced business managers revealed the same pattern of decision bias as the student subjects. Implications of this bias for business decision makers are discussed.
TL;DR: In rumen-cannulated animals fed a typical dairy ration, in situ rate of disappearance of organic matter, acid detergent fiber, and nitrogen of a complete ration substrate tended to be lower with 77 ppm added Sarsaponin, whereas microbial nitrogen output was similar for all concentrations.
TL;DR: In this article, a computerized grain sorghum plant growth model using daily weather observations was used to compare water-conserving irrigation strategies in an area of declining ground water supplies.
Abstract: Stochastic dominance and stochastic dominance with respect to a function are used to compare water-conserving irrigation strategies in an area of declining ground water supplies. A computerized grain sorghum plant growth model using daily weather observations provides the basis for stochastic dominance comparisons. Six irrigation strategies dominate contemporary intensive irrigation practices by first-degree stochastic dominance and two additional strategies exhibit second-degree stochastic dominance over contemporary practices. Dominant strategies involve irrigating based on a 45 percent soil water criterion and eliminating early season irrigations. Some dominant strategies reduce water use by as much as 40 percent while increasing expected net returns.
TL;DR: Compensatory gain in cattle was studied to determine if age, previous rate of gain or size were factors of importance, and data indicate that both previous gain and weight upon realimentation are influential on compensatory growth.
Abstract: Compensatory gain in cattle was studied to determine if age, previous rate of gain or size were factors of importance. A factorial experiment was conducted with growing diet regimen (control vs restricted), age [spring-born (older) vs fall-born (younger)] and breed (Angus vs Charolais) as the factors. During a growing phase, the two diets, (control = dehydrated alfalfa pellets; restricted = cubed grass-alfalfa hay, cottonseed hulls and soybean meal) were fed to both the older and younger steers of each breed to provide groups of similar age but different weights (growing regimen within age) and groups of similar weights but different ages (older-restricted vs younger-controls) at the time at which the steers were switched to a high concentrate diet. Interactions of breed with age and previous growing regimen diet on digestibility of some nutrients in the finishing diet were evident. During the growing phase, control steers averaged .72 kg/d gain, whereas the restricted steers averaged .25 kg/d. The older-restricted steers compensated (P less than .05) from 30 to 120 d after the beginning of the feedlot phase compared with older-control steers. Rates of gain of younger steers were intermediate to those of the older steers throughout the finish phase and were not influenced by growing diet, except on d 30. Rate of gain during the growing phase was negatively correlated (P less than .05) with rate of gain during the finishing phase (60 to 120 d). Within breed, weight at the beginning of the feedlot phase also was negatively correlated with gain during the finishing phase. Skeletal growth was reduced (P less than.05) by the restricted diet during the growing phase, and small compensation (P greater than .05) was observed during the finishing phase. Feed/gain for restricted steers was slightly lower (P greater than .05) than control steers. Younger steers were more efficient (P less than .05) overall in converting dry matter to gain, due to the relatively shorter growing phase when compared with the older steers. These data indicate that both previous gain and weight upon realimentation are influential on compensatory growth.
TL;DR: In this paper, the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH) was used to obtain a better lower bound for A subject to the truth of GRH, that is, the hypothesis that the zeros of each Dirichlet Lfunction have their real parts not exceeding \\.
Abstract: Since the average size of y' y is 27r/log y, we see that fi =s 1=s A. One expects that /x = 0 and A = °o, but at present all we can say unconditionally is that /u. < 1 < A (see A. Fujii [6] and A. Selberg [11]). However, these bounds may be strengthened if one is willing to assume the Riemann hypothesis (RH). For instance, on RH, H. Montgomery [8] has shown that /x < 0-68 and J. Mueller [10] that A > 1-9. Later Montgomery and Odlyzko [9] proved that ix < 0-5179 and A > 1-9799, whereas the present authors have recently shown that ii <0-5172 and A > 2-337. In this paper we shall obtain a better lower bound for A subject to the truth of the generalized Riemann hypothesis (GRH), that is, the hypothesis that the zeros of each Dirichlet Lfunction have their real parts not exceeding \\. Our bound is a consequence of a mean value formula involving the zetafunction. Let s-a+it denote a complex variable and for T large write
TL;DR: Four studies were performed to test whether ravens could find hidden food under conditions where scent was presumed to be the sole cue, and several findings are consistent with the possibility that ravens can use olfactory cues to find food.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors developed optimal investment and disinvestment rules for variable firm size based on the firm's cost curve and discounted net revenue flows for a finite rolling planning horizon.
Abstract: Variable beef-breeding herd sizes are found to be optimal given cyclical beef prices. Traditional replacement theory does not allow variable firm size because unequal investment (replacement) and disinvestment (culling) rates are not possible. If firm size changes, cost of production per unit endogenously changes given a u-shaped cost curve. Optimal investment and disinvestment rules for variable firm size are developed based upon the firm's cost curve and discounted net revenue flows for a finite rolling planning horizon. Current and future investment and disinvestment decisions are linked by their mutual effect on firm size and hence production cost per unit.
TL;DR: In this paper, an examination of the rates of income growth, inflation, and unemployment in twenty industrialized democratic countries reveals evidence of political business cycles, and the money supply and government expenditures tend to show expansions near elections.
Abstract: SUMMARY
An examination of the rates of income growth, inflation, and unemployment in twenty industrialized democratic countries reveals evidence of political business cycles. The money supply and government expenditures tend to show expansions near elections. Political business cycles are not readily detected in the countries with more extensive indexation or longer electoral terms.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Eine Untersuchung des Einkommenswachstums und der Inflations- und Arbeits-losenrate in zwanzig industrialisierten demokratischen Landern deutet auf politische Konjunkturzyklen hin. Geldvolumen und Regierungsausgaben neigen dazu, vor den Wahlen anzusteigen. Politische Konjunkturzyklen sind in den Landern mit Teue-rungsausgleich oder langerer politischer Amtsdauer nicht so deutlich festzustellen.
RESUME
L'etude des taux de croissance du revenu, de l'inflation et du chomage dans vingt pays democratiques industrialises revele l'existence de cycles dans l'economie politique de ces pays. La masse monetaire et les depenses publiques ont tendance a s'accroitre a l'approche des periodes electorates. Les cycles de l'economie politique ne sont pas aisement deceles dans les pays a indexation plus etendue ou a mandats electoraux plus longs.
TL;DR: Expression of this mutant gene disrupts development of the root apical meristem during both embryogenesis in vivo and organogenesis in vitro, resulting in embryo-lethal mutants with lethal phases and homozygous mutant plants.
Abstract: Seventeen embryo-lethal mutants ofArabidopsis thaliana with lethal phases ranging from the globular to mature cotyledon stages of development were analyzed by culturing arrested embryos on nutrient media designed to promote either callus formation or the completion of embryo development and the recovery of homozygous mutant plants. Enriched media supplemented with vitamins, amino acids, and nucleosides were used to identify potential auxotrophic mutants. Wild-type embryos produced extensive callus on basal and enriched media supplemented with 2,4-D and kinetin. Numerous roots developed when wildtype callus was grown in the presence of NAA and kinetin. Mutant embryos arrested prior to the heart stage of development formed only a slight amount of callus on basal and enriched media. Arrested embryos from mutants 122G-E and 112A-2A reached a later stage of development and gave the most interesting responses in culture. 122G-E mutant embryos failed to grow on basal media but produced extensive callus and homozygous mutant plants on enriched media. The specific nutrient required for growth of this mutant remains to be determined. Arrested embryos from mutant 112A-2A developed into abnormal plants without roots when placed in culture. Mutant callus also failed to form roots on a variety of root-inducing media. Expression of this mutant gene therefore disrupts development of the root apical meristem during both embryogenesis in vivo and organogenesis in vitro.
TL;DR: In this paper, a correlation between soil solution bicarbonate and chlorosis in soybeans in fields in western Minnesota and under growth chamber conditions was found, where the severity of chlorosis increases with increasing soil moisture to near the saturated water content.
Abstract: The bicarbonate ion has been implicated as a causative agent in iron chlorosis induced by high moisture in calcareous soils. Our studies have demonstrated a correlation between soil solution bicarbonate and chlorosis in soybeans in fields in western Minnesota and under growth chamber conditions. In the growth chamber studies, we found that the severity of chlorosis increases with increasing soil moisture to near the saturated water content. At high moisture, soil pores were filled with water and the partial pressure of CO2 in the soil air increased. Since the soil pH is strongly buffered by the high cation exchange capacity of the soils, soil pH remained constant and [HCO‐ 3] increased. In a system in which CaC03 is in equilibrium with the solution phase, the [HCO‐ 3] should be controlled by CaCO3 solubility. In soils, however, the soil solutions were as much as 20‐fold over‐saturated with respect to CaCO3 solubility and [HCO‐ 3] was much greater than predicted by solubility calculations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted interviews by phone and in person with election officials in thirteen states and with certain local election officials where rotation is practiced: Franklin County, Ohio; Chicago; and Denver County, Colorado.
Abstract: PART of the folklore of politics is that being first on a ballot is worth at least some votes in the general election. A number of states, out of a sense of fairness, as a result of political compromise, or as a consequence of court orders, have attempted to nullify supposed ballot position effect by rotating ballot positions in general elections. This has been done in several ways. Alaska completely shuffles ballots before distributing them to voters. In this way the candidate on the top for one voter will be on the bottom for the very next voter at that voting station. Ohio, Idaho, and several counties in Colorado rotate by precincts. California rotates by state assembly districts; Kansas and Illinois rotate by counties; Kentucky rotates by congressional districts. New Mexico conducts a lottery each year to determine state-wide ballot position. In this way, either in each election or across several elections, each party or each candidate is in the first position roughly an equal number of times. To assess the consequences of ballot rotation, interviews by phone and in person were conducted with election officials in thirteen states and with certain local election officials where rotation is practiced: Franklin County, Ohio; Chicago; and Denver County, Colorado. In addition, interviews were conducted with senior officers of two major companies providing election equipment and ballots to a number of states. These interviews were structured and averaged over one hour each. Published testimony by other election officials in various federal court cases was also reviewed.
TL;DR: This article examined gender differences in union membership, pro-union voting intent, union instrumentality, and relative confidence in union leaders, and found that a minimal role for gender as a determinant of alternative union-related measures examined.
Abstract: This study uses moderated regression analysis and two major sources of individual data to examine gender differences in union membership, pro-union voting intent, union instrumentality, and relative confidence in union leaders. Some specific male-female differences are noted, particularly involving union-related variables. Overall, however, the authors report a minimal role for gender as a determinant of the alternative union-related measures examined.
18 Jun 1986
TL;DR: In this article, differential equations for process tension control are derived, simplified, and linearized, and the two methods of tension control by means of torque control as well as velocity control of a roller or rewinding roll of material are compared.
Abstract: Because of the transport of strain across rollers in a tension control system, the output from one tension control station is a disturbance to the next station. Tension disturbances are also transmitted upstream if frictional engagement between the web and the roller is inadequate or if velocity control of a driven roller between the spans is imperfect. Differential equations for process tension control are derived, simplified, and linearized. Tension control by means of torque control as well as velocity control of a roller or rewinding roll of material is examined, and the two methods are compared.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of 1.7 MeV electrons on the coloration of Yb 3+ doped BaF 2 /ThF 4 base fluoride glasses has been investigated.
Abstract: The effect of 1.7 MeV electrons on the coloration of Yb 3+ doped BaF 2 /ThF 4 base fluoride glasses has been investigated. Irradiation at 80 K produces a prominent absorption band at 302 nm. At room temperature, the radiation induced absorption is quite small in these glasses when compared with the absorption in fluorizirconate glasses. The photochemical damage mechanism is dominant. The optical absorption and emission spectra as well as the fluorescence lifetime of Yb 3+ ion transitions have been measured. The measured lifetimes are compared with the calculated radiative lifetimes.