Showing papers by "San Jose State University published in 1981"
95 citations
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94 citations
TL;DR: Deep-water, ahermatypic coral mounds are present at water depths of 1,000-1,300 m on the lower slope of Little Bahama Bank.
Abstract: Deep-water, ahermatypic coral mounds are present at water depths of 1,000-1,300 m on the lower slope north of Little Bahama Bank. The mounds are patchily distributed over a minimum area of 2,500 km2 and typically display 5-40 m of relief above the surrounding sea bottom. A diverse benthic community exists on these apparently unlithified mounds, including l 1 genera and 16 species of ahermatypic coral (Bathypsammia, Caryophyllia, Deltocyathus, Desmophyllum, Enallopsammia, Javania, Madrepora, Polymyces, Solenosmilia, Stephanocyathus, and a previously undescribed genus), alcyonaceans, gorgonians, antipatharians, hydroids, ophiuroids, crinoids, barnacles, galatheid crabs, polychaetes, gastropods, bivalves, and sponges. Conspicuously absent from the coral fauna are Lop elia and Dendrophyllia, common deep-water corals in other parts of the Atlantic. Radiocarbon dates on fresh coral and gorgonian fragments of 940 ± 40 and 860 ± 50 years indicate the mounds are at least in part Recent and are probably actively forming today. Bored and stained corals date at around 22 10314C years B. P., which establishes a minimum age for these mounds. We speculate that the mounds develop on sea-floor perturbations in areas where strong bottom currents provide needed oxygen and nutrients to the fauna. The mounds may have undergone multi-stage evolution from colony to thicket to coppice to bank. This evolution may be accomplished through the in situ contribution of skeletal material along with the baffling and trapping of fine-grained carbonate sediment winnowed from adjacent areas by bottom currents. If found in the rock record, the coral mounds north of Little Bahama Bank would probably be considered bioherms. Geologists should thus be aware that scleractinian bioherms are not uniquely shallow-water in origin. The distinction between ancient deep- and shallow-water coral buildups involves using multiple recognition criteria, including: 1) presence or absence of algae; 2) diversity of corals; 3) coral morphology and microstructure; 4) abundance of planktonic/benthonic components; 5) microborings; 6) surrounding litho- and biofacies; 7) stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen; and 8) trace element geochemistry, particularly Sr and U concentrations. The distinction between deep- and shallow-water bioherms is crucial to regional paleoenvironmental and stratigraphic interpretations.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a simple model of the effects of unionization on absenteeism due to illness is developed and tested and it is argued that unions lower absenteeism through providing a monopoly wage, but raise it by providing liberal sick-leave benefits.
Abstract: A simple model of the effects of unionization on absenteeism due to illness is developed and tested. It is argued that unions lower absenteeism through providing a monopoly wage, but raise it by providing liberal sick-leave benefits. Data from the Michigan Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to test the model. In regressions which control for human capital and demographic characteristics as well as working conditions, it is found that the net effect of unionization is to encourage absence.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide concentrations in New York City resulting from the passage of sea breeze and synoptic fronts were studied using data from the New York University/New York City Urban Air Pollution Data Set.
Abstract: Temporal changes in the spatial distribution of sulfur dioxide concentrations in New York City resulting from the passage of sea breeze and synoptic fronts were studied using data from the New York University/New York City Urban Air Pollution Data Set. Results show that upwind portions of New York City experience decreasing concentrations with the passage of sea breeze fronts, while downwind portions experience increasing concentrations. Synoptic fronts produce increasing concentrations in the less urbanized areas to the east and west of Manhattan and decreasing concentrations in Manhattan. The one synoptic front which moved extremely slowly showed extreme frictional retardation and produced the opposite effects on the concentration field.
54 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that cities which grew more rapidly by annexation experienced more rapid expenditure growth rates than cities which did not grow rapidly by incorporation, supporting the hypothesis that the institutional shift toward annexation enhanced the service monopolies enjoyed by existing municipalities thus promoting bureau-growth and inefficiency.
Abstract: The shift in the institutional stucture in California in 1963 simultaneously reduced the ability of new cities to incorporate and elevated the status of annexation as a favored municipal growth policy. This study finds that cities which grew more rapidly by annexation also experienced more rapid expenditure growth rates than cities which did not grow rapidly by annexation. These results, using somewhat better data, corroborate those of M-W. They support the hypothesis that the institutional shift toward annexation enhanced the service monopolies enjoyed by existing municipalities thus promoting bureau-growth and inefficiency. Of course, further tests will be necessary to determine whether these expenditure effects arise solely because of annexation. That is, would this expenditure growth be expected in easy-annexation states even if entry to the local government services market were relatively open? The bureaucracy-monopoly hypothesis also needs to be tested against alternative hypotheses about the causes of rapid expenditure growth in high annexation cities. Nonetheless, the results of this study, combined with those of M-W, clearly indicate the importance of the institutional structure in affecting municipal fiscal behavior.
49 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a three-body association reaction with HCNH(+) ions formed by the reaction of N(+) with CH4 is proposed for the formation of complex organic nitrogen compounds in the dense lower atmosphere of Titan.
Abstract: A mechanism is proposed for the formation of complex organic nitrogen compounds in the dense lower atmosphere of Titan. The mechanism is based on three-body association reactions with HCNH(+) ions formed by the reaction of N(+) with CH4, which lead to the production of ethyl cyanide, vinyl cyanide and cyanoacetylene. Calculations for a model atmosphere consistent with the preliminary interpretation of Voyager 1 data for the region of maximum cosmic ray activated chemistry, corresponding to a temperature between 150 and 160 K and a pressure of 20 mbar, are presented which show substantial organic nitrile and hydrogen cyanide production rates. Based on these production rates, it is expected that significant equilibrium concentrations of these compounds will be found on Titan.
46 citations
TL;DR: This paper shows that in fact every degree ≤ 0 ′ is complemented in .
Abstract: Let denote the set of degrees ≤ 0 ′. A degree a ≤ 0 ′ is said to be complemented in if there exists a degree b ≤ 0 ′ such that b ∪ a = 0 ′ and b ∩ a = 0 . R.W. Robinson (cf. [11]) showed that every degree a ≤ 0 ′ satisfying a ″ = 0 ″ is complemented in and the author [8] showed that every degree a ≤ 0 ′ satisfying a ′ = 0 ″ is complemented in . Also, in [2], R. L. Epstein showed that every r.e. degree is complemented in . In this paper we will show that in fact every degree ≤ 0 ′ is complemented in . We will further show that the same is true in the upper semilattice of degrees ≤ c , where c is any complete degree. This is in contrast to the situation in the upper semilattice of r.e. degrees in which, as Lachlan [6] has shown, no degree other than 0 and 0 ′ is complemented.
29 citations
TL;DR: 2-AP-induced transversion and frameshift mutagenesis was not abolished by the presence of an inactive recA allele, indicating this mutagenic activity is not dependent upon recA-directed misrepair.
Abstract: 2-Aminopurine (2-AP) is a base analogue of adenine which mispairs with cytosine and causes base-pair substitutions of the transition type. By analyzing the reversion patterns of defined trpA alleles in Escherichia coli we confirm that 2-AP causes both A:T leads to G:C and G:C leads to A:T transitions with the former induced more frequently than the latter. We also find that 2-AP enhances transversions at 3 sites and frameshift mutations at 1 other site. It is unlikely that 2-AP can cause transversions and frameshifts solely by a mispairing mechanism. However, 2-AP-induced transversion and frameshift mutagenesis was not abolished by the presence of an inactive recA allele, indicating this mutagenic activity is not dependent upon recA-directed misrepair.
29 citations
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that the phonology and morphology of the target language can be internalized without stress using semantic content that is related to physical reality, and the student has hooks for incorporating abstractions, either vocabulary items or idioms.
Abstract: ions Most books written for students learning another language enter the target language at a rather high level of abstraction. For example: “Good morning. It’s a beautiful day today. How are you feeling?” seems to be transparent and simple to the native speaker, but the learner has difficulty with comprehension because the utterances are abstract. Abstractions, as is the case with infants taking in their first language, are delayed until a more advanced stage of training. The phonology and morphology of the target language can be internalized without stress using semantic content that is related to physical reality. After this, the student has “many hooks” for incorporating abstractions, either vocabulary items or idioms.
28 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that gravity imposes an upper limit to the size of land mammals, which is due to the metabolic cost of gravity, which increases with body mass; therefore, the larger the body mass of an animal the smaller is the gravitational field intensity that can be tolerated by the animal.
TL;DR: The first public presentation of the ideas leading up to the Interlanguage Hypothesis occurred a decade ago at the Second International Congress of Applied Linguistics (Selinker 1969; presented in greater detail in Selinker 1972).
Abstract: The first public presentation of the ideas leading up to the Interlanguage (IL) Hypothesis occurred a decade ago at the Second International Congress of Applied Linguistics (Selinker 1969; presented in greater detail in Selinker 1972). At that time, it was stated that, in attempting to understand the phenomenon of second-language learning, the field was at a stage where there existed an “inability to unambiguously identify the phenomena we wish to study” (Selinker 1969:35). That first presentation of the IL notion focused on the “psychologically relevant data of second-language learning,” trying to describe what it was that should be studied; the paper attempted to provide some theoretical constructs which would help identify and explain that data.
TL;DR: MacLane proved that a graph is planar if and only if it has a 2-fold basis for its cycle space and the basis number of the complete graphs, complete bipartite graphs, and the n -cube is investigated.
TL;DR: It is shown that pKM101 altered the mutational specificity of UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli by analyzing reversion patterns of defined trpA alleles, suggesting an interaction between cellular misrepair and an error-prone repair function(s) provided by pkM101.
Abstract: Plasmid pKM101 provides UV protection and increases the frequency of spontaneous and UV-induced mutations in Escherichia coli. By analyzing reversion patterns of defined trpA alleles, we showed that pKM101 altered the mutational specificity of UV-induced mutations. Certain UV-induced base-pair substitutions were strongly enhanced, while others were decreased in frequency in the presence of pKM101. This result suggests an interaction between cellular misrepair and an error-prone repair function(s) provided by pKM101. We have also examined UV mutational specificity in the absence of pKM101 and found the following: (1) UV preferentially enhances missense, as well as nonsense, intergenic suppressor mutations; (2) UV causes all possible base-pair substitutions as well as frameshift mutations; (3) G·C base pairs are more susceptible to UV mutagenesis than A·T base pairs at the same nucleotide positions; and (4) UV-induced mutations can occur at nucleotide positions that are not part of pyrimidine-pyrimidine sequences.
TL;DR: In this paper, the aeronomic implications of a preliminary observation of weak OCS photoabsorption above 270 nm are investigated, and it is argued that the measured cross section is consistent with a forbidden transition in this wavelength region.
Abstract: The aeronomic implications of a preliminary observation of weak OCS photoabsorption above 270 nm are investigated. It is argued that the measured cross section is consistent with a forbidden transition in this wavelength region. Model calculations are made for the OCS photodissociation rates in daylight, the OCS and SO2 distributions in the upper atmosphere, and the budgets of sulfur in the stratosphere and OCS in the troposphere, assuming various extrapolations of the measured OCS absorption cross sections and quantum yields to longer wavelengths. It is shown that weak OCS absorption above 300 nm can have important consequences for all of these quantities. Laboratory and field experiments are identified which might lead to a better understanding of the atmospheric OCS cycle.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In his excellent monograph, Andrew (1971) notes that the bewildering variety of animals regarding size, structure, way of life, and longevity may discourage gerontologists in search of common mechanisms but morphological studies suggest that senescence is not a heterogeneous accumulation of pathological lesions but a fundamental process.
Abstract: In his excellent monograph, The Anatomy of Aging in Man and Animals, Andrew (1971) notes that the bewildering variety of animals regarding size, structure, way of life, and longevity may discourage gerontologists in search of common mechanisms. However, in his opinion, morphological studies suggest that senescence is not a heterogeneous accumulation of pathological lesions but a fundamental process. He further comments on the importance of unifying biological concepts, such as the cell theory and, more recently, the electron microscopic demonstration of the basic similarity of cellular organelles.
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of indicators of teacher competence, defined by the teachers themselves as observable in their classroom behavior, were measured using scoring keys for existing low-inference observation schedules.
Abstract: This study was concerned with the measurement of a set of indicators of teacher competence, defined by the teachers themselves as observable in their classroom behavior. The question it sought to answer was whether scoring keys for existing low-inference observation schedules could be developed that would measure any or all of these indicators objectively and reliably. Multiple observations were made with four such instruments in 100 classrooms in a single rural school system to provide data relevant to the question. Forty-two scoring keys were developed to measure one or another of 26 indicators identified by the teachers and used to score the records made in the 100 classrooms. An analysis of variance was made of the scores on each key to estimate its reliability and to isolate and assess errors of measurement due to lack of internal consistency and to instability confounded with observer disagreement. It was concluded that keys could be constructed to yield stable and consistent measures of mos...
01 Oct 1981
TL;DR: A panel of general aviation pilots is asked to evaluate flight-related tasks for the overall, perceptual, physical, and cognitive workload they impose, which will provide the nucleus for a data base of flight- related primary tasks that have been independently rated for workload to use in workload assessment research.
Abstract: Flight scenarios that represent different types and levels of pilot workload are needed in order to conduct research about, and develop measures of, pilot workload In order to be useful, however, the workload associated with such scenarios and the component tasks must be determined independently An initial study designed to provide such information was conducted by asking a panel of general aviation pilots to evaluate flight-related tasks for the overall, perceptual, physical, and cognitive workload they impose These ratings will provide the nucleus for a data base of flight-related primary tasks that have been independently rated for workload to use in workload assessment research
TL;DR: Increased concentrations of copper above the toxicity threshold were correlated with morphological alterations such as loss of the right‐angle curvature of the primary root, decrease in number of secondary roots, reduction in number and length of secondary Roots, altered distribution and reduction inNumber of root hairs, and reductions in size of the eophyll and cotyledons.
Abstract: Five‐day old lettuce seedlings, cultured in 1/10 Hoagland's solution to which copper was added in stepwise increments from 0 to 30 μeq./L., were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Morphological features of control and experimental specimens were analyzed. Observed changes were correlated with concentrations equal to or greater than the toxicity threshold of 14 μeq./L. of copper. The toxicity threshold is marked by a right‐angle bend of the primary root at the hypocotyl‐root junction, an increase in the number of secondary roots, and a reduction in number and length of root hairs. Increased concentrations of copper above the toxicity threshold were correlated with morphological alterations such as loss of the right‐angle curvature of the primary root, decrease in number and length of secondary roots, reduction in number and length of secondary roots, altered distribution and reduction in number of root hairs, reduction in size of the eophyll and cotyledons, and abnormalities in trichome and...
TL;DR: In this paper it was shown that every set of degrees which is comeager or of measure one generates the degrees and that the set of minimal degrees generated the degrees, and that any automorphism of degrees is determined by its action on, for example, the minimal degrees.
Abstract: A set of degrees of unsolvability is said togenerate the degrees if every degree is in the closure of the set under the lattice operations on degrees. (Of course the inf operation is only partially defined.) It is shown that every set of degrees which is comeager or of measure one generates the degrees and that the set of minimal degrees generates the degrees. (Thus any automorphism of degrees is determined by its action on, for example, the minimal degrees). Also the degrees below0′ which have the same jump as any given degree below0′ and those which cup any given nonzero degree ≤0′ to0′ are shown to generate the degrees below0′.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the role of organismic state variables associated with body position and found that no significant difference was found between hand dynamometer squeeze scores of 36 high school wrestlers as they stared at a pink, compared with a blue, stimulus card.
Abstract: In previous experiments investigating effects of color on muscle strength, subjects were seated during the test procedure, and although statistically significant, magnitude of color effect differences were very small. So as to explore the possible role of organismic state variables associated with body position, subjects in the present study were tested while standing. This time, no significant difference was found between hand dynamometer squeeze scores of 36 high school wrestlers as they stared at a pink, compared with a blue, stimulus card. Directions for future inquiry into muscle-specific loci of kinesiological color effects are considered. But the lack of unambiguously established experimental evidence as to the reliable effects of color on muscle strength is underscored.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In the search for general trends and laws in Nature, there is a tendency to exorcise variation as an artifact, for which imperfection and inaccuracy of observation are held responsible.
Abstract: In the search for general trends and laws in Nature, there is a tendency to exorcise variation as an artifact, for which imperfection and inaccuracy of observation are held responsible. However, there is often a residual variation and unpredictability when measurement error and external uncontrollable disturbance (noise) have been effectively removed. The following principle can be stated:
Variation is an inherent characteristic of objects and systems—be they cells or organisms, cities or countries, rocks or mountains, electric bulbs or airplanes—a consequence of the statistical (macroscopically apparently nondeterministic) nature of the processes by which the objects and systems are formed (or manufactured) from simpler elements.
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the source of stress concentration in a pair of atoms terminated within a crystal and evaluate these stresses by a continuum, dislocation, or atomistic model, which is useful in the understanding of atom glide, rupture, and motion of individual atoms near a twin.
Abstract: Twins terminated within a crystal are the source of stress concentration. These stresses may be evaluated by a continuum, dislocation or atomistic model. A knowledge of these stresses is useful in the understanding of atom glide, rupture of atoms and motion of individual atoms near a twin.
TL;DR: The superiority of direct analog-to-digital transformation to the Constantinides approach is proven.
Abstract: The theoretical basis for the design of analog and digital filters by prototype and transformation is studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions are developed for a transformation to preserve realizibility as well as the frequency response. The attendant structural properties of such transformations are developed and compared with the reactance transformations of classical analog filter theory. The superiority of direct analog-to-digital transformation to the Constantinides approach is proven.
TL;DR: In this paper, a crosslinked structure for cured polystyrylpyridine (PSP) is proposed based on the thermal reaction products of model compounds, and the major pyrolysis products were diarylethane and stilbene, and characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.
Abstract: The crosslinking or curing reaction of polystyrylpyridine (PSP) has been studied by means of thermal reactions of its model compounds. Compounds 2,6-distyrylpyridine, 4-stilbazole, and deuterated 4-stilbazole were pyrolyzed at 200-325 C both in air and under vacuum in a sealed tube. The major pyrolysis products were diarylethane and stilbene, and were characterized by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Major dimeric products were naphthalene or quinoline derivatives. Mechanisms for the pyrolysis are suggested, and a crosslinked structure for cured PSP is proposed based on the thermal reaction products of model compounds.
Patent•
03 Nov 1981TL;DR: In this article, a fire extinguishant composition comprising a mixture of a finely divided aluminum compound and an alkali metal, stannous or plumbous halide is proposed.
Abstract: Fire extinguishant composition comprising a mixture of a finely divided aluminum compound and alkali metal, stannous or plumbous halide. Aluminum compound may be aluminum hydroxide, alumina or boehmite but preferably it is an alkali metal dawsonite. The metal halide may be an alkali metal, e.g. potassium iodide, bromide or chloride or stannous or plumbous iodide, bromide or chloride. Potassium iodide is preferred.
TL;DR: In this article, the NMR spectra of [3]- and [4] ferrocenophane in trifluoroacetic acid have been recorded and interpreted in terms of rapid exchange between solvent and ferrocene.
TL;DR: The apparent offset of the frontal margins of allochthons composed of eugeoclinal sedimentary facies of different ages was investigated in this article, showing that original depositional trends were influenced by a major, east-trending flaw in the crust, perhaps a bight in the continental margin.
Abstract: Apparent offsets of various Paleozoic sedimentary facies belts and the frontal margins of two allochthons in northeastern Nevada and northwestern Utah have been explained by Stewart and Poole by 120 km of oroflexural bending, and by Thorman and Ketner as the result of displacement of about 65 km on a presumed Mesozoic, right-slip fault (Wells fault). Evaluation of stratigraphic data in this region, however, indicates large differences in the amount of offset of sedimentary facies of different ages, a pattern not easily explained by postdepositional tectonism. An alternative interpretation is that original depositional trends were influenced by a major, east-trending flaw in the crust, perhaps a bight in the continental margin, along which vertical movement occurred several times during Paleozoic time. The apparent offset of the frontal margins of allochthons composed of eugeoclinal rock is considered compatible with this interpretation.