Showing papers by "Tufts University published in 1969"
Book•
01 Jan 1969TL;DR: In the Routledge Classics edition of the Second Edition of The Language of the Mind Part 1: The Ontological Problem of Mind Part 2: Consciousness Part 3: Introspective certainty as discussed by the authors Part 4: Awareness and Consciousness
Abstract: Preface to the Routledge Classics Edition Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Part 1: The Language of the Mind I The Ontological Problem of the Mind 1 The Mind and Science 2 Existence and Identity II Intentionality 3 The Problem of Intentionality 4 Two Blind Alleys 5 The Way Out III Evolution of the Brain 6 The Intelligent Use of Information 7 The Evolution of Appropriate Structures 8 Goal-directed Behaviour IV The Ascription of Content 9 Function and Content 10 Language and Content 11 Personal and Sub-Personal Levels and Explanation: Pain Part 2: Consciousness V Introspective Certainty 12 The Certainty of Certain Utterances 13 A Perceiving Machine VI Awareness and Consciousness 14 The Ordinary Words 15 Awareness and Control 16 Consciousness VII Mental Imagery 17 The Name of Images and the Introspective Trap 18 Colours VIII Thinking and Reasoning 19 People and Processes 20 Reasons and Causes IX Actions and Intentions 21 Intentional Actions 22 Willing 23 The Importance of Intentional Actions X Language and Understanding 24 Knowing and Understanding 25 Language and Information 26 Conclusions Index
768 citations
323 citations
TL;DR: A detailed examination of the relationship of blood pressure to the development of the various clinical manifestations of CHD in each sex at varying ages is concerned.
314 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1969TL;DR: A reprint of the popular 1969, Prentice-Hall edition, the principal innovation of this philosophical introduction to value theory is its focus upon values as they are dealt with in everyday life situations, and have sometimes been studied by sociologists and social psychologists.
Abstract: A reprint of the popular 1969, Prentice-Hall edition, the principal innovation of this philosophical introduction to value theory is its focus upon values as they are dealt with in everyday life situations, and have sometimes been studied by sociologists and social psychologists, rather than upon value as has been standard in the philosophical tradition.
274 citations
TL;DR: It is infer that the complex comprises the specific portion of the cell membrane to which the DNA is attached within the cell, and this complex depends on the interaction of cell membrane components with the crystals of detergent.
239 citations
TL;DR: The energy expenditure of fourteen grossly obese patients was investigated during periods of high and low caloric intake and a fall in the activity of the two enzymes in the glycerophosphate cycle seems to support the concept that the body can adapt to caloric restriction by decreasing its energy needs and by becoming metabolically more efficient.
184 citations
TL;DR: The repair of hemopoietic bone marrow following evacuation of the tibial or femoral cavity of the rat was sequentially studied with the light microscope and suggested that restoration of marrow sinusoids takes place only in the interstices of cancellous bone.
Abstract: The repair of hemopoietic bone marrow following evacuation of the tibial or femoral cavity of the rat was sequentially studied with the light microscope. A stereotyped train of histologic events occurred. These were capillary invasion of the cavity, appearance of primitive mesenchymal cells, osteoblastic proliferation, cancellous bone formation, development of sinusoids, reappearance of hemopoietic tissue and resorption of cancellous bone. The studies suggest that restoration of marrow sinusoids takes place only in the interstices of cancellous bone. Mechanical disruption of the sinusoidal system is one method of triggering cancellous bone formation. The cancellous bone which appeared after injury was thought to be produced by endosteal osteoblasts and osteoblasts derived from cells residing in normal hemopoietic tissue. Localized radiation of the tibia followed by mechanical disruption of hemopoietic tissue demonstrated that cancellous bone production and the repair process were unimpaired by 1,000 r but were completely blocked by 4,000 r. This would imply that the cell which can differentiate into an osteoblast is resistant to 1,000 r.
144 citations
TL;DR: No difference in phage inactivation ability was detected with cell walls isolated from strains of S. aureus having exclusively alpha- or exclusively beta-linked GlcNAc in their cell wall teichoic acid.
Abstract: Bacteriophage-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus H were isolated after mutagenesis with N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Cell walls isolated from about half of these resistant strains were incapable of inactivating phages and were shown to lack N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc) in their cell wall teichoic acid. Apart from the lack of GlcNAc, two of these mutant strains were deficient in cell wall phosphorus and ester-linked d-alanine. These two strains were also found to be resistant to both phage K and a host-range mutant isolated from the parent phage. These two phages could lyse the other phage-resistant mutants which lacked GlcNAc in their teichoic acid. Cell walls from the remaining phage-resistant mutant strains did inactivate phages and were found to have normal cell wall teichoic acid. Although GlcNAc in teichoic acid was required for phage inactivation, no difference in phage inactivation ability was detected with cell walls isolated from strains of S. aureus having exclusively α- or exclusively β-linked GlcNAc in their cell wall teichoic acid.
141 citations
TL;DR: The release of PF4 in human platelet-rich plasma is examined with particular reference to the two phases of platelet aggregation, including adenine nucleotides, 5-hydroxytryptamine and certain lysosomal enzymes.
Abstract: PLATELET FACTOR 4 (PF4) is a low molecular weight, heat stable protein which neutralizes heparin1,2. Recent reports indicate PF4 is released from human platelets during aggregation by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), adrenaline, thrombin and collagen3,4. It is known that human platelet aggregation in plasma containing citrate proceeds in two phases in response to adrenaline, ADP and thrombin5–8. Reversible platelet aggregation seems to be chiefly the result of changes in the platelet membrane induced by external stimuli. The second phase is accompanied by the selective release of various platelet contents, including adenine nucleotides, 5-hydroxytryptamine and certain lysosomal enzymes9. We have examined the release of PF4 in human platelet-rich plasma with particular reference to the two phases of platelet aggregation. We also compared release of PF4 with ADP release.
131 citations
TL;DR: Analysis of the cadmium content of whole cigarettes and cigarette ash and filters (after smoking) of six brands of cigarettes shows that about 70% of the Cadmiumcontent of cigarette tobacco passes into the smoke.
TL;DR: Tumor cells (L1210 and Ehrlich ascites) were labeled with 1261-iododeoxyuridine and inoculated into nonradioactive hosts and their fate was monitored at daily intervals by measuring the retention of individual live mice in a well-type crystal scintillation counter.
Abstract: Tumor cells (L1210 and Ehrlich ascites) were labeled with 1261-iododeoxyuridine and inoculated into nonradioactive hosts. The fate of the labeled cells and their progeny was monitored at daily intervals by measuring the 1retention of individual live mice in a well-type crystal scintillation counter. The excretion of 1from the testanimals was linked to in vivo death and breakdown of tumor cells. The fractional rate of tumor cell death depended on the route of implantation, i.e., on the location of tumor cells within the host. After intraperitoneal inoculation of labeled tumorcells, the rate of cell death wasabout 15% perday. Subcutaneous and intramuscular implantation produced much higherdeath rates (20-40%/day), and up to 55% of the cells died each day aFter intravenous inoculation. When prekilled tumor cells were inoculated into mice, 1 was rapidly excreted From the test animals. The anatomical distribution of tumor cells also varied with the route of their administration. After intraperitoneal implantation, large numbers of tumor cells migrated from the peritoneal cavity. Tumor cells inoculated at extra peritoneal sites did not invade the peritoneal cavity. Liver and spleen were major recipients of migrating tumor cells, especially after intravenous inoculation.-J Nat Cancer Inst 43: 763-773,1969.
TL;DR: The excess frequency with ampicillin is accounted for by a group of patients whose onset of rash is delayed, which suggests that additional antigenic impurities may be present in amicillin.
TL;DR: Increased activity of this enzyme is an early event involved in the phagocytosis-associated increase in this metabolic pathway, it can be postulate.
TL;DR: It is now clear that homologous and heterologous transplants failed due to an immunologic response, and scientists have tried to control the immune response by suppressing the bone marrow by the use of radiation, globulins, immunosuppressivt drugs, and cortisone-type drugs.
Abstract: lh e replacement of man’s wornout or depleted parts with human or animai tissues or synthetic materials has been in man’s mind and imagination for centurks. In the early 1900’s, Alexis Carrel1 transplanted every major organ in animals. His famous two-headed dog was proof that transplant failures were not the result of surgical or technical difficulties. The built-in immune mechanism, a specificity that permits the prevention oi certain diseases by vaccination, also acts to prevent the success of transplants, and immunologic rejection results. This is a fundamental biologic reaction and was adequately demonstrated by the outstanding research of Medawar’ on rabbit skin transplants. He demonstrated that there was an immunization of the animal with the first graft and subsequent accelerated rejection of the second graft. It wab now clear that homologous and heterologous transplants failed due to an immunologic response. Transplant failures result from the ability of the host to identif) another tissue as containing a foreign protein and to be able to reject this tissue through the development of specific antibodies. Lymphocytes are instrumental in this phenomenon, since they are responsible for the elaboration of antibody. To overcome this, scientists have tried to control the immune response bysuppressing the bone marrow by the use of radiation. globulins, immunosuppressivt drugs, and cortisone-type drugs. All these methods seriously endanger the life of the transplant recipient. placing him in a delicate balance between immunologic rejection and death from uncontrollable infection, since one of the body’s major defensive mechanisms a,%ainst pathogenic microorganisms has been removed.
TL;DR: Fourteen children treated with corticosteroids in a single dose on alternate days for periods of up to 50 months were studied and none had a Cushingoid appearance.
Abstract: Fourteen children treated with corticosteroids in a single dose on alternate days for periods of up to 50 months were studied. None had a Cushingoid appearance. Growth was normal or accelerated in 12 of the children. The concentration of growth hormone in the serum and its maximal increase after insulin were like those of normal children. Regulation of the secretion of cortisol as judged by the response to insulin was depressed on the day when the corticoid was given, but it was nearly normal 28 hours later. The concentration of insulin in the serum was slightly higher in the treated than in the normal children.
TL;DR: A phage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H (SmR) was previously shown to lack polymeric teichoic acid as mentioned in this paper, and the mutant cells appeared to be covalently linked and could be separated by mild sonic energy.
Abstract: A phage-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus H (SmR), S. aureus 52A5, was previously shown to lack polymeric teichoic acid. This paper characterizes other phenotypic differences between the strains. In broth cultures the mutant cells grew more slowly, were larger, and formed much larger clumps than the parent strain. The clumps of cells appeared to be covalently linked and could only be separated by mild sonic energy—a process which yielded viable cells. Mutant and parent cells autolyzed at equal rates, whereas isolated cell walls of the mutant strain autolyzed faster than the wild type. Nevertheless, the specific activity of the autolytic enzyme in the wild type soluble fraction was much higher than in the mutant. In contrast to the parent, strain 52A5 failed to accumulate nucleotide-bound murein precursors when treated with penicillin. Mutant strains with these characteristics were repeatedly isolated both spontaneously and by chemical mutagenesis. Strain 52A5 was shown to be fully revertible. Thus, it appears to be a pleiotropic mutation, and the possible nature of the defect which causes these varied effects is discussed. Images
TL;DR: Observations support the view that the cercalgiant fibre synapse is mediated by a chemical transmitter liberated from vesicles within the axoplasm of the presynaptic fibre.
TL;DR: Toxicity attributed to digoxin was found to be significantly associated with the following: meperidine, morphine, heparin, hydrochlorothiazide, furosemide, aminophyllin, and prochlorperazine, which supports current clinical and pharmacological knowledge.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the elevated plasma triglycerides in the genetically obese rats are related in part to the genetic basis for the obesity and not due simply to overeating.
Abstract: Plasma triglycerides and cholesterol have been measured in rats with genetic obesity, lean littermates, and rats with obesity and hyperphagia secondary to ventromedial hypothalamic lesions. The genetically obese rats ate more than their lean littermates. Obese rats, whether genetic or hypothalamic, had comparably elevated levels of plasma triglyceride but in only the genetic obese rats was the cholesterol high. Fasting for seven days reduced the triglycerides to normal levels. When the food intake of genetic obese and hyperphagic rats was restricted to that of lean littermates (pair-feeding) the genetic obese rats had significantly higher levels of triglycerides than the other two groups. Feeding glycerol enhanced the triglyceride value comparably in the two groups. We conclude that the elevated plasma triglycerides in the genetically obese rats are related in part to the genetic basis for the obesity and not due simply to overeating.
TL;DR: Significant increments in serum-growth-hormone levels were found within 2-3 hours of subcutaneous administration of 1 mg.
TL;DR: “Diffuse reactions” in enzyme morphology are discussed as well as the origin of lysosomal β-glucuronidase in mouse kidney and the dual localization of hydrolases in endoplasmic reticulum andlysosomes.
Abstract: Dissimilar enzyme locations obtained on occasion by the post- and simultaneous-coupling techniques employing the substrate naphthol AS-BI β-glucosiduronic acid were attributed to the inadequate incorporation of substrate into lysosomal membranes in the post-coupling technique on the one hand, as well as to the inhibition of cytoplasmic enzyme by diazotate in the simultaneous coupling technique on the other hand. The use of a fixative solvent mixture prior to the enzyme staining reaction appeared to labilize lysosomal membranes, to improve fixation and to eliminate “fiber” artefacts. In male mice which have been androgenized by the injection of gonadotrophin, kidney homogenates, subsequently prepared, exhibited an immediate increase in the specific activity of microsomal β-glucuronidase while lysosomal β-glucuronidase was unchanged for the first 36 hours.
TL;DR: In this paper, a nearly monochromatic high-energy photon beam produced by Compton backscattering of ruby laser light has been used to study photoproduction in a hydrogen bubble chamber.
Abstract: A nearly monochromatic high-energy photon beam produced by Compton backscattering of ruby laser light has been used to study photoproduction in a hydrogen bubble chamber. The total hadronic γp cross sections at 1.44, 2.8, and 4.7 GeV are found to be 145.1 ± 5.7, 131.3 ± 4.3, and 124.2 ± 3.9 μb, respectively. Partial cross sections are presented also. © 1969 The American Physical Society.
TL;DR: Follow-up data from 27 patients indicate that cystoplasty is a satisfactory operation since half of the older patients developed urinary continence with a normal upper urinary tract and construction of an ileal conduit was the most satisfactory form of urinary diversion.
TL;DR: Findings imply two modes of infection, one of which may precede the other, in the normal phage infection process, and transformation of T4 phage by denatured DNA fragments has been demonstrated with Aerobacter as the host organism.
TL;DR: The results of these studies support the concept that this enzyme, glutathione peroxidase, plays a major role in mediating the normal red cell response to the presence of peroxides.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the bulk of the ADP in human platelets is metabolically inert and that it is the inert fraction which is released.
Abstract: HUMAN platelets contain large amounts of adenine nucleotides1 of which an unusually high proportion is in the form of ADP2–7. The ratio of ATP to ADP in human platelets is about 2 compared with a value of 9 in red cells8 and 11 in muscle9. Incorporation of radioactive precursors into platelet nucleotides and the selective retention of labelled nucleotides in the platelet during nucleotide release induced by thrombin or collagen4,10 have demonstrated that the bulk of the ADP in human platelets is metabolically inert and that it is the inert fraction which is released.