Showing papers by "University of Minnesota published in 1973"

New directions in equity research.

Abstract: This article consists of four sections: The first section elucidates a general theory of social behavior—equity theory. Equity theory consists of four propositions designed to predict when individuals will perceive that they are justly treated and how they will react when they find themselves enmeshed in unjust relationships. The second section summarizes the extensive research that has been conducted to lest equity theory. The third section points out the ways in which equity theory interlocks with other major social psychological theories. The final section hints at some ways in which equity theory can be applied to understanding social problems. THE THEORETICAL FORMULATION The proposition that individuals seek for themselves maximum reward at minimum cost is hardly startling. Theories in a wide variety of disciplines rest on the assumption that "Man is selfish." Psychologists believe that behavior can be shaped by the careful application of reinforcement s. Economists assume that individuals will purchase desired products at the lowest available price. Moral philosophers conclude that the ideal society can only be one which insures the "greatest good for the greatest number." Politicians contend that "Every man has his price." Equity theory, too, rests on the assumption that man is selfish. Thus, our first proposition states: Proposition I: Individuals will try to maximize their outcomes (where outcomes equal rewards minus costs). If everyone were unrestrained in his attempts to get what he wanted, everyone would suffer. Every man would attempt to monopolize community resources; every man would be continually confronted by rivals bent on reclaiming these resources. Only by working out a compromise can the group avoid continual warfare and maximize collective reward. This fact is acknowledged in Proposition II A:

Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study

Abstract: This study focuses on a nonmonetary dimension of public policy—innovation by states in the fields of education, welfare, and civil rights. Innovation is considered equivalent to the adoption of a law by a state. From the literature on diffusion (or spread) of innovations, the explanation of user interaction is taken, and a simple model with an interaction term is constructed. The model performs fairly well when evaluated by several common criteria. The results do vary somewhat from one issue area to another; other types of supplementary analysis also indicate variation in diffusion patterns according to the issue involved. Political and economic differences among states are found to account for differences in time of adoption, and “innovativeness” is shown to be an issue- and time-specific factor.

The role of parallel function in the acquisition of relative clauses in English

Abstract: Children were tested for their comprehension of four types of sentences with relative clauses, in order to determine the role of the following factors in comprehension: ( a ) position of the embedded clause, ( b ) word order in the embedded clause, ( c ) grammatical functions of the identical noun phrases. The results indicate that if the identical noun phrases have the same function in their respective clauses the sentence is significantly easier to understand. The nonsignificant effects of the position of the embedded clause and of the word order in the relative clause disconfirm a putative universal of language acquisition, which has recently been proposed by Slobin. The Parallel Function Hypothesis is proposed to account for our findings, and the implications that it has for the grammar of adult English are considered.

Correlation of the Antemortem Coronary Arteriogram and the Postmortem Specimen

Abstract: Correlative studies were carried out on the coronary arteriograms made during diagnostic procedures and on the specimens obtained at necropsy in 10 cases of coronary heart disease. Of the 134 segments of coronary arteries available for both studies, 44 (33%) were given false-negative arteriographic diagnosis of obstructive atherosclerosis. Factors which may underlie this discrepancy include (1) radiographic technic, (2) projection used, (3) a slitlike lumen adjacent to the atheroma, (4) comparison of severely obstructed segments involved but less severely obstructed, and (5) misinterpretation from the specimen of obstruction present in life.

Blue-Green Algae: Why They Become Dominant

Abstract: The injection of carbon dioxide and the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus to a lake population dominated by blue-green algae results in a rapid shift to dominance by green algae. The basis for the change and its implications are discussed.

Dynamics of a Single-File Pore: Non-Fickian Behavior

Abstract: The dynamics of an infinite one-dimensional system of hard rods is generalized to include the effects of a random background. Each rod follows a trajectory which is described by a generalized random function and when two rods collide they interchange velocities (and trajectories). An exact solution is obtained for the distribution ${f}_{s}(x,v,\frac{t}{{v}^{\ensuremath{'}}})$ which is the probability of finding a particle at $x$ with velocity $v$ at time $t$ that was at $x=0$ with velocity ${v}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ at $t=0$. The most interesting result is that in the long-time limit $p(x,t)$, which is the probability of finding a particle at $x$ at time $t$ that was at $x=0$ at $t=0$, is of the form ${t}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{4}}\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{{x}^{2}}{{t}^{\frac{1}{2}}})$. Thus, the spatial distribution does not become Gaussian and Fick's law is not valid. It is suggested that this qualitative behavior might be expected whenever single-file effects become important and that it is not dependent on the details of the one-dimensional hard-rod collisions which have been used in the derivation.

Elevated erythrocyte calcium in sickle cell disease.

Abstract: CUMULATIVE membrane damage and loss is thought to occur in the erythrocytes of individuals homozygous for haemoglobin S (refs 1–4). The culmination of this process seems to be the formation of irreversibly sickled cells (ISC), which will not resume normal biconcave disk shape, even when the haemoglobin which they contain is in the sol (oxygenated) state5–7. Although the processes responsible for the formation of ISC have not yet been fully elucidated, it is clear that a change in the structure or composition of the membrane has occurred, such that cellular plasticity and ability to resume normal shape upon oxygenation have been lost. Weed et al.8 report a similar loss of plasticity, a diminished ease of ingress into glass microcapillaries, when calcium is placed inside resealed membrane “ghosts” made from normal human erythrocytes. In whole red cells, diminished filterability was also found to occur concomitantly with progressive loss of ATP. ATP-depleted red cells, however, retained most of their plasticity if EDTA were added to the incubation mixture to prevent calcium accumulation8. These results indicate that increased calcium alone may markedly reduce red cell plasticity.

Basal metabolism and age of adult man

Abstract: Basal metabolism measurements made on young men were repeated after 19 yr Basal metabolism was repeatedly measured over a period of 22 yr on men initially aged 44–56 yr In the younger men the basal metabolic rate per individual man decreased by an average of only 3% in 19 yr but during this period these men had an average gain of 106 kg so there was a decrease of 9% in the average metabolic rate per unit of body weight In the older men, average weight gain over 22 yr was only 1 kg, and there was not any significant decrease in individual oxygen consumption with age The commonly cited figures on age changes in basal metabolism in adults, derived from cross-sectional surveys, much overestimate the true age effect

Specific inhibitors of ammonia oxidation in Nitrosomonas.

Abstract: The following compounds or treatments have been shown to inhibit the oxidation of ammonia, but not the oxidation of hydroxylamine in cells of Nitrosomonas: (i) metal-binding agents such as allylthiourea or potassium cyanide; (ii) compounds such as SKF 525 which interact with cytochrome P-450 of mammalian microsomes; (iii) carbon monoxide; (iv) inhibitors of catalase, peroxidase, and amine oxidases such as thiosemicarbazide, ethylxanthate, and iproniazid, respectively; (v) uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such as m-chlorocarbonylcyanidephenylhydrazone; (vi) electron acceptors such as phenazine methosulfate; (vii) compounds such as methanol or N2O which react with free radicals; and (viii) illumination with 420 lux (5,000 foot candles) of light.

Symmetries and Integrals in Mechanics

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the concept of symmetries and integrals in mechanics. The literature of Hamiltonian mechanics has several special theorems dealing with Hamiltonian systems that admit additional integrals in involution. Two examples are: (1) If a Hamiltonian system admits p additional independent integral in involution, then the algebraic multiplicity of + 1 as a characteristic multiplier of a periodic solution is greater than or equal to 2( p + 1); and (2) the integration of a Hamiltonian system of n degrees of freedom that admits p independent integrals in involution can be reduced to the integration of a Hamiltonian system of n − p degrees of freedom with p parameters and additional quadratures. After restating (2) in modern terminology, these theorems are generalized by dropping the assumption that the integrals are in involution.

Transorbital Approach for Occluding the Middle Cerebral Artery Without Craniectomy

Abstract: An experimental model of cerebral ischemia and infarction can be produced by occluding a middle cerebral artery in animals. Most surgical approaches to the artery require removal of some portion of the cranium, which may modify or prevent the changes of intracranial pressure and the development of pressure gradients that are caused by ischemic cerebral edema or brain swelling. A transorbital approach for the exposure of a middle cerebral artery requires only enlargement of the optic foramen, which can be sealed immediately after occlusion of the artery. The lack of disturbance and manipulation of the brain and the maintenance of the integrity of the cranium result in a superior experimental model.

Turbulent convection in a horizontal layer of water

Abstract: Overall heat transfer and mean temperature distribution measurements have been made of turbulent thermal convection in horizontal water layers heated from below. The Nusselt number is found to be proportional to Ra0·278 in the range 2·76 × 105 < Ra < 1·05 × 108. Eight discrete heat flux transitions are found in this Rayleigh number range. An interferometric method is used to measure the mean temperature distribution for Rayleigh numbers between 3·11 × 105 and 1·86 × 107. Direct visual and photographic observations of the fluctuating interferogram patterns show that the main heat transfer mechanism is the release of thermals from the boundary layers. For relatively low Rayleigh numbers (up to 5 × 105) many of the thermals reach the opposite surface and coalesce to form large masses of relatively warm fluid near the cold surface and masses of cold fluid near the warm surface, resulting in a temperature-gradient reversal. With increasing Rayleigh numbers, fewer and fewer thermals reach the opposite bounding surface and the thermals show persistent horizontal movements near the bounding surfaces. The central region of the layer becomes an isothermal core. The mean temperature distributions for the high Rayleigh number range are found to follow a Z−2 power law over a considerable range, where Z is the distance from the bounding surface. A very limited agreement with the theoretically predicted Z−1 power law is also found.

The Regional Subsystem: A Conceptual Explication and a Propositional Inventory

Abstract: Michael Banks (1969: 351-352) has delineated five themes in the application of the various systems perspectives to regional studies: (1) the macro approach to the identification of regions using aggregate data; (2) the neofunctional approach; (3) the social communication approach; (4) the comparison of existing integration theories witlh other tlheories of international processes; and (5) the application of broad categories of systems theory to regional studies. While Banks briefly discussed the final theme, hereafter labeled the regional subsystem approach, very little of his review explicitly touched upon the problems encountered by this particular analytical mode.' This research note will selectively discuss some of these problems. The specific and modest objectives are twofold: (a) The definitions of the basic analytical unit, offered by 22 published (1958-1971) analysts, will be compared and "dissected." A

The open‐source neutral‐mass spectrometer on Atmosphere Explorer‐C, ‐D, and ‐E

Abstract: The open-source mass spectrometer will be used to obtain the number densities of the neutral atmospheric gases in the mass range 1 to 48 amu at the satellite location. The ion source has been designed to allow gas particles to enter the ionizing region with the minimum practicable number of prior collisions with surfaces. This design minimizes the loss of atomic oxygen and other reactive species due to reactions with the walls of the ion source. The principal features of the open-source spectrometer and the laboratory calibration system are discussed.

Cyclic GMP and cell movement.

Abstract: THE movement of mammalian cells can be inhibited by agents which mimic or produce increases in the intracellular levels of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP)1,2. Goldberg and coworkers3,4 have proposed that in a number of cell types cyclic 3′,5′-guanosine monophosphate (cyclic GMP) promotes cellular events that are antagonistic to those believed to be mediated by cyclic AMP. One method of testing this hypothesis would be to examine the effects on leukocyte chemotaxis of agents that should stimulate an increase in cellular cyclic GMP concentration. Both phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)5 and acetylcholine (Ach)3 seem to produce such an effect on more than one cell type and these compounds were therefore used to investigate the possibility that cyclic GMP may play a role in modulating cell movement.

Gross and light microscopic features of the pelvic plexus in the rat

Abstract: Nerves and major accessory ganglia of the pelvic plexus are described from 12 rats perfused with methylene blue. Nerves to ventral and dorsal aspects of the urinary bladder, and three groups of nerves to the penis (clitoris) are reported in detail. Myelinated nerve fiber diameters ranged from 1–10 μ in the pelvic nerve and 1–6 μ in the hypogastric nerve. When the pelvic nerve was deafferentated, by spinal ganglionectomy 28 days previously, 80% of myelinated fibers degenerated, and the remaining fiber-size spectrum resembled that of the hypogastric nerve. Myelinated fibers ranged from 1–7 μ in nerves to bladder and 1–3 μ in the lateral nerve to the penis. Myelinated fibers were afferent in these nerves, since spinal ganglionectomy eliminated all of them. In the main nerve to the penis, myelinated fibers ranged from 1–8 μ in diameter. A few fibers remained after deafferentation by spinal ganglionectomy. Since these were preganglionic efferent fibers, they indicate that terminal ganglia were present in the penis. All myelinated fibers degenerated with transection of pelvic and hypogastric nerves. The mode diameter of myelinated fibers was 2 μ in all pelvic plexus nerves.