Showing papers by "University of North Carolina at Charlotte published in 1999"
TL;DR: In this article, a taxonomy of the single-period problem (SPP) literature is presented, and the contribution of the different SPP extensions are delineated and some future directions for research are discussed.
Abstract: The single-period problem (SPP), also known as the newsboy or news-vendor problem, is to find the order quantity which maximizes the expected profit in a single period probabilistic demand framework. Interest in the SPP remains unabated and many extensions to it have been proposed in the last decade. These extensions include dealing with different objectives and utility functions, different supplier pricing policies, different news-vendor pricing policies and discounting structures, different states of information about demand, constrained multi-products, multiple-products with substitution, random yields, and multi-location models. This paper builds a taxonomy of the SPP literature and delineates the contribution of the different SPP extensions. This paper also suggests some future directions for research.
921 citations
TL;DR: The authors integrated concepts from upper echelons, group process and social cognition theories to investigate how demographic diversity and group processes influence strategic consensus within the top management team (TMT), where strategic consensus is defined as the degree to which individual mental models of strategy overlap.
Abstract: This study integrated concepts from upper echelons, group process and social cognition theories to investigate how demographic diversity and group processes influence strategic consensus within the top management team (TMT), where strategic consensus is defined as the degree to which individual mental models of strategy overlap. Data from 76 high-technology firms in the United States and Ireland were used to examine three alternative models. The results showed that while demographic diversity alone did have effects on strategic consensus the overall fit of the model was not strong. Adding two intervening group process variables, interpersonal conflict and agreement-seeking, to the model greatly improved the overall relationship with strategic consensus. For the most part, TMT diversity had negative effects on strategic consensus. The model with superior fit showed both direct and indirect effects of diversity on strategic consensus. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
888 citations
TL;DR: A new approach for solving constrained numerical optimization problems which incorporates a homomorphous mapping between n-dimensional cube and a feasible search space and constitutes an example of the fifth decoder-based category of constraint handling techniques.
Abstract: During the last five years, several methods have been proposed for handling nonlinear constraints using evolutionary algorithms (EAs) for numerical optimization problems. Recent survey papers classify these methods into four categories: preservation of feasibility, penalty functions, searching for feasibility, and other hybrids.
In this paper we investigate a new approach for solving constrained numerical optimization problems which incorporates a homomorphous mapping between n-dimensional cube and a feasible search space. This approach constitutes an example of the fifth decoder-based category of constraint handling techniques. We demonstrate the power of this new approach on several test cases and discuss its further potential.
778 citations
TL;DR: This review addresses major questions about divorce, including questions of the consequences of divorce for the adjustment of children and the vulnerability and resiliency of children in coping with divorce, whether children are better off in a conflictual intact family situation or a divorced family, and how mothers, fathers, and clinical or educational interventions can moderate the effects of divorce.
Abstract: This review addresses major questions about divorce, around which much contemporary research is oriented. These involve questions of the consequences of divorce for the adjustment of children and the vulnerability and resiliency of children in coping with divorce, whether children are better off in a conflictual intact family situation or a divorced family, and how mothers, fathers, and clinical or educational interventions can moderate the effects of divorce. Although research in the past decade has yielded considerable information about these questions, issues that need further investigation are also presented.
521 citations
01 Jan 1999
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply the local linear regression technique for estimation of functional-efficient regres- sion models for nonlinear time series data and propose a new bootstrap test for the goodness of fit of models and a bandwidth selector based on newly defined crossvalidatory estimation for the expected forecasting errors.
Abstract: Functional-co efficient Regression Models for Nonlinear Time Series ZONGWU C A I Department of Mathematics University of North Carolina Charlotte, NC 28223, USA J I A N Q I N G FAN* Department of Statistics University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA QlWEI Yao' Institute of Mathematics and Statistics University of Kent at Canterbury Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NF, U K Abstract We apply the local linear regression technique for estimation of functional-coefficient regres sion models for time series data The models include threshold autoregressive models (Tong 1990) and functional-coefficient autoregressive models (Chen and Tsay 1993) as special cases but with the added advantages such as depicting finer structure of the underlying dynamics and better post-sample forecasting performance We have also proposed a new bootstrap test for the goodness of fit of models and a bandwidth selector based on newly defined cross-validatory estimation for the expected forecasting errors The proposed methodology is data-analytic and is of appreciable flexibility to analyze complex and multivariate nonlinear structures without suffering from the curse of dimensionality The asymptotic properties of the proposed esti mators are investigated under the a-mixing condition Both simulated and real data examples are used for illustration Keywords: a-mixing; Asymptotic normality; Bootstrap; Forecasting; Goodness-of-fit test; Local linear regression; Nonlinear time series; Varying-coefficient models *Partially supported by N S F Grant DMS-9803200 and NSA 96-1-0015 +Partially supported by E P S R C Grant L16358 and B B S R C / E P S R C Grant 96/MMI09785
491 citations
TL;DR: The nature of both the wound and primary septicemia infections, the virulence factors known or believed to be involved in these infections, possible immunotherapy, and some thoughts on the possibility that not all strains of this pathogen are virulent are found are described.
Abstract: This review describes the factors which are currently recognized as being central to the virulence of the human pathogen, Vibrio vulnificus. This estuarine/marine bacterium occurs in high numbers in molluscan shellfish, primarily oysters, and its ingestion in raw oysters results in a ca. 60% mortality in those persons who are susceptible to this bacterium. The organism is also able to produce life-threatening wound infections. We describe here the nature of both the wound and primary septicemia infections, the virulence factors known or believed to be involved in these infections, possible immunotherapy, and some thoughts on the possibility that not all strains of this pathogen are virulent.
274 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors apply theory and research on processes that lead to posttraumatic growth to survivors of violence and find that survivors often report positive changes in identity, philosophy, and goals.
242 citations
TL;DR: That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
Abstract: The development and analyses of the psychometric characteristics of a tentative self-report measure of work addiction are reported. A total of 363 college students completed a battery of tests including the Work Addiction Risk Test. Internal consistency of the scores was .88. Also, these scores were compared with those on the Type A Self-rating Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, which give self-reports of Type A behavior and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
231 citations
TL;DR: Abstract Concepts from Strategic Alignment, a technology management theory, are used to discuss the Information Commons as a new service delivery model in academic libraries.
196 citations
183 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study indicate that mouse osteoblasts utilize actin microfilaments, microtubules and clathrin-coated pits in the internalization of S. aureus; however, microfilament and microtubule polymerization seem to play the most significant role in the invasion process.
TL;DR: In this paper, student ratings in two special education courses offered on campus and off campus using different means of instruction, including electronic media, were compared and ratings also were compared when dist...
Abstract: Student ratings in 2 special education courses offered on campus and off campus using different means of instruction, including electronic media, were compared. Ratings also were compared when dist...
TL;DR: These studies are the first to demonstrate induced IL-12p75 expression by osteoblasts and suggest a previously unrecognized role for osteoblast in initiating immune responses after S. aureus infection.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is the principal causative agent of the inflammatory bone disease osteomyelitis. Unfortunately, the pathogenesis of this often chronic infection is poorly understood and is complicated by the recent observation that bone-forming osteoblasts can harbor S. aureus. Such an infection presents a significant challenge for the host immune response, because osteoblasts are not known to initiate protective cell-mediated immune responses. Cultured mouse and human osteoblasts infected with S. aureus were found to express high levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-12p75, on the basis of complementary investigations demonstrating both S. aureus-induced up-regulation of expression of IL-6 and IL-12p40 mRNA and secretion of IL-6 and IL-12p75 by these cells. Additionally, a quantitative bioassay demonstrated that IL-12p75 secreted after infection was biologically active. These studies are the first to demonstrate induced IL-12p75 expression by osteoblasts and suggest a previously unrecognized role for osteoblasts in initiating immune responses after S. aureus infection.
TL;DR: Additive and dominance effects of quantitative trait loci affecting early‐ (cranial vault) and late‐developing (face) skeletal characters in F2 house mice originally derived from a cross of the Large and Small inbred strains support the genetic independence model.
Abstract: Quantitative genetical theory suggests that characters existing in developmentally or functionally integrated groups are expected to be genetically correlated because they share a common inheritance. The genetic independence model for the cause of this genetic integration predicts that pleiotropic effects of single genes are mostly restricted to the characters in these integrated groups. We tested this model by estimating the additive and dominance effects of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting early‐ (cranial vault) and late‐developing (face) skeletal characters in F2 house mice originally derived from a cross of the Large and Small inbred strains. Interval mapping procedures were used that resulted in the identification of 26 QTLs on 17 of the 19 autosomes that significantly affected these characters. Additive, but not dominance, genotypic effects of many of these QTLs predominantly affected either the cranial vault or face characters, which supports the genetic independence model. Only t...
TL;DR: The results of a field survey are used to examine the effects of post-merger systems integration on information systems area capabilities and factors influencing the success of the systems integration are identified.
TL;DR: Staphylococcus aureus expresses several adhesins that facilitate bacterial binding to the bone matrix and to bone implant biomaterials coated with host plasma constituents, which are involved in bone and joint infections.
Abstract: Staphylococcus aureus is a frequent cause of orthopedic infections in humans. The bacterium expresses several adhesins that facilitate bacterial binding to the bone matrix and to bone implant biomaterials coated with host plasma constituents. The relevant S. aureus adhesins are termed microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) and specific MSCRAMMs are involved in bone and joint infections.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the polytomous-DFIT framework and found that it was effective in identifying DTF and DIF for the simulated conditions, but the DTF index did not perform as consistently as the DIF index.
Abstract: Raju, van der Linden, & Fleer (1995) proposed an item response theory based, parametric differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) procedure known as differential functioning of items and tests (DFIT). According to Raju et al., the DFIT framework can be used with unidimensional and multidimensional data that are scored dichotomously and/or polytomously. This study examined the polytomous-DFIT framework. Factors manipulated in the simulation were: (1) length of test (20 and 40 items), (2) focal group distribution, (3) number of DIF items, (4) direction of DIF, and (5) type of DIF. The findings provided promising results and indicated directions for future research. The polytomous DFIT framework was effective in identifying DTF and DIF for the simulated conditions. The DTF index did not perform as consistently as the DIF index. The findings are similar to those of unidimensional and multidimensional DFIT studies.
TL;DR: The ability of Salmonella to enter DC is of similar magnitude to that reported for macrophages, suggesting that this cell population could be an important host cell for dissemination of this pathogen from mucosal sites.
Abstract: While Salmonella infects macrophages, this cell population may not be the only one important for disseminating intracellular bacteria from mucosal sites. Dendritic cells (DC) are present in the Peyer's patches and are mobilized following stimulation. Such characteristics would seem to be ideal for the dissemination of an intracellular, mucosal pathogen. However, it has been difficult to obtain sufficient numbers of DC to assess their ability to harbor Salmonella or to monitor DC in vivo. In the present study, this problem has been addressed by expanding DC in vivo using flt3 ligand, followed by the purification of CD11c+ cells using antibody-coated magnetic beads or by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Salmonella dublin were found to be efficiently internalized, and to survive and replicate within purified CD11c+ DC, and also in CD11c+, CD8alpha+ or CD11c+, CD11b+ DC subpopulations. The ability of Salmonella to enter DC is of similar magnitude to that reported for macrophages, suggesting that this cell population could be an important host cell for dissemination of this pathogen from mucosal sites. Furthermore, infected DC responded to Salmonella by secretion of IL-1, IL-6 and IL-12. As such, these cells may be important sources of these cytokines during the host response against Salmonella infection.
TL;DR: In situ lateral load tests of two bridge bents were conducted on Interstate 15 to determine the strength and ductility of an existing concrete bridge and the improvements that can actually be achieved using a CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) advanced composite retrofit as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: In situ lateral load tests of two bridge bents were conducted on Interstate 15 to determine the strength and ductility of an existing concrete bridge and the improvements that can actually be achieved using a CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) advanced composite retrofit. The design of the advanced composite retrofit was developed based on rational guidelines for the columns, cap beam, and cap beam-column joints to double the displacement ductility of the as-built bent. The advanced composite was able to strengthen the cap beam-column joints effectively for an increase in shear stresses of 35%, while the peak lateral load capacity was increased by 16%. The displacement ductility was improved from 2.8 for the as-built bent to 6.3 for the retrofitted bent.
TL;DR: It is determined that copper can induce nutrient-starved Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum cells to become viable but nonculturable, the first report of a chemical inducer of this condition.
Abstract: Many bacteria respond to changes in environmental conditions by entering the viable-but-nonculturable state. We have determined that copper can induce nutrient-starved Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium leguminosarum cells to become viable but nonculturable. This is the first report of a chemical inducer of this condition.
TL;DR: All of the V. vulnificus strains isolated from clinical specimens produced an additional band that was only occasionally found in environmental strains; this suggests that, as is the case with the Kanagawa hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the presence of this band may be correlated with the ability of a strain to produce an infection in humans.
Abstract: Vibrio vulnificus is an estuarine bacterium that is capable of causing a rapidly fatal infection in humans. A randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR protocol was developed for use in detecting V. vulnificus, as well as other members of the genus Vibrio. The resulting RAPD profiles were analyzed by using RFLPScan software. This RAPD method clearly differentiated between members of the genus Vibrio and between isolates of V. vulnificus. Each V. vulnificus strain produced a unique band pattern, indicating that the members of this species are genetically quite heterogeneous. All of the vibrios were found to have amplification products whose sizes were within four common molecular weight ranges, while the V. vulnificus strains had an additional two molecular weight range bands in common. All of the V. vulnificus strains isolated from clinical specimens produced an additional band that was only occasionally found in environmental strains; this suggests that, as is the case with the Kanagawa hemolysin of Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the presence of this band may be correlated with the ability of a strain to produce an infection in humans. In addition, band pattern differences were observed between encapsulated and nonencapsulated isogenic morphotypes of the same strain of V. vulnificus.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the methane oxidizing capacity of landfill cover soils through column and batch experiments by simulating conditions that are usually encountered in tropical climates and found that a low moisture content of 6% produced negligible oxidation, whereas oxidation rates were at a maximum at moisture contents between 15 and 20%.
TL;DR: This article reported new theoretical and empirical developments in the study of the gender gap in just earnings, the earnings regarded as just, in the eyes of observers, estimating both the gap and the mechanisms by which just earnings are produced.
Abstract: We report new theoretical and empirical developments in the study of the gender gap in just earnings-the earnings regarded as just, in the eyes of observers-estimating both the gap and the mechanisms by which just earnings are produced. Four models previously presented are elaborated to include effects of experience as well as education ; data from a new and larger sample are used; and improved procedures for measuring the just reward are introduced. Results show that the gender gap in perceived just earnings has closed for these respondents but that gender-related differences persist in the mechanisms by which just earnings are produced.
TL;DR: The complexities of managing IOS are explored using case studies and a multidisciplinary framework that includes collaboration, organization, and technology issues for the design and management of such organizations is proposed.
Abstract: Interorganizational information systems (IOS) are information technology (IT)-based systems that link multiple organizations. Management of these systems could be significantly more complex than managing IT within individual organizations. We explore the complexities of managing IOS using case studies and propose a multidisciplinary framework that includes collaboration, organization, and technology issues for the design and management of such organizations. Multiple case studies are presented to illustrate the proposed framework. Managerial and research implications are also discussed.
TL;DR: Liver stress, induced by ischemia/reperfusion or LPS injection have characteristic patterns of vasoregulatory genes expression indicating that, although both stresses result in an increase in specific vascular reactivity, different pathways are involved in inducing the hepatic vascular stress response.
Abstract: Oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions associated with stresses that may lead to shock promote hepatic microcirculatory dysfunction, which may lead to hepatic injury. Because altered liver microcirculation may result from an imbalance in the expression of stress-induced vasoactive mediators, our study was conducted to investigate changes in the expression of genes encoding endothelin-1 (ET-1), its receptors, ET(A) and ET(B), heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), using two different rat models of liver stress: ischemia/reperfusion of the liver and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia. In ischemia/reperfusion experiments, rats were subjected to 1 h hepatic ischemia, followed by 6 h of reperfusion. Endotoxemia was induced by i.p. injection of LPS (1 mg/mL/kg body weight); rats were studied after 6 h. mRNA levels were estimated using semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) on total RNA samples prepared from experimental and sham control rat livers. In the ischemic reperfused livers the levels of mRNA for ET-1, ET(B), HO-1, and iNOS were significantly elevated. The fold increase versus sham was 2.5+/-1.1 (ET-1), 2.1+/-1.3 (ET(B)), 2.1+/-.8 (HO-1), and 6.4+/-3.9 (iNOS). In contrast, the expression of ET(A) receptor gene was reduced after ischemia/reperfusion (to 73+/-1% of sham). In the separate experiments we analyzed the same mRNAs levels after 1 h of ischemia (no reperfusion), and did not detect any changes. During endotoxemia we observed a marked increase in iNOS mRNA level (>24-fold), as well as a marked elevation of the other four mRNAs. The fold increase versus sham was 6.1+/-1.7, ET-1); 1.5+/-.3 (ET(A)); 1.6+/-.4 (ET(B)); and 2.4+/-.34 (HO-1). These results show that liver stress, induced by ischemia/reperfusion or LPS injection have characteristic patterns of vasoregulatory genes expression indicating that, although both stresses result in an increase in specific vascular reactivity, different pathways are involved in inducing the hepatic vascular stress response.
TL;DR: The migrants I have studied from Italy and Sicily were mobile people for whom migration was more often a way of life than a moment of transition from one national identity to another.
Abstract: Like the migrants they study, historians of migration step across national boundaries. Like migrants, too, they thus expose themselves to what Gerard Noiriel calls "the tyranny of the national."' National historiography dominates our discipline. As students of transnational phenomena, however, historians of migration must master more than one national "field." They are simultaneously historians of the world, of several nations, and of the ethnic, religious, and regional loyalties that sustain and sometimes motivate migration. Historians of migration view human movement as an ordinary, rather than exceptional, dimension of human life and as an almost universal human experience. Yet modern historiography makes migration a significant theme mainly when it constructs nations. The immigrant paradigm of American history provides a familiar example.2 This historical interpretation defines the United States as a nation of immigrants, in which incorporation of foreigners symbolizes the promise and accomplishments of American democracy. The paradigm transforms migrants, and their historians, into "nowhere men," occupying a historiographical nowhere land. Certainly, the migrants I have studied from Italy and Sicily were mobile people for whom migration was more often a way of life than a moment of transition from one national identity to another. One early scholar of international migrations noted that the residents of Italy had been leaving home "since time immemorial." Migra-
TL;DR: The results reviewed here indicate that the sinusoid is an important site of regulation of liver blood flow and that dysregulation of sinusoidal perfusion leads to propagation of liver injury.
Abstract: Considerable attention has recently been focused on the phenomenon of active constriction of sinusoids as a mechanisms for regulating perfusion of the liver. Although many methods for estimating liver blood flow have been used in the past, the ability to directly study vascular responses in the sinusoids required the spatial and temporal resolution provided by intravital microscopy. Although techniques for viewing microvessels in thin tissues such as the mesentery or cremaster muscle have been available for many years, our current ability to fully use intravital microscopy to study microvascular responses and related metabolic parameters in thick tissues such as the liver has resulted from recent advances in fluorescence microscopy. Intravital microscopy can be used in in vivo or isolated perfused liver studies to assess changes in sinusoidal perfusion. Additional information concerning the relationship between microvascular changes and metabolic parameters in the liver can be simultaneously obtained by exploiting various recent advances in the design of fluorescent indicators. These techniques have allowed the mechanisms regulating sinusoid perfusion to be studied in great detail. It is now clear that sinusoids constrict in vivo in a graded and reversible manner in response to specific mediators such as endothelins. This constriction is modulated by dilators such as nitric oxide and carbon monoxide, which are also generated within the sinusoids. It is likely that poorly regulated sinusoid constriction contributes to liver injury and long-term development of increased intrahepatic vascular resistance. This response is mediated by alterations in the expression of endothelin receptor subtypes and eventually by phenotypic transformation of the hepatic stellate cells. In addition, local mismatch in the stress-induced induction of vasodilator and vasoconstrictor influences lead to an increase in the local heterogeneity of blood flow and oxygen supply. This heterogeneous perfusion contributes to the development of focal ischemia and progression of injury. Taken together, the results reviewed here indicate that the sinusoid is an important site of regulation of liver blood flow and that dysregulation of sinusoidal perfusion leads to propagation of liver injury.
TL;DR: It was concluded that both hypotheses were supported, but that genetic variation in DA was so small that the potential for DA as an indicator of developmental stability should be explored.
Abstract: In bilateral characters, two kinds of asymmetries are common: fluctuating asymmetry (FA), or nondirectional variation between left and right sides, and directional asymmetry (DA), in which one side is consistently larger than the other. FA has been extensively used as a measure of developmental stability because of its presumed environmental basis whereas DA has not typically been recommended because it has been presumed to have at least some genetic basis. To test these two hypotheses, heritabilities were calculated via parent–offspring regression for both DA and FA in 10 triply measured mandible characters in random-bred mice. Midparent estimates of heritabilities of DA in the 10 characters were quite low (mean = 0.06), but significant for one character as well as the sum of the DA values over all characters (0.21). Midparent estimates of heritability of FA in the 10 characters also were low (mean = 0.03), but not significant for any individual character or the sum of the FA values over all characters. Heritabilities of developmental stability calculated from heritabilities and repeatabilities of FA in the mandible characters were higher in magnitude (mean of midparent estimates = 0.45), but all still were not statistically significant. It was concluded that both hypotheses were supported, but that genetic variation in DA was so small that the potential for DA as an indicator of developmental stability should be explored.
01 Jul 1999-Precision Engineering-journal of The International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology
TL;DR: In this paper, an iterative sampling process for dimensional measurement is presented, which is based upon the use of surface normal measurement data to develop an interpolating curve between sample points.
Abstract: An iterative sampling process for dimensional measurement is presented. The strategy is based upon the use of surface normal measurement data to develop an interpolating curve between sample points. The interpolant is used to select subsequent measurement targets iteratively. The process is repeated until the measurement converges to a complete and accurate evaluation of the surface. The required sample size is proportional to part quality. The most accurate parts will require the least sample points; whereas, lower quality parts will require a greater number of total samples. The method is particularly applicable to measurement of complex surfaces with coordinate measuring machines (CMMs).
TL;DR: It was found that receiving formal information about the ADA, threat of legal sanction, and previous employment of those with mental disabilities were all significant predictors of compliance with the ADA.
Abstract: This research examines the response of the business community to the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) with specific focus on the employment of those with mental disabilities. The ADA is viewed as an important "rational myth" in that it represents both a legal and normative demand with which businesses are expected to comply. Yet employers' responses will be influenced by their attitudes toward persons with mental disabilities as well as their concern with legal sanction for discriminatory behaviors. A telephone survey was completed in a southern metropolitan area with a random sample of 117 businesses in order to access the knowledge employers have about the ADA (and its inclusion of those with mental disabilities), the compliance with the ADA, the employment practices, and the role played by stigma in the employment of individuals with mental disabilities. In terms of specific practices which indicated compliance with the ADA, a little over one-third of the companies which were surveyed by telephone had a Title 1 implementation plan, 15% had specific policies for hiring those with mental disabilities, and 37.6% had indeed hired such an individual. The role of coercive and normative rationales for compliance to the ADA was examined. It was found that receiving formal information about the ADA, threat of legal sanction, and previous employment of those with mental disabilities were all significant predictors of compliance with the ADA. Stigmatizing attitudes did not predict compliance, though employers did view those with mental disabilities with more discomfort than other types of employees.