Showing papers by "University of Nottingham published in 1986"
TL;DR: A functional model is proposed in which structural encoding processes provide descriptions suitable for the analysis of facial speech, for analysis of expression and for face recognition units, and it is proposed that the cognitive system plays an active role in deciding whether or not the initial match is sufficiently close to indicate true recognition.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to develop a theoretical model and a set of terms for understanding and discussing how we recognize familiar faces, and the relationship between recognition and other aspects of face processing. It is suggested that there are seven distinct types of information that we derive from seen faces; these are labelled pictorial, structural, visually derived semantic, identity-specific semantic, name, expression and facial speech codes. A functional model is proposed in which structural encoding processes provide descriptions suitable for the analysis of facial speech, for analysis of expression and for face recognition units. Recognition of familiar faces involves a match between the products of structural encoding and previously stored structural codes describing the appearance of familiar faces, held in face recognition units. Identity-specific semantic codes are then accessed from person identity nodes, and subsequently name codes are retrieved. It is also proposed that the cognitive system plays an active role in deciding whether or not the initial match is sufficiently close to indicate true recognition or merely a ‘resemblance’; several factors are seen as influencing such decisions.
This functional model is used to draw together data from diverse sources including laboratory experiments, studies of everyday errors, and studies of patients with different types of cerebral injury. It is also used to clarify similarities and differences between processes responsible for object, word and face recognition.
3,604 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an equation was derived using the assumption that the angular distribution of leaf area in a canopy is similar to the distribution of area on the surface of a prolate or oblate spheroid.
505 citations
TL;DR: Differences in drug intake were evident for both gastric and duodenal ulcer, and are likely to be important in view of the widespread use of these drugs in elderly people.
502 citations
TL;DR: The results seem to show that the package-holiday product itself is more important than the destination because of the vague place information given in brochures; also that unexpected deviations between reality and preconceived images have negligible effect on holiday enjoyment.
467 citations
TL;DR: Using a Fourier-Bessel expansion of the magnetic field generated by currents flowing on a cylinder, the relationship between current and field may be inverted and the current density required to generate a specified target field Bz on the surface of a cylinder of smaller radius may be evaluated.
Abstract: Using a Fourier-Bessel expansion of the magnetic field generated by currents flowing on a cylinder, the relationship between current and field may be inverted. Hence the current density required to generate a specified target field Bz on the surface of a cylinder of smaller radius may be evaluated. Gradient, solenoidal and shim coil designs based on this approach provide exceptionally large usable volumes while remaining compact and, if necessary, of low inductance.
392 citations
TL;DR: It is reported that plant regeneration can be achieved efficiently and reproducibly from protoplasts of rice isolated from cell suspension cultures.
Abstract: Progress in the genetic manipulation of cereals using protoplast technology has been limited by a lack of reproducible plant regeneration from protoplasts of these important species. Here we report that plant regeneration can be achieved efficiently and reproducibly from protoplasts of rice isolated from cell suspension cultures. Regeneration from 10—20% of protoplast–derived colonies of two varieties was obtained rapidly after direct transfer to a hormone–free medium. Green plants were produced at a high frequency through somatic embryogenesis. The protoplast origin of the regenerated plants is unequivocally demonstrated by the inability of contaminating intact cells to divide.
311 citations
TL;DR: This study shows that multiple mating is a potential mechanism of mate choice and a function of multiple mating may be to dilute the sperm stored from previous matings with that of the current male, so increasing his representation in offspring production.
276 citations
TL;DR: It is proved that, for each compact surface S, there is an integer k = k(S) such that every graph in S can be (4, k)-colored; the conjecture that 4 can be replaced by 3 in this statement is conjecture.
Abstract: We call a graph (m, k)-colorable if its vertices can be colored with m colors in such a way that each vertex is adjacent to at most k vertices of the same color as itself. For the class of planar graphs, and the class of outerplanar graphs, we determine all pairs (m, k) such that every graph in the class is (m, k)-colorable. We include an elementary proof (not assuming the truth of the four-color theorem) that every planar graph is (4, 1)-colorable. Finally, we prove that, for each compact surface S, there is an integer k = k(S) such that every graph in S can be (4, k)-colored; we conjecture that 4 can be replaced by 3 in this statement.
266 citations
TL;DR: The presence of food in the stomach was found to be the major factor in determining the gastric emptying of single units and Floating or buoyant delivery systems may have little advantage over conventional systems.
Abstract: The gastric emptying of pellets and single units of different densities has been followed in healthy subjects using the technique of gamma scintigraphy. The gastric emptying of the light pellets was affected by their buoyancy in the upper part of the stomach. However, the mean gastric emptying rates of pellets and single units were not significantly affected by density. Floating or buoyant delivery systems may have little advantage over conventional systems. The presence of food in the stomach was found to be the major factor in determining the gastric emptying of single units.
260 citations
TL;DR: Significant faces were recognised faster, but were classified as faces more slowly than were typical faces, both when personally familiar faces and when famous faces were used as stimuli, evidence that faces are encoded by reference to a general face prototype.
Abstract: In an earlier study it was found that distinctive familiar faces were recognised faster than typical familiar faces in a familiarity decision task. In the first experiment reported here this effect was replicated with the use of celebrities' faces rather than personally familiar faces. In the second and third experiments the effect of distinctiveness was found to reverse if the task was to distinguish between faces and jumbled faces. Subjects took longer to classify distinctive faces as faces than they did to classify typical faces. Thus distinctive faces were recognised faster, but were classified as faces more slowly than were typical faces, both when personally familiar faces and when famous faces were used as stimuli. These results are interpeted as evidence that faces are encoded by reference to a general face prototype.
260 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the changes in structure and permeability of coal under the stress conditions experienced around longwall faces and discussed the effect of fracturing on coal's permeability, and the stress-permeability relationship for fractured coal is compared with that of nonfractured coal.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of population density on the nature of encounters between males, and factors affecting individual competitive ability were examined in the field cricket Gryllus bimaculatus.
TL;DR: An in vitro method for assessing the relative acute toxicities of chemicals was developed through the collaboration of four tissue culture laboratories and gave results with a high degree of interlaboratory reproducibility.
TL;DR: It appears that the role of facial expression is not sufficient to account for the disproportionate effect of inversion upon face recognition, and this effect cannot be explained in terms of the extra familiarity of the task or the use of identical photographs at test.
TL;DR: Methode for reduire les champs magnetiques etrangers qui se situent a l'exterieur du volume actif des systemes de bobines a gradient du champ.
TL;DR: Protoplasts were readily isolated from cell suspension of four rice cultivars, including japonica and indica types, when maintained in an amino acid-based culture medium and produced distinct embryo-like structures.
TL;DR: For a stand of winter wheat, radiative canopy temperature measured with an infra-red radiometer was systematically related to a surface temperature derived from air temperature and wind speed profiles.
Abstract: For a stand of winter wheat, radiative canopy temperature measured with an infra-red radiometer was systematically related to a surface temperature derived from air temperature and wind speed profiles. Radiative temperature changed significantly with viewing angle and azimuth, but the influences of sun angle and ground cover were minimised by inclining the radiometer at 55 ° to the vertical and at right angles to the solar beam.
TL;DR: In this article, it is shown that for certain types of gradient switching it is possible to screen the magnetic fields completely, using a thick cylindrical conductor, within which the gradient uniformity may be re-established using simple changes in coil separations.
Abstract: In NMR imaging the rapid switching of magnetic field gradients can induce currents in surrounding conductors, thus creating undesirable reflected fields which are spatially and temporally inhomogeneous. For certain types of gradient switching it is possible to screen the magnetic fields completely, using a thick cylindrical conductor, within which the gradient uniformity may be re-established using simple changes in coil separations. Details are presented for the analytic treatment of this problem, with results for the cases of the Maxwell pair, a modified Maxwell pair and saddle coils. These results are also applicable when active screening is used.
TL;DR: The 2a isoenzyme of tomato polygalacturonase was purified from ripe fruit and characterised, and the nucleotide sequence of a ripening-related cDNA was determined and found to encode the N-terminal sequence of mature polygalACTuronase 2a.
Abstract: The 2a isoenzyme of tomato polygalacturonase was purified from ripe fruit and characterised. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the protein was determined in order to identify polygalacturonase cDNA clones. The nucleotide sequence of a ripening-related cDNA (pTOM 6) was determined and found to encode the N-terminal sequence of mature polygalacturonase 2a. The complete open reading frame encodes a polypeptide of molecular weight 50,051, including a putative pre-sequence of 71 amino acids.
TL;DR: By converting adopted walking speed into a proportion of preferred walking speed it is shown that subject data may be pooled and comparisons made which had hitherto been impossible, and statements may be made about the physiological efficiency of a performance.
Abstract: All pedestrians have a walking speed which they prefer. This appears to be the speed which, for them, is the most physically efficient. Blind pedestrians, if allowed to set the pace when accompanied by a sighted guide, will prefer to walk at a speed which is close to that of sighted pedestrians. However, when walking independently they adopt a pace which is slower than their preferred walking speed. By converting adopted walking speed into a proportion of preferred walking speed we are able to show that subject data may be pooled and comparisons made which had hitherto been impossible. Furthermore, statements may be made about the physiological efficiency of a performance. For example, efficiency varies with route difficulty, increases with increased preview, and only users of guide dogs reach their optimum efficiency.
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that infectious complications from using subclavian he modialysis catheters exceed reported rates for all other modes of vascular access used for hemodialysis, as well as other indications for central venous catheterization.
Abstract: Seventy-four subclavian hemodialysis catheters inserted into 53 patients were studied prospectively. Sixteen of 64 assessable catheterization periods were complicated by clinically documented catheter-related sepsis, and 13 had an associated bacteremia. One patient died from catheter-related sepsis, and in two others, sepsis contributed to death. Staphylococci accounted for 11 bacteremias. Semiquantitative culture of the catheters indicated that 28 were significantly colonized. Comparison of these isolates with skin cultures from the insertion site suggested that the origin of the colonizing organisms was the skin (10 cases), intralumenal contamination (16 cases), or both routes (2 cases). Comparison of cultures taken during catheter insertion with those at removal rarely suggested that organisms introduced at insertion caused subsequent colonization. This study has demonstrated that infectious complications from using subclavian hemodialysis catheters exceed reported rates for all other modes of vascular access used for hemodialysis, as well as other indications for central venous catheterization.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the radiative heat fluxes between plastic sheet mulches and the soil surface, and found that reflective mulches may reduce the diurnal amplitude of soil temperature, and always reduce the radiant heat gain by the soil.
TL;DR: Low toxicity, reverse thermal gelation and high drug loading capabilities, suggest that PF-127 gels have great potential as a drug delivery system.
TL;DR: Poly(lactic acid) microspheres of 1–10 μm diameter prepared by emulsion deposition and containing entrapped prednisolone released the drug rapidly into an aqueous medium and may have potential as a long-acting parenteral delivery system.
TL;DR: Three methods for determining the general toxic effects of test chemicals on cells in culture based on measurement of total cell protein or neutral red uptake and on the detection of morphological effects have been compared.
TL;DR: The powerful dysopsonic and anti-adhesive properties of poloxamer 338 were attributed to the large anchoring hydrophobic group preventing displacement of the polymer from the particle surface by plasma proteins and the two identical hydrophilic groups preventing cell adhesion and subsequent phagocytosis (steric stabilization).
TL;DR: The effects of familiarity in experiments 2 and 3 were small and emerged in interactions between item sets and university, they suggest that a simple perceptual hierarchy of the kind proposed by Ellis requires some revision.
Abstract: Three experiments are reported in which undergraduate subjects made simple perceptual judgements about the faces of familiar and unfamiliar academic staff. Any effects of familiarity in these tasks were assessed by comparison with performance on the two groups of faces when both sets were unfamiliar to student subjects at a different university. In experiment 1 there was no effect of familiarity of the faces on a task requiring judgements of expression, consistent with recent models of face processing in which expression analysis proceeds independently from the analysis of identity. In experiment 2 there was a significant effect of familiarity on a task in which the sex of the faces was judged. This appeared to be due to familiarity acting to facilitate only those faces whose sex was difficult to judge from the picture presented. In experiment 3, significant effects of familiarity were also observed when the task was to distinguish intact faces from jumbled faces. Although the effects of familiarity in ex...
TL;DR: In this paper, a general analysis of three types of wind-induced vehicle accidents, overtuning accidents, sideslip accidents, and rotation accidents, is presented, and it is shown that overturning accidents are much more likely to occur than the other types of accidents.