Showing papers by "University of Salford published in 1985"

Contractual Procedures in the Construction Industry

Abstract: Part 1 Contract law: the English legal system legal aspects of contracts discharge of contracts remedies for breach of contract. Part 2 Procurement: standard forms of contract contracts strategy contract procurement contracts selection contract documents. Part 3 Process and parties: process and parties associated with building contracts. Part 4 Standard form of building contract: articles of agreement appendix quality of work during construction costs of construction works by other persons injury and insurance of the works fluctuations in costs financial matters clauses of a general nature. Part 5 Subcontract conditions: JCT standard forms of nominated subcontract JCT standard form of nominated subcontract domestic subcontract conditions. Part 6 Other contract conditions: agreement for minor building works JCT intermediate form of building contract ICE conditions of contract general conditions of contract for building and civil engineering building with contractor's design. Part 7 Arbitration: arbitration. Part 8 Appendices: cases of interest practice notes.

S-polarized waves in a thin dielectric film asymmetrically bounded by optically nonlinear media

Abstract: This paper contains a comprehensive theory, supported by many numerical examples, of the behavior of electromagnetic waves in a potential device that consists of a thin, opticaliy linear film, bounded by dissimilar semiinfinite nonlinear materials with frequency- and wavenumber-independent parameters. The relationship between the electric field amplitudes on the respective boundaries of the film leads to an elegant analysis that results in physical quantities being derived without a quantitative knowledge of the nonlinear fields. Guided and surface waves are precisely differentiated from each other, and it is shown that the linear cutoff criterion generalizes, when nonlinearity is added, to a novel changeover condition. The nonlinear eigenvalue equations are used to give the guided/surface mode index in terms of the optical power density at one of the interfaces. The power flow down the guide is then calculated both as a function of the interfacial optical power density and as a function of the mode index. These are shown to lead to two different sets of dispersion curves labeled with power flow down the guide or the optical power density at the interface. Finally, by assuming that the nonlinear media are lossy, optical hysteresis is shown to be possible.

Measurement of residual stresses by neutron diffraction

Abstract: A neutron diffraction method has been applied to measure residual stresses in rings sliced from as-recieved and autofrettaged thick-walled steel tubing. The principles of neutron diffraction are outlined and the method is described. A comparison is made with results obtained using the more traditional Sachs boring technique. It is shown that satisfactory agreement is achieved between the two procedures and that the neutron diffraction method can be used with acceptable accuracy to measure residual stress non-destructively in bulk samples of steel several centimetres thick.

Language acquisition in two trilingual children

Abstract: This article deals with the language development of two children, now aged eight and five, who acquired two languages, Spanish and German, simultaneously from birth, and a third, English, when very young. The different circumstances of the acquisition of the third language have resulted in distinct patterns of linguistic development and proficiency. The article first considers certain linguistic aspects of language development and goes on to take into account wider social and psychological factors which have influenced the children's rate of acquisition, the proficiency attained and the communicative strategies employed. Reference is made to the largely similar acquisition of the phonological, grammatical and lexical systems of German and Spanish. This is followed by a brief outline of their acquisition of English, which followed a slightly different process in the case of each child. Mention is also made of the older child's experience of learning to read in her first two languages. The overall ...

Plasma catecholamines in patients with acute myocardial infarction and in cardiac arrest.

Abstract: Plasma catecholamine concentrations in cardiac arrest (ventricular fibrillation and asystole) are significantly higher than after myocardial infarction. The levels reached are well above those normally required to stimulate cardiac activity. Possible reasons for the failure of the myocardium to respond to the catecholamines are discussed and the rationale for giving more catecholamines is questioned.

Onset of ferromagnetism in 3d-substituted FeAl alloys. I. Ti, V and Cr substitutions

Abstract: For pt.I see ibid., vol.15, p.681 (1985). Magnetic and structural studies using X-ray, neutron diffraction, magnetisation and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) techniques are reported for FeAl1-xTx alloys in which partial substitution of Al by Mn or Co has been effected. The results of the neutron diffraction studies are consistent with a B2 model in which the Co atoms exercise a site preference for Fe sites, whereas Mn atoms appear to enter both Fe and Al sites. Consequently, for both systems displacement of Fe atoms into Al sites creates 'antistructure' (AS) Fe atoms. The susceptibilities of both alloy systems were observed to increase with the concentration of the transition metal solute. An apparent onset of spontaneous magnetisation was observed beyond certain 'critical' concentrations: x=0.3 and x=0.2 for Mn and Co substitutions respectively. However, it was not until a Co concentration with x=0.3 was reached that a Curie temperature could be established in the Arrott plots. No TC could be established at all in similar plots for the Mn series having x

The use of financial information by trade union negotiators in plant level collective bargaining

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to undertake a critical review of recently completed empirical work, carried out under the auspices of the SSRC, on the use of information in individual company and plant level bargaining. The authors also attempt to develop a strategy for further investigation of this important topic which highlights the importance of variations in the nature of the domestic organisation in relation to the potential importance and usefulness of financial information for union negotiators.

Photoemission studies of CuInSe2 and CuGaSe2 and of their interfaces with Si and Ge.

Abstract: Note: Univ wisconsin,dept phys,madison,wi 53706. univ salford,dept electr & elect engn,salford m5 4wt,lancs,england.ISI Document Delivery No.: AAH01 Reference LSE-ARTICLE-1985-018doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.31.1022 Record created on 2006-10-03, modified on 2017-05-12

The Elastic Contact of Rough Surfaces and its Importance in the Reduction of Wear

Abstract: The paper considers the conditions for the purely elastic contact of rough surfaces and shows that by considering the effect of the truncation of the asperity distribution, such elastic contact is greater at low nominal pressures than has been hitherto recognized. Experimental studies to define the limits of purely elastic contact confirm the theoretical predictions. It is further shown that purely elastic contact may be obtained up to loads of some 10 000 N/mm2 by using ceramic coatings of titanium nitride deposited by the plasma assisted vapour deposition process.

Materials Science Photo-oxidation of Tetracycline Adsorbed on Hydroxyapatite in Relation to the Light-induced Staining of Teeth

Abstract: In an attempt to understand the chemistry of the light-induced staining of children's teeth by tetracycline, we studied the photo-chemical behavior of tetracycline adsorbed on hydroxyapatite, as a simple model of enamel. Tetracycline was strongly bound by hydroxyapatite to give a pale yellow material which, under ultraviolet light, showed a bright yellow fluorescence (lambda max 525 nm). On exposure of this material to the radiation from a medium-pressure mercury lamp, the fluorescence gradually disappeared, and a red-purple product was formed. Photo-acoustic spectroscopy was employed to follow the disappearance of tetracycline and the concomitant formation of the red-purple product, the spectrum of which (lambda max 530 nm) led to the conclusion that it was 4 alpha, 12 alpha-anhydro-4-oxo-4-dedimethylaminotetracycline (AODTC). This assignment was supported by the observation that 1 mole of oxygen was absorbed per mole of adsorbed tetracycline converted to the red-purple product. It is suggested that the formation of AODTC on hydroxyapatite probably takes place by a mechanism of photo-oxidation similar to that already proposed for solutions of tetracycline, and that the formation of AODTC in children's teeth is responsible for the light-induced staining caused by tetracycline.

Experimental Support for a Model of Positive Streamer Propagation in Liquid Insulation

Abstract: Results are presented of experiments to determine positive streamer velocities in aliphatic hydrocarbons. For the millimeter gaps employed it-is found that the streamer tip velocity goes through a minimum with growth across the gap. A simple model of streamer growth also predicts a velocity minimum. The position of the minimum is used to derive a tip charge value for the observed streamer. Effective radius is a disposable constant in the model. Stored charge values, following streamer growth can be used to approximately fix this effective radius. The observed effects of varying the gap length or of adding lowionization impurities to the liquids are shown to be consistent with the model proposed.

Sputtering induced topography development on f.c.c. metals

Abstract: The generation and development of surface features by ion bombardment induced sputtering erosion of f.c.c. metals is reviewed. Studies with polycrystalline substrates reveal the plethora of individual features, both etch pits and cones and the repetitive features, such as ripple trains, which form differently on different crystallite surfaces. Studies with well defined single crystals clarify the origins of such features and the relative independence of their habit on ion species and substrate material.

Bubble Growth Following a Localized Electrical Discharge and its Relationship to the Breakdown of Triggered Spark Gaps in Liquids

Abstract: In order to investigate the mechanism of breakdown of the liquid-filled, triggered spark gap, a flash-illuminated, shadowgraph optical system has been used to photograph the pre-breakdown events in a triggered gap. Photographs indicate that in all cases the trigger spark is followed by the growth of a hemispherical bubble, or vapor cavity, and this bubble appears to be the precursor of the main gap breakdown. A theoretical investigation shows that the expansion and collapse of the cavity in the low-viscosity limit, follows a simple hydrodynamic model. We find that only about 1% of the circuit energy is transferred to kinetic energy of the liquid surrounding the expanding cavity. The time required for an expanding bubble to fill a 1 mm gap is of the same order as the breakdown time lag for the triggered gap. It is concluded that the bubble generated by the trigger spark clears the gap of liquid, leaving a low-density gas or vapor between the electrodes, so that the actual process of electrical breakdown takes place through the low strength gas, not through the liquid. In the case of longer gaps, of 2 mm and above, the bubble may have time to expand across the entire gap and it is suggested that an electrohydrodynamic instability may cause the bubble surface to breakup into streamers, which cross the gap and cause breakdown.

The glial cells and glia-neuron relations in the buccal ganglia of Planorbis corneus (L.): cytological, qualitative and quantitative changes during growth and ageing.

Abstract: Buccal ganglia from snails ranging from embryos to 5.5 g adults (approximately five years old) were examined by light and electron microscopy. The glial cells are principally located around the neuron perikarya, between the blood and the neurons. Relatively few glial cells are located in the axon tracts and areas of neuropil within the core of the ganglion. The glia-neuron relations are established early in embryonic life and remain relatively constant throughout the life of the animal. The glial cells contain increased numbers of lysosomes and lipofuscin material with age. Some glial cells make up a distinct subpopulation that is specialized for the phagocytic ingestion of debris and nerve terminals in the core of the ganglion. These cells appear to degrade the ingested material to lipofuscin residues, and migrate to the edges of the ganglia where they aggregate in localized clumps. The phagocytic glial cells and the peripheral lipofuscin residues increase in numbers with age. The glial cells phagocytose nerve endings labelled with radioactive serotonin. The glial cells around the neuron perikarya contain varying numbers of glycogen particles, gliagrana and lipid droplets. Haemoglobin is present in the glial cell cytoplasm. The pigment appears identical to that present in the blood and other peripheral tissues, and may act as an oxygen store or facilitate diffusion of oxygen to the neurons when the animal is submersed. Light and electron microscopic histochemical studies of glucose-6-phosphatase and 5'-nucleotidase localization demonstrated reactive sites along the glial cell membranes, except where they face the basement membrane surrounding the ganglia. Relatively few reactive sites were present on neuronal membranes. The glial cells actively accumulate tritiated nucleosides and bind them within their cytoplasm. The bound material is not measurably associated with DNA-RNA-protein mechanisms. Glial uptake of nucleosides has been previously reported in other nervous systems although the physiological significance is not yet clear. Two of the nucleosides were employed as selective anatomical markers for the different components of the ganglia (glia, neurons, connective tissue). [ $^3$ H]Uridine labels the glial cytoplasm and connective tissue, and [ $^3$ H]adenosine, under the appropriate experimental conditions, distinguishes the neuronal and glial nuclei. Serial-section radioautographs were analysed by computer image analysis, and the components of the ganglia measured quantitatively throughout the life span of the animal. The following have been established. (i) The percentage volumes of the ganglia occupied by neuronal perikarya (33%) and glial cells (43%), and the ratio of the volumes of neuronal perikarya to glial cells remain constant. (ii) Glial cell numbers increase significantly (18%; mean number 391 cells per ganglion). The increase is chiefly due to the increase in phagocytic glial cells. There appears to be little or no turnover of glial cells. (iii) The major change responsible for the increased volume of the ganglion (approximately fourfold) and increased volumes of the neurons (approximately fourfold) is the growth and proliferation of axonal and dendritic processes. (iv) Neuronal `fallout' does not occur in the buccal ganglion (mean number 298 neurons per ganglion). The cytological, quantitative and functional properties of the glial cells and glia-neuron relations are discussed in relation to glial cells in other nervous systems.

‘De-industrialization’, Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947

Abstract: The purpose of this short discussion paper is to raise some general questions concerning the current state of the historiography on the industrialization of pre-Independent India. Although triggered off by a close reading of Professor Morris's contribution to the recent Cambridge Economic History of India, volume 2, it is not my intention to review the essay in a detailed and systematic manner; rather I seek to place it in the wider context of what is, in my view, the unsatisfactory state of our accumulated knowledge. The paper is organized in the following way. Section II contends that all too little is known about a seemingly crucial sector—a vacuity that is not confined to India alone among the Third World economies—and that this tends to distort accounts of the general functioning of the international economy. In Section III I try to pinpoint the major areas of weakness, and then go on to suggest the main reasons for this somewhat surprising situation. Finally, in Section IV, I argue that Morris's study reflects the problems I identify but does not take us further down the road towards their resolution.