Showing papers by "University of Sheffield published in 1979"
TL;DR: In this paper, eight scales relevant to the quality of working life are introduced and assessed, including work involvement, intrinsic job motivation, higher order need strength, perceived intrinsic job characteristics, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, happiness, and self-rated anxiety.
Abstract: Two studies of male manual workers are described, in which eight scales relevant to the quality of working life are introduced and assessed. The scales build upon previous work, but are designed to remedy certain conceptual and operational deficiencies. They cover work involvement, intrinsic job motivation, higher order need strength, perceived intrinsic job characteristics, job satisfaction, life satisfaction, happiness, and self-rated anxiety. In addition, components of job satisfaction and life satisfaction, derived through cluster analyses, are also identified. The scales are shown to have good internal reliability and to be factorially separate. Comprehensive psychometric data are provided as a base-line for future applications.
2,127 citations
TL;DR: A model of the design process of some architects who had been interviewed earlier is suggested, consisting of generator-conjecture-analysis, with a broad initial objective or small set of objectives, self-imposed by the architect, a value judgement rather than the product of rationality.
581 citations
460 citations
TL;DR: In an attempt to improve visibility and safety in the surgical approach to the malar arch and jaw joint, anatomical dissections of 56 facial halves were undertaken.
389 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the anomalous magnetic moments of positive and negative muons were found to be aμ+ = 1165911(11) × 10−9 and aμ− = 1165937(12) × 11−9 giving an average value for muons of aμ= 1165924(8.5)×10−19e · cm.
332 citations
309 citations
TL;DR: Blood concentrations of local anaesthetics after perineural injection are not closely related to age, weight or pregnancy but may be influenced by diseases associated with haemodynamic changes and by other drugs given at or around the time of regional blockade.
Abstract: The introduction of the new long acting local anaesthetics, bupivacaine and etidocaine, has stimulated an expansion of interest in regional anaesthesia, particularly for obstetrical applications and pain therapy. Systemic toxicity following injection of local anaesthetics occurs albeit infrequently, and tentative correlations have been made between the onset of CNS and cardiovascular effects and circulating drug concentrations in both adults and neonates. Amongst other factors, interpretation of these relationships depends upon blood distribution and plasma binding of the agents, sampling sites and acid-base balance. The disposition kinetics and placental transfer of the amide type agents have been well characterised. In adults their clearance is almost entirely hepatic but in neonates an increase in the renal component is, in part, a reflection of the immaturity of some of the enzymes responsible for their metabolism. Ester type agents are rapidly hydrolysed by plasma pseudocholin-esterase and this has led to a preference for chloroprocaine in some obstetric procedures. Major determinants of the systemic absorption of the agents after perineural administration include their physicochemical and vasoactive properties, perfusion and tissue binding at the site of injection and whether or not adrenaline has been added. In respect of blood drug concentrations achieved after various regional anaesthetic procedures, the margin of systemic safety appears to favour bupivacaine and etidocaine compared to shorter acting analogues such as lignocaine and mepivacaine. The time course of local anaesthetic remaining at the site of injection has been calculated following intravenous regional anaesthesia and peridural block. This has allowed prediction of the local and systemic accumulation of the drugs following continued dosage. Blood concentrations of local anaesthetics after perineural injection are not closely related to age, weight or pregnancy but may be influenced by diseases associated with haemodynamic changes and by other drugs given at or around the time of regional blockade.
280 citations
TL;DR: An experimental situation is described which models some central features of design problems in the abstract and it is suggested that these results have implications for the nature of design legislation, design tools and particularly computer aided design systems.
Abstract: The paper describes one of the series of experiments studying the nature of the architectural design process and how design skills are acquired by students. An experimental situation is described which models some central features of design problems in the abstract. This allows comparisons to be made between groups of first and final year students of architecture as well as sixth form school pupils and post-graduate science students. Significantly different problem solving strategies are shown by the final year architecture and post-graduate science students. It is suggested that these results have implications for the nature of design legislation, design tools and particularly computer aided design systems, many of which currently in use appear to be based on the scientists' rather than designers' cognitive strategies.
230 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1979TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of the history of poststructuralism and postmodernity in sociological theory, including the following: 1. Introduction: Rethinking Sociology Part 1: 2. Karl Marx 3. Max Weber 4. Emile Durkheim Part 2: 5. Consensus and Conflict 6. Symbolic Interaction 7. Ethnomethodology Part 3: 8. Western Marxism 9. Structuralism Part 4: 10.
Abstract: 1. Introduction: Rethinking Sociology Part 1: 2. Karl Marx 3. Max Weber 4. Emile Durkheim Part 2: 5. Consensus and Conflict 6. Symbolic Interaction 7. Ethnomethodology Part 3: 8. Western Marxism 9. Structuralism Part 4: 10. Poststructuralism: Abandoning Reason 11. Michel Foucault 12. Poststructuralism and Postmodernity 13. Back to Sociological Theory?: Theoreticism and Synthesis 14. From Class to Culture 15. Emancipatory Sociology 16. Conclusion
181 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the stable cyclic stress strain response of 1% Cr Mo V steel has been studied for combined axial and torsional loads, where the respective sinusoidal strains were applied both in and out of phase.
Abstract: The stable cyclic stress strain response of 1% Cr Mo V steel has been studied for combined axial and torsional loads, where the respective sinusoidal strains were applied both in and out of phase. Typical hysteresis loops are presented, and a correlation is proposed for the cyclic stress-strain curve.
177 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the elastic properties of the unfilled sheet and the composite under in-plane direct loading and out-of-plane bending are investigated. And the plastic deformation characteristics under in plane direct loading are also considered, in which a low modulus infill is used.
TL;DR: In this paper, four traditional aims of the probation service are identified: provision of appropriate help for offenders, statutory supervision of offenders, diverting appropriate offenders from custodial sentences, and reduction of crime.
Abstract: Empirical and theoretical critiques of treatment can no longer be ignored in probation practice, but the probation service's traditional core values of respect for persons and hope for the future can be realized in a non-treatment context. Four traditional aims of the probation service are identified, namely (i) the provision of appropriate help for offenders; (ii) the statutory supervision of offenders; (iii) diverting appropriate offenders from custodial sen tences; (iv) the reduction of crime. It is argued that each of these aims remains worth pursuing, but that they need radical reconceptuaiization in the light of the collapse of treatment. A paradigm for practice in respect of each aim is offered for criticism and comment.
TL;DR: Experimental results show substantial reduction in timings compared with previous algorithms for determining isomorphisms, and a theoretical study of the new path consistency algorithm provides insight into the experimental results.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple subclass of lattice processes is introduced, which may make them suitable for representing autocorrelated variables in practical situations, and some standard results concerning the optimal allocation of sample points on the line are generalized to aligned samples in the plane.
Abstract: SUMMARY A simple subclass of lattice processes is introduced. These processes are shown to have many desirable properties which may make them suitable for representing autocorrelated variables in practical situations. Some standard results concerning the optimal allocation of sample points on the line are generalized to aligned samples in the plane.
TL;DR: An algorithm for the identification of non-linear systems which can be described by a Hammerstein model consisting of a single-valued non- linearity followed by a linear system is presented.
Abstract: An algorithm for the identification of non-linear systems which can be described by a Hammerstein model consisting of a single-valued non-linearity followed by a linear system is presented. Cross-correlation techniques are employed to decouple the identification of the linear dynamics from the characterization of the non-linear element. These results are extended to include the identification of the component subsystems of a feedforward process consisting of a Hammerstein model in parallel with another linear system.
Book•
01 Jun 1979TL;DR: Holmes as discussed by the authors identifies the main strands of anti-semitic thought and their expression, starting with the Eastern Crisis of 1876 which sparked off the first serious manifestation of antisemitism.
Abstract: This is the first detailed study of anti-semitism, as an ideology, among the British. First published in 1979, it concentrates on the crucial period between 1876 and 1939 when, against a background of Jewish immigration, war or the threat of war, and social and economic unrest, hostility towards the Jewish community reached its peak. Colin Holmes identifies the main strands of anti-semitic thought and their expression, starting with the Eastern Crisis of 1876 which sparked off the first serious manifestation of anti-semitism. He shows how, before 1914, opposition towards Jews rested on religious and other perceived cultural distinctions. It was only after the First World War that a sinister and significant change of emphasis occurred: racism now became the dominant feature of anti-semitism and was reinforced by theories of conspiracy, the most notorious being The Protocols of the Elders of Zion. Anti-semitism has no uniform cause or characteristic and a single explanation cannot suffice. This book elucidates the complex range of factors involved, using both historical and sociological methods and drawing on extensive (and sometimes controversial) research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reported that phytoplankton blooms were not the cause, but rather a symptom of widespread anaerobic bottom conditions, and that preservational factors rather than productivity are the major control on the accumulation of black shales.
Abstract: GALLOIS has reported the widespread occurrence of coeval coccolith limestones and oil shales in the Kimmeridge Clay of southern England and Lincolnshire1,2. From the association of these limestones with oil shale horizons he suggested that the organic content of the Kimmeridge Clay was largely derived from phytoplankton blooms whose decay produced the temporary anaerobic bottom conditions necessary to preserve organic matter. However, comparisons with similar Quarternary sediments in the Black Sea and Mediterranean has led us to report here that phytoplankton blooms were not the cause, but rather a symptom of widespread anaerobic bottom conditions, and that preservational factors rather than productivity are the major control on the accumulation of black shales. We believe that the fine grained clastic-bituminous shale–oil shale–coccolith limestone lithologic association characteristic of the type Kimmeridge Clay can be attributed to the vertical movement of the O2: H2S interface in a temporarily stratified water column.
TL;DR: Stereological parameters available for quantifying synapses (for example boutons per tissue volume, paramembranous dense zones per soma surface) are described and some new and previously neglected possibilities are included and some errors found in the literature are corrected.
Abstract: The paper presents a system of Stereological formulae which are suitable for the quantitative ultrastructural characterization of synapses. Attention is given first to the question of deciding which synaptic feature to adopt as the basis for measurement. Three counting units can be recognized on electron micrographs: the bouton, the total zone of apposition of pre- and postsynaptic membranes, and the zone of paramembranous density. These may provide different numerical results. Possible units of reference are considered also and whilst emphasis is given to a volume of nervous tissue and a membrane surface of postsynaptic element, interesting alternatives are presented for the sake of completeness. Stereological parameters available for quantifying synapses (for example boutons per tissue volume, paramembranous dense zones per soma surface) are described. In addition, some new and previously neglected possibilities are included and some errors found in the literature are corrected. Worked examples of the estimation of synaptic densities are provided.
TL;DR: Complementary evidence from studies of artificial languages is presented, showing that artificial languages with no markers or with useless markers were much harder to learn than languages where markers signaled the class of the next word, giving strong support to the marker hypothesis.
TL;DR: In this article, the National Scientific Communication and Technology Transfer System (NSCTS) is described as an idealized design for the National Science Communication and Information Transfer System, and the effect of advertising on sales is discussed.
Abstract: THE ART. Creativity and Constraints. Objectives. Controllable Variables. Uncontrolled Variables. Relations. APPLICATIONS. The National Scientific Communication and Technology Transfer System: An Idealized Design. Transportation without a Future: A Reference Projection. A Multidimensional Organizational Structure. Participation within Organizations. The Effect of Advertising on Sales: A Study of Relations. Why People Drink: Toward Understanding Objectives. On Keeping Problems Solved. Suggested Readings. References. Index.
TL;DR: The authors investigated the relationship between the contextual probability of lexical items in spontaneous speech, as measured by the Cloze procedure, and word frequency, and attempted to detegre dete...
Abstract: This study investigated the relationship between the contextual probability of lexical items in spontaneous speech, as measured by the Cloze procedure, and word frequency. It also attempted to dete...
TL;DR: In this paper, two sets of glasses were studied with compositions close to Li2O·2SiO2 and Na2O ·2CaO·3SiO 2, and with water contents ranging from 0.019 to 0.136 wt% and 0.007 to 0.040 wt%, respectively.
Abstract: Two sets of glasses were studied with compositions close to Li2O·2SiO2 and Na2O·2CaO·3SiO2, and with water contents ranging from 0.019 to 0.136 wt% and 0.007 to 0.040 wt%, respectively. The crystal nucleation and growth rates increased markedly with increase in water content, whereas the viscosities of the glasses decreased. For the lithia glasses, increases in nucleation rates at various temperatures closely corresponded to reductions in viscosity, indicating that the main effect of water was to lower the kinetic barrier to nucleation (ΔGD), rather than to alter the thermodynamic barrier to nucleation (W*). For the soda-lime glasses, ΔGD was also lowered by water content but additional effects due to differences in base compositions were observed. The kinetic barriers to growth were lowered by water content for both sets of glasses, increases in growth rates corresponding closely to reductions in the viscosities. It is suggested that the large effects of water on nucleation and growth may be due to an increase in the oxygen ion diffusion coefficient. In the soda-lime glasses addition of sodium fluoride produced similar effects to the addition of water. Liquidus temperature measurements, and the results of DTA, optical microscopy and electron microscopy are also reported.
01 Mar 1979-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: Some requirements for a good notation with examples and empirical findings are listed, to give the user the useful information using a clear perceptual code for the underlying processes and to restrict the writer to “good” structures.
Abstract: It is obvious that some diagrammatic notations are better than others, less obvious why. We list some requirements for a good notation with examples and empirical findings. Central requirements are to give the user the useful information (relevance) using a clear perceptual code for the underlying processes (representation); moreover the notation should restrict the writer to “good” structures. Important information in symbolic codes should be redundantly recoded in a perceptual code as well. Unfortunately these principles, especially the last, tend to make extra work if the diagram has to be modified, conflicting with the requirement of revisability unless software aids can be devised. Notation designers cannot turn to behavioural science for detailed guidance, but they could well make more use of empirical evaluations than at present.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered the branching random walk on the real line, where an initial ancestor is at the origin and has children, the first generation, and these have positions which form a point process on the line.
Abstract: We will consider the branching random walk on the real line. An initial ancestor is at the origin. He has children, the first generation, and these have positions which form a point process on the line. These children in their turn have children, independently of each other. The positions of the children of a first generation person, relative to his own position form a point process; this point process has the same distributions as the one giving the positions of the initial ancestor's children. This gives the second generation. Subsequent generations are formed in the same way. Branching random walks are essentially the same as spatially homogeneous branching processes and are closely related to cluster fields, both of which are discussed in [14]. Let {z~ ")} be the positions of the nth generation people and let
TL;DR: In this paper, the distribution of conduction velocities within the alpha fiber group of an in situ human peripheral nerve trunk was determined based on the analysis of the shape of compound nerve action potentials recorded from surface electrodes.
Abstract: A technique is described which enables the distribution of conduction velocities within the alpha fiber group of an in situ human peripheral nerve trunk to be determined. The technique is based on the analysis of the shape of compound nerve action potentials recorded from surface electrodes and is non-invasive. Velocity distributions calculated for a group of normal adults are presented and represent the first known measurements of this parameter.
TL;DR: The intracellular distribution of the enzymes of nitrate and ammonia assimilation in apical cells of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots is described and nitrite reductase and glutamate synthase are plastid located.
Abstract: The intracellular distribution of the enzymes of nitrate and ammonia assimilation in apical cells of pea (Pisum sativum L.) roots is described. Nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.2) was found to have no organelle association, and is considered to be located in the cytosol or possibly loosely bound to the outside of an organelle. Nitrite reductase and glutamate synthase (EC 2.6.1.53) are plastid located, as is glutamine synthetase (EC 6.3.1.2) although this enzyme also has activity in the cytosol. Glutamate dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.3) was found only in the mitochondrion.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present an observation of fatigue crack growth in smooth specimens under biaxial loading, with particular reference to the Stage I to Stage II and Stage II to Stage I transitions.
Abstract: — Observations of fatigue crack growth in smooth specimens under biaxial loading are reviewed, with particular reference to the Stage I to Stage II and Stage II to Stage I transitions. Further results are presented for 1% Cr-Mo-V steel and AISI 316 stainless steel at various temperatures, showing that all cracks may be classed as either Stage I or Stage II. Predictive criteria are suggested for the type of crack obtained, and the mechanisms for elevated temperature crack initiation are discussed.
01 May 1979-International Journal of Human-computer Studies \/ International Journal of Man-machine Studies
TL;DR: It is concluded that AI research may eventually provide intelligent tools with the inferential powers necessary for a genuine dialogue, but that for the time being it is better to make the underlying mechanisms and their limitations as explicit as possible.
Abstract: It is argued that to obtain the maximum benefit from interactive computer systems principles of program and dialogue design are needed. It is unlikely that natural languages such as English will provide a suitable basis for designing a man-computer dialogue. The objective should be to model the task domain in a way that will be comprehensible to the user and to provide an explicit “image” of the “underlying processes”. Design principles are discussed both for general purpose programming languages and “bespoke” languages intended as tools for a specific purpose. It is concluded that AI research may eventually provide intelligent tools with the inferential powers necessary for a genuine dialogue, but that for the time being it is better to make the underlying mechanisms and their limitations as explicit as possible.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce a model of the diffusion of process innovations, which predicts that the inter- firm diffusion curve, showing the proportion of firms having adopted a given innovation, will follow either a cumulative normal time path for major and technically complex innovations or a cumulative lognormal timepath for simpler and less expensive innovations.