Showing papers by "University of Southern California published in 1971"

Generational Difference and the Developmental Stake

Abstract: There is drama in the continuing succession of one generation by another. This drama begins with the differences in behavior and attitudes exhibited by emerging generations; it develops with the reaction of older generations to these innovations; and it reaches a climax with the changes in configuration of culture which result. And then the drama begins anew, with yet another cast of actors. In today’s society, something new seems to have been added to the drama: a sense of urgency, of concern that the magnitude of differences between age groups has outstripped the continuity of plot that holds culture together. One wonders about those differences. What causes significant behavioral contrasts between generations? Why do such differences seem so stridently obvious today? Are they, perhaps, more apparent than real? What accounts for the anxiety surrounding generational differences? What explains the contrasting responses of youth and their elders to the manifestation of such differences; why are they welcomed by youth, and perceived with dismay or indignation by parents? A growing number of analyses have contributed much to understanding the causes of dissimilarity between generations in behavior (see, for example, Cain, 1967, 1970; Elkind, 1970; Neugarten, 1970; Thomas, 1971; Troll, 1970; Hill, 1970.) However, social scientists have not been as successful in identifying those factors affecting the quality of interactions and the element of threat in intergenerational interchanges. Perhaps prior analyses have focused too little on the issue of attribution-the perceptions generational actors have of each other, and the bases for these perceptions. The purpose of this paper is to examine some critical factors which may determine perceptions across generations, under the central assumption that cross-generational perceptions are just as determinative of the quality of intergenerational relations as are the actual differences in philosophy, attitude, and action between cohorts. Our argument is as follows: the perceptions one generation has of another in interaction are related less to the state of the perceived than to the state of the perceiver. We will suggest that the individual’s personal history, his position in society, and his state of development substantially color his perceptions and expectations of the other generations. Further, we will argue that cross-generation perceptions of their mutual interaction are often based on two processes: the fear o f loss mythology (“If I don’t watch out, I’m going to lose.. . .”) and the developmental stake mythologv (“If the

Gaps in Doctor-Patient Communication: Doctor-Patient Interaction Analysis

Abstract: Extract: As one of several approaches to scientific analysis of doctor-patient communication 285 visits to a pediatric walk-in clinic were scrutinized using an expanded version of Bales' Interaction Process Analysis Data analysis consisted of individual case studies and computer programs for descriptive summaries of cases and index scores. Factor analysis and chi-square calculations were among the methods used to test significant relations between attributes of the doctor-patient interaction and the dependent variables, patient satisfaction, compliance, and demography. As hypothesized, a distinctive behavior pattern emerged for doctor, parent, and child. Doctors were found to talk more but show less emotion than mothers. Almost two-thirds of the mother's communication related to medical history, while the doctor discussed history and treatment but gave little reassurance or friendlines to the mother, almost half of his conversation with the child consisited of friendly statements. In general, outcome of the medical consultation was found to be favourably influenced by having physician who was friendly, expressed solidarity, took some time to discuss nonmedical, social subjects, and gave the impression of offering information freely without the patients having to request it or feeling excessively questioned. Speculation: Because of the complicated nature and limited methods available for study, the doctor-patient relation has rarely been subjected to scientific inquiry or attempts at quantification. It is hoped that the present effort as well as other ongoing studies will contribute to a body of scientific information which in itself may have application for pediatric education and practice and which ultimately might contribute one approach in urgently needed studies of the quality of medical care.

Realization of linear dynamical systems

Abstract: Realization theory for both time-invariant and time-variable linear systems is developed and its applicability to linear quadratic control and filtering is discussed. For time-invariant systems a review of canonical structure theory is given and various properties such as minimality and equivalence are characterized in terms of the Hankel matrix. Realization theory for such systems is then developed based on the Hankel matrix and a new computational algorithm is presented. For time-variable systems the emphasis is on obtaining physically meaningful realizations and several procedures which accomplish this are detailed. For "constant rank" systems, a generalization of the Hankel matrix approach is also presented.

The effect of uniaxial stress on the periodic morphology of coherent gamma prime precipitates in nickel-base superalloy crystals

Abstract: The periodic morphology of cube shaped, coherent γ ′ [Ni3(Al, Ti)] precipitates in a representative nickel-base superalloy single crystal is shown to be influenced by the application of a 〈100〉 oriented uniaxial stress during annealing at elevated temperature. Furthermore, the stress annealed γ′ morphologies depend on the stress sense. Tensile and compressive stress annealing result in a directional coarsening of precipitates, and then agglomeration to form γ ′ precipitate plates with broad faces aligned perpendicular to the stress axis and precipitate parallelepipeds with long axes parallel to the stress axis, respectively. In explaining the morphological changes that occur during stress annealing, we consider two driving forces: i) a driving force due to changes in the stress-free shape of the specimen, and ii) a driving force due to changes in the effective modulus of the specimen. The first, which depends on a difference in the elastic constants and the lattice parameters of the two phases, is apparently the dominant driving force for the observed morphological changes in a stress annealed superalloy. The second, which depends only on a difference in elastic constants, may be important in alloys with elastically soft, incoherent inclusions such as pores.

Cultivation in vitro of cells derived from a human osteosarcoma

Abstract: A cell line was derived from an osteosarcoma. Cells grew to high population density in liquid medium and formed colonies in agar medium. The cell line consisted of polygonal or fusiform cells resembling the cells of the original tumor. No collagen fibers or calcium apatite microcrystals could be demonstrated in the cultured cells by electron microscopy nor were virus particles detected. Isoenzyme studies of the cell line revealed the “B” band of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Chromosome studies of the cell line revealed a range of stem line number from 58 to 65; chromosome counts ranged from 47 to 183. Some cells had marker chromosome of varied morphology and some had minute chromosomes. Chromosome breaks were found in 30.5% of the cells.

Cardiac arrest in the critically ill. I. A study of predisposing causes in 132 patients.

Abstract: The events preceding cardiac arrest were investigated in 132 critically ill patients on the basis of the hemodynamic, respiratory, and metabolic status prior to cardiac arrest. Approximately one-half of the patients had respiratory acidosis prior to cardiac arrest and only one of these patients ultimately survived. An additional one-fourth had metabolic acidosis due to progressive perfusion failure (shock), and none survived. In the remaining one-fourth, an immediate catastrophic and potentially preventable event accounted for cardiac arrest, and all but one of the long-term survivors were included in this group. In thirteen patients, obstruction or dislodgment of endotracheal tracheostomy tubes, or interruption of ventilation, was recognized as the immediate cause. In an additional 20 patients, cardiac arrest was associated with an adverse effect of a drug. Twelve instances of cardiac arrest were associated with central venous injection of aminophylline. The initial cardiac resuscitation attempt was effe...

Acetaminophen-induced hepatic necrosis and renal failure.

Abstract: A 29-year-old woman ingested 18 gm of acetaminophen with resultant hepatic necrosis and acute renal failure. Since 1966, eighty-six cases of hepatic necrosis secondary to acetaminophen overdose have been described. Acetaminophen overdosage should be considered as one of the causes of acute hepatorenal failure.

Green's Function Technique in Atomic and Molecular Physics

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter seeks to familiarize the quantum chemist and molecular physicist with some of the ways one can apply the Green's function technique to the problems of calculating excitation energies, ionization energies, ground state energies, and transition matrix elements. Density matrices and natural orbitals can be calculated directly without prior calculation of the wavefunctions and therefore the Green's function technique is closely related to the density matrix methods already developed in quantum chemistry. The Green's function method is clearly the way to calculate the density matrix and the natural orbitals directly. For finite atomic and molecular systems, the branch cuts are replaced by a set of poles and adjoining branch cuts. Poles can exist on the physical sheet, as well as on the nonphysical sheets reached by continuing across the cut.

Chronic active and lupoid hepatitis caused by a laxative, oxyphenisatin.

Abstract: In six patients with chronic constipation, chronic active liver disease developed after one to two years of daily ingestion of laxative preparations containing oxyphenisatin; in a seventh liver disease occurred after ingestion of laxatives of unknown composition. Clinical features were jaundice, fatigue, firm hepatomegaly and, occasionally, spider angiomas and splenomegaly. Laboratory abnormalities included an increase in transaminase activity of 10 to 40 times, decreased prothrombin, depressed serum albumin and raised globulin. Two patients had positive LE-cell tests, two others had antinuclear antibody and three had smooth-muscle antibody; none had hepatitis-associated antigen. Liver biopsies showed areas of collapse and fibrosis, with stromal lymphocytic infiltrate and focal areas of hepatocytolysis. All patients improved after changing laxatives. Challenge with oxyphenisatin in three patients caused abrupt rises in transaminase activity. A toxic etiology should be considered, therefore, in al...

The effect of orientation and sense of applied uniaxial stress on the morphology of coherent gamma prime precipitates in stress annealed nickel-base superalloy crystals

Abstract: The coarsening of coherent γ′[Ni3(Al, Ti)] precipitates in single crystals of a representative nickel-base superalloy, Udimet-700, is shown to be affected by a uniaxial stress applied during annealing. Depending on the sense of the applied stress and its crystallographic orientation, stress annealing results in oriented cuboidal, plate, or parallelepiped shaped γ′ precipitates. A general thermodynamic analysis of the effect of stress annealing on precipitate morphology is presented that takes into account free energy changes due to changes in bulk precipitation strain, effective modulus, coherency strain energy, and the total interphase boundary area. The analysis correctly predicts the observed γ′ precipitate morphologies as a function of stress axis orientation, stress sense, the lattice misfit of the precipitate phase, and the elastic constants of the matrix and precipitate phases. The analysis also shows that stress induced morphological changes can be completely precluded, as may be desired to optimize mechanical behavior, only if the elastic constants of the matrix and precipitate phases are equal. Changes in morphology due to changes in bulk precipitation strain, which in the case of Udimet-700 is shown to be the dominant effect, can be eliminated by alloying for zero lattice misfit or, in single crystals, by stressing parallel to . Applications to long-term creep behavior and to the fabrication of composite structures are discussed.

Rescue of the Genome of Focus Forming Virus from Rat Non-productive Lines by 5′-Bromodeoxyuridine

Abstract: THE rescue of the genome of transforming RNA viruses from non-productive permissive or non-permissive cells has been achieved by various biological methods, the two basic principles of which are superinfection with leukaemia helper virus1 in the case of permissive cells and mixed culture with homologous cells in the case of non-permissive cells2.

Spatial Transform Coding of Color Images

Abstract: During the past few years several monochromeimage transform-coding systems have been developed. In these systems, a quantized and coded version of a spatial unitary transform of an image is transmitted over a channel, rather than an image itself. In this paper the transform-coding concept has been applied to the coding of color images represented by three primary color planes of data. The principles of spatial transform coding are reviewed and the merits of various methods of color-image representation are discussed. A performance analysis is presented for the color-image transform-coding system. Results of a computer simulation of the coding system are also given. It is shown that, by transform coding, the chrominance content of a color image can be coded with an average of 1.0 bits per element or less without serious degradation. If luminance coding is also employed, the average rate reduces to about 2.0 bits per element or less.

Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis (Diabetic “Coma”): 482 Episodes in 257 Patients; Experience of Three Years

Abstract: There were 340 episodes of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in 257 patients, July 1, 1965 to June 30, 1968. Fatality in thirty-two cases was associated with significantly elevated admission serum glucose, urea nitrogen, osmolality and age. Major associated causes of death were infection and myocardial infarction. Twenty episodes of acute pancreatitis, with only two deaths, demonstrated severe morbidity and marked elevation of serumglucose and urea nitrogen. Fourteen of the twenty occurred in alcoholics. There were eleven episodes in ten pregnant women, with one maternal and seven fetal deaths. Admission serum potassium, recorded in 336 episodes, was markedly elevated in 22 per cent and decreased in 4 per cent. Including all multiple admissions, there were 482 episodes; forty had hypoglycemic reactions, none with fatality or severe morbidity. Nine cases of nonketotic hyperosmolar coma, with five deaths, demonstrated very high admission serum glucose, urea nitrogen, and osmolality levels.

Spatial structure in the viscous sublayer

Abstract: An experimental investigation was performed to study the spatial coherence of structures in the sublayer of a turbulent boundary layer observed previously by flow visualization. The present work verifies these observations in an Eulerian reference frame and develops a statistical description of the phenomenon. The technique involves simultaneous digital sampling of an array of constant temperature hot-wire anemometers arranged to extract information about a spanwise variation in flow quantities. The quantitative description agrees with dimensionless measures of the structure scales previously published.

Variation in patients' compliance with doctors' orders: medical practice and doctor-patient interaction.

Abstract: Doctor-patient interactions were tape-recorded and coded according to a modified system of Interaction Process Analysis. These data, combined with a series of patient interviews and a self-administered questionnaire completed by physicians, were analyzed to determine the extent of patient compliance with doctors' orders and how variations in patient compliance are influenced by some selected patient characteristics and by the structure and process of the doctor-patient relationship.None of the demographic characteristics of patients investigated here was associated with compliance. However, the ways in which doctors and patients initially fit their activity into the presumably institutionalized patterns of behavior appropriate for doctor-patient interaction and the way they deviate over time from the institutionalized role expectations was found to be related to variations in patient compliance.

Recombination velocity effects on current diffusion and imref in schottky barriers

Abstract: A detailed theoretical treatment is given of the effects of a thermionic velocity boundary condition on diffusion transport of majority carriers and the spatial variation of the majority carrier quasi-Fermi potential (imref) in metal-semiconductor (Schottky) diodes. Diode parameters such as n(={kT/q[dlnJ/dV]}−1) and Js, the reverse saturation current are calculated for the case of parabolic band bending. These results are expressed in terms of the Dawson function, the solution to the differential equation d D(y) d y = 1 − 2yD(y) . In contrast to recent estimates of ≅ 1·06 for typical conditions, the parameter n is shown to be slightly bias dependent, to have a value of less than 1·01 for typical operating conditions and a maximum value of 1·28 for forward bias ≅ 2kT/q from flat band. A calculation of spatial variation of imref in the same case shows that under moderate forward bias the electron imref is very nearly constant through the depletion region. For reverse bias the imref rapidly deviates from constancy for applied bias in excess of kT/q. Diffusion effects on T-F emission are shown to be very small.

Effect of Angiotensin II on Adrenal and Pituitary Function in Man

Abstract: The acute effect of angiotensin II on plasma cortisol, aldosterone and immunoassayable ACTH (I-ACTH) was studied in normal subjects and in 3 patients with hypopituitarism. Angiotensin II, in a pressor dose given by constant infusion for 1 hr, increased plasma aldosterone to 28.5 ±5 (sd) ng/100 ml, while ACTH had a significantly greater effect, increasing aldosterone to 64 ±10 mean ±(sd) ng/100 ml. ACTH (0.1 μg/kg/hr, βl–24) increased cortisol 3- to 4- fold; however, angiotensin II in a subpressor dose did not increase cortisol. A pressor dose of angiotensin significantly increased I-ACTH from 27.8 ±8.8 (sd) to 60.4 ±20 (sd) pg/ml (p<0.01). A rise was noted in every angiotensin infusion despite an apparent fall in cortisol whether administered in the morning or afternoon. In contrast, a subpressor infusion (1/3 pressor dose), or a pressor infusion of angiotensin after an overnight dexamethasone dose (1 mg q 12 hr), did not increase the plasma I-ACTH. In 3 patients with pituitary insufficiency, who...

Quantitation of human red blood cell fixation by glutaraldehyde.

Abstract: The uptake of glutaraldehyde by human red blood cells has been measured as a function of time by a freezing point osmometer. The rate of attachment of glutaraldehyde to the cell proteins is high over the first hour, declining to zero over a period of a few days. The number of glutaraldehyde molecules cross-linking with each hemoglobin molecule is of the order of 200, in reasonable agreement with the calculated number of attachment sites. The cell membrane is immediately highly permeable to glutaraldehyde. Selective permeability to ions is lost during fixation. Ionic equilibrium is obtained only after a few hours. An optimum fixation technique for shape preservation is suggested.