Showing papers by "University of Winnipeg published in 1997"
TL;DR: Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric and Toulmin's Model of Argumentation are discussed in this article, along with a discussion of fallacies, controversy, and discussion.
Abstract: Contents: Preface. Introduction. Part I: Historical Backgrounds. Analytic, Dialectic and Rhetoric. Analysis of Fallacies, Controversy, and Discussion. Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's New Rhetoric. Toulmin's Model of Argumentation. Part II: Contemporary Developments. Informal Logic and Critical Thinking. Communication and Rhetoric. Fallacies and Formal Logic. Dialogue Logic and Formal Dialectics. Pragma-Dialectics and Critical Discussion. Language-Oriented Approaches to Argumentation. Other Significant Developments.
688 citations
01 Oct 1997
TL;DR: This paper presents a problem of fuzzy clustering with partial supervision, i.e., unsupervised learning completed in the presence of some labeled patterns, and proposes two specific learning scenarios of complete and incomplete class assignment of the labeled patterns.
Abstract: Presented here is a problem of fuzzy clustering with partial supervision, i.e., unsupervised learning completed in the presence of some labeled patterns. The classification information is incorporated additively as a part of an objective function utilized in the standard FUZZY ISODATA. The algorithms proposed in the paper embrace two specific learning scenarios of complete and incomplete class assignment of the labeled patterns. Numerical examples including both synthetic and real-world data arising in the realm of software engineering are also provided.
327 citations
TL;DR: This review examines the intertwined environmental and social effects of methylmercury bioaccumulation in the food web, emission of greenhouse gases from reservoirs, downstream effects of altered flows, and impacts on biodiversity, each of which operates at its own unique spatial and temporal scales.
Abstract: The substantial size of some hydroelectric projects and the extensive total surface area covered by reservoirs globally require that research determining the impacts of these developments be done a...
283 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that the operation of the information processing system in patients with chronic pain may be dependent on a patient's trait predisposition to fear pain.
Abstract: Preliminary evidence from a study using a modified Stroop paradigm suggests that individuals with chronic pain selectively attend to pain-related information. The current study was conducted in an attempt to replicate and extend this finding. Nineteen patients with chronic pain stemming from musculoskeletal injury and 22 healthy control subjects participated. All participants completed a computerised task designed to evaluate attentional allocation to cues thematically related to pain and injury via measurement of detection latencies for dot-probes that followed their presentation. Results indicated that patients did not differ from control subjects in their pattern of responses to dot-probes that were presented following either the pain- or injury-related cues. This pattern of results continued to hold true after including level of depression as a covariate in the analysis. However, when patients were divided on the basis of scores on the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (Peterson, R.A. and Reiss, S., Anxiety Sensitivity Index Manual, 2nd edn., International Diagnostic Systems, Worthington, OH, 1992), a measure related to fear of pain (Asmundson, G.J.G. and Norton, G.R., Behav. Res. Ther., 34 (1996) 545-554), those with low anxiety sensitivity shifted attention away from stimuli related to pain whereas those with high anxiety sensitivity responded similarly to dot-probes regardless of the parameters of presentation. These results suggest that the operation of the information processing system in patients with chronic pain may be dependent on a patient's trait predisposition to fear pain. Theoretical and ecological implications are discussed.
220 citations
TL;DR: There were no differences between groups on agoraphobic, blood/injury, social fears, or anxiety sensitivity; however, patients classified as dysfunctional reported more pain‐specific fear and avoidance than did those classified as interpersonally distressed or adaptive copers.
Abstract: Two studies that assess fear and avoidance in patients with chronic pain are presented. In the first study, 200 patients with chronic back pain were classified, using the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (Kerns et al., 1985) clustering procedure, as dysfunctional (n = 53), interpersonally distressed (n = 37), and adaptive copers (n = 62). Groups were compared on common measures of anxiety, fear and avoidance. Multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the groups differed significantly across measures. Univariate follow-up revealed that there were no differences between groups on agoraphobic, blood/injury, social fears, or anxiety sensitivity; however, patients classified as dysfunctional reported more pain-specific fear and avoidance than did those classified as interpersonally distressed or adaptive copers. In the second study, pain-specific fear and avoidance measures were used in a discriminant function analysis to predict the MPI classification of an independent sample of 55 patients with chronic pain. The measures correctly classified 76.5% of the dysfunctional group and 71.1% of a composite group of interpersonally distressed and adaptive copers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
154 citations
TL;DR: A step by step procedure to screen for proteins that interact with a protein of interest using the two-hybrid system is described to allow investigators to identify proteins and their encoding cDNAs that have a biologically significant interaction with yourprotein of interest.
Abstract: The yeast two-hybrid system is a molecular genetic test for protein interaction. Here we describe a step by step procedure to screen for proteins that interact with a protein of interest using the two-hybrid system. This process includes, construction and testing of the bait plasmid, screening a plasmid library for interacting fusion proteins, elimination of false positives and deletion analysis of true positives. This procedure is designed to allow investigators to identify proteins and their encoding cDNAs that have a biologically significant interaction with your protein of interest.
152 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is argued that people's rules of self-inference derive in large p... and that the sense of self is constructed rather than directly perceived or experienced.
Abstract: It is generally accepted that the sense of self is constructed rather than directly perceived or experienced. The hypothesis is advanced here that people's rules of self-inference derive in large p...
124 citations
TL;DR: These studies of red-winged blackbirds provide confirmation of an insurance hypothesis where the marginal offspring created by hatching asynchrony serve as replacements for failed earlier-hatched or ‘core’ offspring.
Abstract: Most birds hatch their broods asynchronously, which leads to reduced growth and higher mortality of last-hatched nestlings1,2,3. Why parent birds confer handicaps on some of their progeny, and advantages on others, remains controversial, although a consensus is emerging that there is no single adaptive explanation2,3. Our studies of red-winged blackbirds provide confirmation of an insurance hypothesis4,5,6,7,8,9 where the marginal offspring created by hatching asynchrony serve as replacements for failed earlier-hatched or ‘core’ offspring.
117 citations
TL;DR: An investigation has been made of bird species recognition using recordings of birdsong, with discernible recording noise such as tape hiss and, in some cases, other competing songs in the background.
Abstract: An investigation has been made of bird species recognition using recordings of birdsong. Six species of birds native to Manitoba were chosen: song sparrows, fox sparrows, marsh wrens, sedge wrens, yellow warblers, and red-winged blackbirds. These species exhibit overlapping characteristics in terms of frequency content, song components, and length of songs. Songs from multiple individuals in each of these species were employed, with discernible recording noise such as tape hiss and, in some cases, other competing songs in the background. These songs were analyzed using backpropagation learning in two-layer perceptrons, as well as methods from multivariate statistics that included principal components and quadratic discriminant analysis. Preprocessing methods included linear predictive coding and windowed Fourier transforms. Generalization performance ranged from 82-93 % correct identification, with the lower figures corresponding to smaller networks employing more preprocessing for dimensionality reduction. At the same time, the computational requirements were significantly reduced in this case.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the early stages of formation of a filament channel were observed when a compact activity complex emerged in a previously quiet, nearequatorial area, and while flux was rising rapidly in one bipolar component in the complex, Hα fine structure overlying a polarity inversion zone organized into a conspicuous pattern of parallel fibrils enclosing the trailing end of the new activity complex.
Abstract: We present observations of the early stages of formation of a filament channel when a compact activity complex emerged in a previously quiet, near-equatorial area. In a few hours, and while flux was rising rapidly in one bipolar component in the complex, Hα fine structure overlying a polarity inversion zone organized into a conspicuous pattern of parallel fibrils enclosing the trailing end of the new activity complex. Yet it took another 4 days for a stable filament to form inside that pattern. It did so at a place where migrating positive polarity flux from the new activity complex contacted the negative polarity flux in a plage of an adjacent decaying bipolar active region. In contrast, no filament formed along an existing channel inside the adjacent decaying region; the opposite-polarity fluxes on the borders of the existing channel showed no signs of convergence. We attribute the fibril-aligning forces in the new channel to the horizontal component of an extended nonpotential magnetic field caused by currents in the multipolar activity complex. The channel is, in this view, an elementary part of the magnetic topology of an activity complex. We propose that the later formation of the filament in the new channel requires an additional and separate process. A plausible candidate for this second step is the development of a current sheet at the site of converging magnetic flux.
113 citations
22 May 1997
TL;DR: This paper presents a method of extracting and modelling radio transmitter transients for classification using multifractal models, motivated by the real possibility of identifying radio transmitters used in violation of federal and international regulations.
Abstract: This paper presents a method of extracting and modelling radio transmitter transients for classification. It is motivated by the real possibility of identifying radio transmitters used in violation of federal and international regulations. A system has been developed which takes the beginning of a radio transmission and separates it from ambient channel noise using a multifractal segmentation technique. Then, significant features are extracted from the transient and a more compact multifractal model is obtained. Finally, this model is analysed by a neural network for classification. Preliminary results indicate that classification using multifractal models is feasible. More specifically, a probabilistic neural network has been trained using 160 out of 415 available transients. Testing the system with the remaining 255 transients produced results in which 92.5% of the transients were classified correctly.
TL;DR: Young athletes frequently suffer from being seen as athletes first and children second, which has consequences for their legal, civil and human rights as children and for the way in which sport orga...
Abstract: Young athletes frequently suffer from being seen as athletes first and children second. This has consequences for their legal, civil and human rights as children and for the way in which sport orga...
TL;DR: In this article, a position-based impedance controller (PBIC) is proposed and demonstrated on an industrial hydraulic robot (a Unimate MKII-2000) and a nonlinear proportional-integral (NPI) controller is developed to meet the accurate positioning requirements of this impedance control formulation.
Abstract: This article addresses the problem of impedance control in hydraulic manipulators. Whereas most impedance and hybrid force/position control formulations have focused on electrically driven robots with controllable actuator torques, torque control of hydraulic actuators is a difficult task. A position-based impedance controller (PBIC) is proposed and demonstrated on an existing industrial hydraulic robot (a Unimate MKII-2000). A nonlinear proportional-integral (NPI) controller is first developed to meet the accurate positioning requirements of this impedance control formulation. The NPI controller is shown to make the manipulator match a range of second-order target impedances. Various experiments in free space and in environmental contact, including a simple impedance modulation experiment, demonstrate the feasibility and the promise of the technique. Finally, explanation of an experimentally observed behaviour is offered, suggesting a basic limitation to the implementation of impedance control.
TL;DR: Conventional eplanations have focused on a rising production of defective zygotes; in contrast, an evolutionary approach suggest a relaxed maternal screen, which potentially explains the rising incidenee of chromosomal abnormalities in live-births, the incidence of normal embryos in spontaneous abortions, and the occurrence of spontaneous abortions with maternal age.
Abstract: Human mothers an efficient screening system to eliminate genetically abnormal embryos. However, the incidence of certain birth defects - most notably Down's syndrome - rises with maternal age. Conventional eplanations have focused on a rising production of defective zygotes; in contrast, an evolutionary approach suggest a relaxed maternal screen. Relaxed screening potentially explains the rising incidenee of chromosomal abnormalities in live-births, the incidence of normal embryos in spontaneous abortions, and the incidence of spontaneous abortions with maternal age. If true, then restoration of the screen may be possible, reducing the incidence of birth defects.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors conducted a step-wise regression analysis on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and the Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) and found that scores on the SPS, a measure of non-generalized (circumscribed) social anxiety, were mostly predicted by the NEO domain of neuroticism.
TL;DR: A simple k‐space phase correction method is proposed and demonstrated for FLASH fMRI, and is more effective than navigator echo correction and Physiological noise is dramatically reduced, especially at inferior slice locations.
Abstract: Signal phase variations caused by physiology are a major source of instability in fMRI images produced by multiple RF pulses. k-Space phase variation maps show cyclic phase variations at the frequency of respiration combined with a cardiac variation of lower amplitude. The amplitude of the variation increases with gradient echo time and proximity to the chest, suggesting that the dominant cause of the phase variation is a B0 shift (∼0.01 ppm) produced by movement of organs in the chest. A simple k-space phase correction method is proposed and demonstrated for FLASH fMRI. The retrospective method requires no pulse sequence modification, and is more effective than navigator echo correction. Physiological noise is dramatically reduced, especially at inferior slice locations.
TL;DR: The present research explored factors thought to affect compensatory awards for non-economic ham (“pain and suffering”) in personal injury cases and found the disability and the mental suffering associated with injuries were stronger predictors of awards than were pain and disfigurement.
Abstract: The present research explored factors thought to affect compensatory awards for non-economic harm ("pain and suffering") in personal injury cases. Experiment 1 showed that the nature and severity of the plaintiff's injury had a strong effect on perceptions of the extent of harm suffered and on award amounts. The parties' relatively active or passive roles in causing the injury affected assessments of their degree of fault, but perceived fault had little influence on awards. Experiment 2 replicated with more varied cases the strong impact of injury severity on harm perception and on awards for pain and suffering. In both studies, the disability and the mental suffering associated with injuries were stronger predictors of awards than were pain and disfigurement.
25 May 1997
TL;DR: The paper provides a unified view of computational intelligence in the context of software engineering through the lens of fuzzy sets, neural and evolutionary computing, and an illustration in terms of a fuzzy software quality model.
Abstract: The paper provides a unified view of computational intelligence in the context of software engineering. Technologies such as fuzzy sets, neural and evolutionary computing useful in software development are considered. The links between software engineering and computational intelligence are identified. An illustration is given in terms of a fuzzy software quality model.
TL;DR: The current housing system in Canada is described, focusing particularly on the various mechanisms still available for providing affordable housing, and the impact these changes may have on low‐ and moderate‐income households in Canada.
Abstract: This article describes the current housing system in Canada, focusing particularly on the various mechanisms still available for providing affordable housing. Beginning with an overview of the Canadian housing system, it provides a brief history of Canadian housing policy and program initiatives instrumental in developing the inventory of affordable housing available today. Current practices and procedures in private lending for affordable housing are highlighted. A discussion of current initiatives available to provide affordable housing follows, with a focus on the role of government, the third sector, and new partnership arrangements implemented to encourage more affordable housing. The conclusion highlights recent changes, the current state of the affordable housing sector, and the impact these changes may have on low‐ and moderate‐income households in Canada.
TL;DR: It is recommended that the existing standards need to be modified should they be applied to nutrient diagnosis in natural white spruce stands, as they appear too high for N and too low for P, K, and Ca.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The role of social support in health, illness, and subjective well-being has been investigated for a long time as mentioned in this paper, with 2,508 citations from PsycInfo and 1,321 citations from Medline.
Abstract: Psychological Bulletin (Burman & Margolin, 1992), Science (House, Landis, & Umberson, 1988), and a lot of grandmothers attest to the impact that relationships have on health, illness, and subjective well-being. This apparent fact has spawned a great deal of research directed at understanding the role of social support: Database searches of just a 5-year period, using the keywords social support, recently yielded 2,508 citations from PsycInfo and 1,321 from Medline.
TL;DR: In this article, a double circuit line protection relay with all 6 line currents and voltages available for processing is described. But the system used in the simulations is modelled on a 69 kV parallel line in the Winnipeg Hydro network.
Abstract: This paper describes a double circuit line protection relay which has all 6 line currents and voltages available for processing. This allows several alterations to the standard 3-phase distance package which enhance the performance of the protection system. Results are presented for the relay fed with simulated waveforms from a Playback Simulator. The system used in the simulations is modelled on a 69 kV parallel line in the Winnipeg Hydro network.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided information on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) with respect to factor structure, relations with psychopathology, and sex differences.
Abstract: This study sought to provide information on the Social Phobia Scale (SPS) and Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (SIAS) of Mattick and Clarke (1989) with respect to factor structure, relations with psychopathology, and sex differences. A sample of 200 university students completed the SPS and SIAS and various measures of anxiety symptoms and depression. The results from the factor analyses for the sample as a whole suggest the presence of three factors corresponding to scrutiny fears, social interaction anxiety, and a general level of discomfort in social interactions. The results for men replicated this structure. For women, the three-factor solution demonstrated a blurring between the types of anxiety-provoking situations, and a general discomfort in situations involving differences in social power. In general, the discomfort factor was not correlated with measures of pathology, raising the possibility that uneasiness in these situations represents a process that is not part of social anxiety. The distinction between scrutiny fears and social interaction anxiety was also supported by the pattern of partial correlations that suggests that the presence of scrutiny fears is a stronger predictor of psychopathology than is social interaction anxiety, especially for men.
TL;DR: Institutional and architectural history places the asylum alongside the prison and other institutional types whose architectural characteristics emphasized confinement and control, but this history obfuscates important differences in how ideas about treatment were represented in the particular design of these institutions.
TL;DR: The authors used a stochastic production frontier approach to examine the technical efficiency of Chinese township and village enterprises (TVEs) and variations in that efficiency, and found that the average technical efficiency level of the sampled TVEs resembles that of industrial enterprises in other developing countries and that enterprises owned by township or village governments are more efficient than enterprises under private ownership.
TL;DR: The results showed that men who scored high on the ASI were more likely than low ASI subjects to prefer depressants, especially alcohol, and all female ASI groups (high, medium and low) showed a preference for alcohol.
TL;DR: This study introduces and study criteria of separability and variability as the key means guiding a distribution and granularity of the linguistic labels forming the condition part of the local models.
Abstract: We discuss a problem of rule-based fuzzy modeling of multiple-input single-output nonlinear relationships f: R/sub n//spl rarr/R. The model under investigation is viewed as a collection of conditional statements "if state /spl Omega/, then y=g/sub i/(x,at)", i=1,2,...N with /spl Omega//sub i/ being a fuzzy relation defined in the space of the input variables. In contrast to the commonly encountered identification approach, based exclusively upon discrete experimental data, the one proposed in this study is concerned with the rule-based modeling exploiting the available nonlinear input-output relationship. The main thrust is in the development of a relevant fuzzy partition of the input variables. We introduce and study criteria of separability and variability as the key means guiding a distribution and granularity of the linguistic labels forming the condition part of the local models.
22 May 1997
TL;DR: In this article, the authors considered focusing the antenna to a point on its axis near the aperture, which may be used in near-field focusing of microwave power, or, near field probing by a radiometer.
Abstract: Large aperture antennas such as reflectors are commonly used for far-field communications. In these applications the aperture field is uniformly illuminated in phase by a feed antenna, and the radiated beam focuses at infinity. In this study we consider focusing the antenna to a point on its axis near the aperture. Interesting results are obtained for the focused location and its spot size, which may be used in near-field focusing of microwave power, or, near field probing by a radiometer.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors study the evolution of employment and wage outcomes in Chinese SOEs during the first decade of economic reforms, using a panel of data for almost 1000 enterprises covering the years 1980-90.
Abstract: We study the evolution of employment and wage outcomes in Chinese SOEs during the first decade of economic reforms, using a panel of data for almost 1000 enterprises covering the years 1980–90. Unlike the 1990s, which were marked by growing labor redundancy in the SOE sector, we find that CPE-fostered capital-intensity remained so extreme during the 1980s that workers' marginal products exceeded their full wages, just as in a classical monopsony outcome. Consistent with reasoning about the impact of competition upon monopsony, however, we find the marginal product-wage gap declined in the face of market-oriented reforms, and that monopsony was weakest where the state sector's shares of industrial output and enterprises were lowest, and for smaller enterprises and enterprises managed by lower levels of government. Our analysis also supports Xu and Zhuang's (1996) finding that bonus payments increased enterprises' revenues by more than it did their costs.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the bremsstrahlung production of soft real and virtual photons in a quark-gluon plasma at thermal equilibrium beyond the Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) resummation.
Abstract: We discuss the bremsstrahlung production of soft real and virtual photons in a quark-gluon plasma at thermal equilibrium beyond the Hard Thermal Loop (HTL) resummation. The physics is controlled by the ratio $Q^{2}/q_{0}^{2}$ of the virtuality to the energy. When $Q^{2}/q_{0}^{2} ⌈ g^{2}$ where g is the strong coupling constant, the emission rate is enhanced by a factor 1/g2 over the HTL results due to light-cone singularities and the bremsstrahlung is induced by scattering of the quark via both transverse and longitudinal soft gluon exchanges. When $Q^{2}/q_{0}^{2}$ increases, the enhancement factor is given by $q_{0}^{2}/Q^{2}$. When this ratio is near unity, the bremsstrahlung contribution is of the same order as the rate predicted by the HTL resummation. In that case, the bremsstrahlung is induced by both soft and hard gluon exchanges.