Showing papers by "Yale University published in 1973"
TL;DR: The analysis described shows K I does not equal I 50 when competitive inhibition kinetics apply; however, K I is equal to I 50 under conditions of either noncompetitive or uncompetitive kinetics.
12,583 citations
TL;DR: This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items.
Abstract: Recent changes in prctheorclical orientation toward problems of human memory have brought with them a concern with retrieval processes, and a number of early versions of theories of retrieval have been constructed. This paper describes and evaluates explanations offered by these theories to account for the effect of extralist cuing, facilitation of recall of list items by nonlist items. Experiments designed to test the currently most popular theory of retrieval, the generation-recognition theory, yielded results incompatible not only with generation-recognition models, but most other theories as well: under certain conditions subjects consistently failed to recognize many recallable list words. Several tentative explanations of this phenomenon of recognition failure were subsumed under the encoding specificity principle according to which the memory trace of an event and hence the properties of effective retrieval cue are determined by the specific encoding operations performed by the system on the input stimuli.
4,197 citations
TL;DR: This article derived expressions for the mass of a stationary axisymmetric solution of the Einstein equations containing a black hole surrounded by matter and for the difference in mass between two neighboring such solutions.
Abstract: Expressions are derived for the mass of a stationary axisymmetric solution of the Einstein equations containing a black hole surrounded by matter and for the difference in mass between two neighboring such solutions. Two of the quantities which appear in these expressions, namely the area A of the event horizon and the “surface gravity” κ of the black hole, have a close analogy with entropy and temperature respectively. This analogy suggests the formulation of four laws of black hole mechanics which correspond to and in some ways transcend the four laws of thermodynamics.
3,494 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1973TL;DR: In this paper, a theory about human memory, about how a person encodes, retains, and retrieves information from memory, was proposed and tested, based on the HAM theory.
Abstract: Published in 1980, part of the Experimental Psychology series. This book proposes and tests a theory about human memory, about how a person encodes, retains, and retrieves information from memory. This edition contains two major parts. First is the historical analysis of associationism and its countertraditions. This still provides the framework that has been used to relate the current research to an important intellectual tradition. This is reproduced without comment from the original book; historical analyses do not need as rapid revision as theoretical analyses. The second part of the book reproduces the major components of the HAM theory.
2,340 citations
TL;DR: This method can be used for predicting and assessing possible secondary structures for recently determined RNA sequences and new experimental and theoretical results allow us to improve the method, without making it more complicated.
Abstract: A SIMPLE method for estimating the most stable secondary structure of an RNA molecule from its sequence was proposed earlier1. This method can be used for predicting and assessing possible secondary structures for recently determined RNA sequences2–4. New experimental5–8 and theoretical9, 10 results allow us to improve the method, without making it more complicated.
2,029 citations
1,711 citations
1,491 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Graphs in Statistical Analysis (GSA), a graph-based approach for graph analysis of graphs in statistical analysis, which is based on graph-graph graphs.
Abstract: (1973). Graphs in Statistical Analysis. The American Statistician: Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 17-21.
933 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that a link in excitation-contraction coupling involves the movement of a fixed amount of charge free to move between different locations across the membrane.
Abstract: It is suggested that a link in excitation-contraction coupling involves the movement of a fixed amount of charge free to move between different locations across the membrane.
927 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the energies, configuration, and other properties of resonances (also called "compound states" and "temporary negative ions") in diatomic molecules are presented in the form of tables and energy level diagrams.
Abstract: In this review we present the energies, configuration, and other properties of resonances (also called "compound states" and "temporary negative ions") in diatomic molecules. Much of the information is presented in the form of tables and energy level diagrams. Vibrational, rotational, and electronic excitation are discussed whenever these processes have given information on resonances; often these excitation processes proceed via resonances. The paper is divided according to molecular species (${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$, CO, NO, ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$), but the main conclusions are discussed by the nature of the processes involved.
923 citations
TL;DR: A glucose-alanine cycle in which alanine is formed peripherally by transamination of glucose-derived pyruvate and transported to the liver where its carbon skeleton is reconverted to glucose is suggested.
Abstract: Alanine is quantitatively the primary amino acid released by muscle and extracted by the splanchnic bed in postabsorptive as well as prolonged fasted man. The hepatic capacity for conversion of alanine to glucose exceeds that of all other amino acids. Insulin inhibits gluconeogenesis by reducing hepatic alanine uptake. In contrast, in diabetes, an increase in hepatic alanine extraction is observed in the face of diminished circulating substrate. In prolonged fasting, diminished alanine release is the mechanism whereby gluconeogenesis is reduced. In circumstances in which alanine is deficient, such as pregnancy and ketotic hypoglycemia of infancy, fasting hypoglycemia is accentuated. Augmented glucose utilization in exercise and hyperpyruvicemia consequent to inborn enzymatic defects are accompanied by increased circulating levels of alanine. These data thus suggest the existence of a glucose-alanine cycle in which alanine is formed peripherally by transamination of glucose-derived pyruvate and transported to the liver where its carbon skeleton is reconverted to glucose. The rate of recycling of glucose carbon skeletons in this pathway appears to occur at approximately 50% of that observed for the Cori (lactate) cycle.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the experimental methods which are useful for studying these resonances, and review the results obtained by various investigators and discuss the configurations and other properties of resonances in atoms.
Abstract: Electrons colliding with atoms can form, at well-defined energies, compound states consisting of the target atom plus the incident electron. The compound states, which are also called "resonances" or "temporary negative ions," often dominate electron collision processes. In this review we discuss the experimental methods which are useful for studying these resonances, and review the results obtained by various investigators. We list the energies and the widths of resonances for H, He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Li, Na, Hg, and O. The configurations and other properties of resonances in atoms are discussed. Whenever applicable, results are presented in the form of tables and energy level diagrams.
TL;DR: This article showed that the duration of rehearsal is not related to long-term memory and learning only in the latter case, and maintenance rehearsal does not lead to an improvement in memory performance.
TL;DR: It is proposed that systemically administered d-amphet-amine selectively depresses the firing rate of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra zona compacta and adjacent ventral tegmental area of the rat midbrain and that these drugs also slow dopamine cells.
Abstract: WE have reported that systemically administered d-amphet-amine selectively depresses the firing rate of dopamine-containing cells in the substantia nigra zona compacta and adjacent ventral tegmental area of the rat midbrain1. d-Amphetamine is believed to act by releasing dopamine and blocking its re-uptake, leading to stimulation of dopamine receptors by increasing the availability of dopamine at postsynaptic receptor sites2–4. The increased receptor stimulation is then thought to initiate neuronal feedback inhibition of dopamine units5. Two other drugs are believed to stimulate dopamine receptors: L-dopa is converted to dopamine by an aromatic amino acid decarboxylase, increasing the amount of dopamine potentially available at receptor sites6–8, while apomorphine seems to stimulate the receptors directly9–11. Because of this alleged ability to stimulate dopamine receptors, it has been predicted that these drugs also slow dopamine cells10.
TL;DR: The results suggest that when hippocampal synaptosomes are incubated in the presence of choline, at concentrations of 10 μm m or lower, then cholinergic nerve endings are responsible for the bulk of the choline accumulated by the tissue.
Abstract: — Most of the cholinergic input to the hippocampus was destroyed by placement of lesions in the medial septal area. In animals with such lesions we found that hippocampal ChAc activity was reduced by 85–90% and endogenous acetylcholine levels were reduced by more than 80 %. When hippocampal synaptosomes from animals with lesions were incubated with [3H]choline at concentrations of 7.5 nm, 1 μm and 10 μm there was approximately a 60 % reduction in the uptake of [3H]choline, suggesting that cholinergic nerve endings were mainly responsible for [3H]choline uptake. At 0.1 mm concentrations of [3H]choline, there was only a 25 % reduction of choline uptake, suggesting that at higher concentrations of choline there was more nonspecific uptake. The uptake of radiolabelled tryptophan, glutamate and GABA were only slightly or not at all affected by the lesions. There was a significant reduction of uptake of radiolabelled serotonin and norepinephrine, since known monoaminergic tracts were disrupted. Choline uptake was reduced only in brain regions in which cholinergic input was interrupted (i.e. the cerebral cortex and hippocampus) and remained unchanged in other regions (i.e. the cerebellum and striatum). The time course of the reduction in choline uptake was similar to that of the reductions in ChAc activity and endogenous ACh levels; there was no decrease at 1 day, a significant decrease at 2 days, and the maximal decrease at 4 days postlesion. There was a close correlation among choline uptake, ChAc activity and ACh levels in the four brain regions examined (i.e. the striatum, cerebral cortex, hippocampus and cerebellum). Our results suggest that when hippocampal synaptosomes (and perhaps synaptosomes from other brain areas as well) are incubated in the presence of choline, at concentrations of 10 μm m or lower, then cholinergic nerve endings are responsible for the bulk of the choline accumulated by the tissue.
TL;DR: Water quality standards and management programmes depends on an accurate assessment of factors determining the relative abundances of algal species, and biological controls are less commonly assessed although their potential importance is recognized.
Abstract: THE success of future water quality standards and management programmes depends on an accurate assessment of factors determining the relative abundances of algal species. Physical and chemical factors are often considered1; biological controls are less commonly assessed although their potential importance is recognized2–4. Planktonic crustacea exhibit selective feeding behaviour ranging from passive size selection in Daphnia5 to raptorial feeding in cyclopoid copepods6. Some algae are actively rejected7,8 and others are poorly digested8–11 by grazers.
TL;DR: In this article, a photochemical theory for tropospheric ozone was presented, in which the methane oxidation chain constitutes a large local source, and this source produces about one trillion odd oxygen molecules per square centimeter per second.
Abstract: We present a photochemical theory for tropospheric ozone in which the methane oxidation chain constitutes a large local source. This source produces about one trillion odd oxygen molecules per square centimeter per second and implies a photochemical lifetime for ozone of about 1 day, much shorter than characteristic mixing times. The photochemical model reproduces the altitude and seasonal dependence of ozone at 30 deg N. It also gives qualitative agreement with observed day-to-day variations of the ozone density.
TL;DR: In this article, the structural properties of the matrix triple (C,A,B) which remain invariant under various transformation groups are identified, and a brief account of a recent result which states that the controllable space of a matrix triple can be decomposed into a direct sum of singly-generated controllability subspaces, the dimension of each subspace being determined by one of the controLLability indices of
Abstract: This article identifies some of the structural properties of the matrix triple $(C,A,B)$ which remain invariant under various transformation groups. The paper begins with a brief account of a recent result which states that the controllable space of $(A,B)$ can be decomposed into a direct sum of singly-generated controllability subspaces, the dimension of each subspace being determined by one of the controllability indices of $(A,B)$. In certain instances the component subspaces of this decomposition can be chosen so that their C-images also decompose system output space in a special way; matrix triples $(C,A,B)$ for which such a decomposition is possible are called prime. If $\bar {\mathcal{C}}$ is an appropriately defined group of system-coordinate and state-feedback transformations acting on prime triples, then the controllability indices of $(A,B)$ determine a complete orbital invariant under $\bar {\mathcal{C}}$.By imbedding $\bar {\mathcal{C}}$ in a richer transformation group $\mathcal{C}^ * $, whi...
TL;DR: In this paper, the octonion algebra is studied in a split basis by means of a formalism that brings outs its quarkstructure, and reduction is made through the physically important subgroups SU(3) and SU(2) of G 2, the automorphism group of octonions.
Abstract: The octonion (Cayley) algebra is studied in a split basis by means of a formalism that brings outs its quarkstructure. The groups SO(8), SO(7), and G 2 are represented by octonions as well as by 8 × 8 matrices and the principle of triality is studied in this formalism. Reduction is made through the physically important subgroups SU(3) and SU(2) ⊗ SU(2) of G 2, the automorphism group of octonions.
TL;DR: The distribution of Mg2+ between calcite and solution at the entire temperature range is heterogeneous, closely following the Doerner-Hoskins (Doerner and Hoskins, 1925) distribution law.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that expectancy attitudes were significantly related to some measures of effort and performance, such as ability and role perception, and this led to a significant multiple correlation with performance.
TL;DR: A lattice F in a linear semi-simple group is said to be irreducible if no subgroup of F of finite index is a direct product of two infinite normal subgroups as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A discrete subgroup F of a locally compact topological group G is said to be a lattice in G if the homogeneous space G/F carries a finite G-invariant measure. A lattice F in G is said to be uniform (or co-compact) if G/F is compact; otherwise it is said to be non-uniform. A lattice F in a linear semi-simple group is said to be irreducible if no subgroup of F of finite index is a direct product of two infinite normal subgroups. Let G be a linear analytic semi-simple group which has trivial center and no compact factors, given a lattice A in G it is known that G decomposes into a direct p r o d u c t / / G i , such that for all i, Gi is a normal analytic subgroup of G; Ai=Ac~Gi is an irreducible lattice in G~ and llAi is a subgroup of A of finite index. Furthermore, if G = 1~ Gj is any decom-
TL;DR: The results suggest that the locus coeruleus plays an important role in mediating the effect of stress on the metabolism of norepinephrine in the cerebral cortex.
TL;DR: The results are compatible with the hypothesis that the mediation of certain types of synaptic transmission may involve regulation by cyclic AMP of the level of phosphorylation of specific protein constituents of the synaptic membranes.
TL;DR: The approximate genetic map locations of auxotrophic and conditional lethal mutations of Escherichia coli can be rapidly determined with replica plating techniques and many types of mutations with similar phenotypes can be grouped as to approximate location on the genetic map.
Abstract: The approximate genetic map locations of auxotrophic and conditional lethal mutations of Escherichia coli can be rapidly determined with replica plating techniques. A set of patches of 15 streptomycin-sensitive (Str(S)) Hfr strains with points of origin distributed around the map is replica plated onto a recombinant-selective plate with a lawn of Str(R) cells which carry an unmapped mutation. The map interval defined by the Hfr points of origin which are closest to the mutant locus is seen by the presence or absence of heavy patches of recombinants produced by transfer of early wild-type genes from the Hfrs. An alternative method is to replicate patches of different mutant strains (100 per plate) onto Hfr lawns; in this case more than 1,000 different mutants can be mapped in a single experiment in a few days. In this way, many types of mutations with similar phenotypes can be grouped as to approximate location on the genetic map. For ordering mutations within groups, the same replica plating methods can be used to cross F-prime derivatives of mutants with other mutants of the same group. Relative merits of these and other mapping methods of E. coli are discussed.
TL;DR: The results imply that Epstein-Barr virus is capable of inducing malignant lymphoma in at least one primate species, and additional evidence is required before its oncogenic capacity in this host can be accepted without reservation.
Abstract: Neoplasia resembling human malignant lymphoma, reticulum cell sarcoma type, occurred in cottontop marmosets inoculated with materials containing Epstein-Barr virus. One of four monkeys that received autologous cells transformed in vitro by Epstein-Barr virus developed lymphoma in mesenteric lymph nodes 7.5 months after inoculation. Three of four marmosets inoculated with cell-free Epstein-Barr virus developed lymphoma. The latent period for detectable tumor formation after addition of virus was 31-46 days. Immunosuppressive drugs given with the virus accelerated the course of disease. Nevertheless, malignant lymphoma occurred in an animal given only cell-free virus. Six of eight marmosets inoculated with the virus demonstrated antibodies to the virus. Four marmosets not exposed to the virus, including two that received immunosuppressive drugs, developed neither tumors nor antibodies to Epstein-Barr virus. Virus antigen detectable by immunofluorescence was found in 5% of cells shed from one tumor maintained in organ culture. These results imply that Epstein-Barr virus is capable of inducing malignant lymphoma in at least one primate species. Additional evidence is required before its oncogenic capacity in this host can be accepted without reservation.