Showing papers by "York University published in 1984"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the emotional consequences of two coping strategies, information seeking and wish-fulfilling fantasy, expected to play different roles in adjustment and found that neither strategy's effects were modified by illness controllability.
Abstract: Longitudinal data on the coping strategies used by middle-aged and older adults faced with one of four different chronic illnesses (N ~ 151) were used to evaluate the role of coping in the explanation of psychological adjustment. The study distinguished between illnesses that offer few opportunities for control (rheumatoid arthritis and cancer) and those more responsive to individual and medical efforts at control (hypertension and diabetes) and evaluated the emotional consequences of two coping strategies, information seeking and wish-fulfilling fantasy, expected to play different roles in adjustment. Results showed information seeking to have salubrious effects on adjustment and wish-fulfilling fantasy to have deleterious consequences; contrary to expectation, neither strategy's effects were modified by illness controllability. Analyses of the direction of causation between coping and adjustment suggest that wish-fulfilling fantasy is linked to poor adjustment in a mutually reinforcing causal cycle. The modesty of the effects of coping, however, demand replication of results to confirm the conclusions drawn here. Physical health is closely related to emotional and mental health, particularly among middle-aged and older adults, a fact documented by a multitude of studies (see reviews by Larson, 1978; Palmore & Luikart, 1972). Individuals differ in their adjustment to both acute and chronic illness, however. Coping efforts have been proposed as one means of accounting for these differences in adaptation, and numerous studies have documented the importance of individual coping efforts in helping ill adults maintain reasonable levels of emotional well-being (e.g., Cohen & Lazarus, 1979; Moos, 1982). These studies have found typical coping strategies to include: denial, selective ignoring, information seeking, taking refuge in activity, avoidance, learning specific illness-related procedures, engaging in wish-fulfilling fantasy, blaming others, and seeking comfort from others. Unfortunately, many of the studies arguing the importance
703 citations
TL;DR: The results of two recall experiments indicate that subjects unintentionally made trait inferences at encoding, which suggests that attributions may be made spontaneously, as part of the routine comprehension of social events.
Abstract: Do people make trait inferences, even without intentions or instructions, at the encoding stage of processing behavioral information? Tulving's encoding specificity paradigm (Tulving & Thomson, 1973) was adapted for two recall experiments Under memory instructions only, subjects read sentences describing people performing actions that implied traits Later, subjects recalled each sentence under one of three cuing conditions: (a) a dispositional cue (eg, generous), (b) a strong, nondispositional semantic associate to an important sentence word; or (c) no cue Recall was best when cued by the disposition words Subjects were unaware of having made trait inferences Interpreted in terms of encoding specificity, these results indicate that subjects unintentionally made trait inferences at encoding This suggests that attributions may be made spontaneously, as part of the routine comprehension of social events
502 citations
TL;DR: This article reviewed two theories that emphasize deprofessionalization and proletarianization of the professions and concluded that the available evidence does not support either theory sufficiently to make them analytically useful; instead, they advanced an alternate theory that emphasizes the formalization of professional social control.
Abstract: The traditional view of the professions is that they are largely free of the hierarchical forms of social control characteristic of other kinds of occupations; instead, they are self-regulating, subject only to informal collegial control. As a result of events in the past few decades in the United States, analysts now believe that the traditional autonomy of professions is eroding. This paper reviews two theories that emphasize this process, one focusing on deprofessionalization and the other on proletarianization. It concludes that the available evidence does not support either theory sufficiently to make them analytically useful; it advances an alternate theory that emphasizes the formalization of professional social control. This third viewpoint is based on the finding that the professions—as corporate bodies—have remained relatively autonomous. Antitrust decisions, political pressure to exercise more control over errant members, and the administrative requirement of greater accountability in large org...
482 citations
TL;DR: The notion of information overload has received a fair measure of attention in the consumer behavior literature as discussed by the authors, and it has been suggested that there could be dysfunctional consequences resulting from providing consumers with "too much" information.
Abstract: T he notion of information overload has received a fair measure of attention in the consumer behavior literature. Early research on the phenomenon (Jacoby 1974; Jacoby, Kohn, and Speller 1973; Jacoby, Speller, and Berning 1974; Jacoby, Speller, and Kohn 1974) suggested that there could be dysfunctional consequences resulting from providing consumers with "too much" information. These studies soon spawned critics (Russo 1974; Summers 1974; Wilkie 1974), rejoinders (Jacoby 1977; Jacoby, Speller, and Beming 1975) and additional empirical work (Scammon 1977; Staelin and Payne 1976). While the critics raised a variety of technical issues regarding the empirical procedures employed (e.g., what are the best ways to operationalize information and decision quality, should one correct for guessing as a function of the number of brands available, and so on), Jacoby was perhaps his own severest critic. This occurred primarily in two articles which appear to have attracted negligible attention and which, when cited, seem not to be recognized as the fundamental critiques that they are. The first paper (Jacoby 1975) begins by summarizing the results of several additional overload studies (including some conducted outside of the U.S. and others involving authentic subject motivation-that is, test situations in which the consumer actually kept the product selected), all of which seemed to confirm an overload effect and most of which were likely to have been published in the climate of those times. The purpose of the paper was to describe the evolution of my thinking. Accordingly, the second half raised and discussed several fundamental issues, all of which focused on the inability of the traditional overload research paradigm-as advanced and researched by Jacoby-to capture and model the real world. These same arguments are made even more explicit in the second paper, which concluded that the information overload research paradigm had limited ability to provide a suitable basis for real-world managerial and policy decisions (Jacoby, Speller, and Berning 1975, p. 155). Thus by 1976, the literature contained ample cause for concern about attempts to employ the basic overload approach to answer applied questions. Yet the flow of such research has not abated. Indeed, some researchers even rely on the overload paradigm to argue for both sides of the issue. As a case in point, consider the papers by Malhotra (1982) and Malhotra et al. (1982). In April 1982, an article by Malhotra, Jain, and Lagakos entitled "The Information Overload Controversy: An Alternative Viewpoint" appeared in the Journal of Marketing. This article reanalyzed the data from three prior overload investigations-two in the Journal of Consumer Research (Jacoby, Speller, and Kohn Berning 1974; Scammon 1977) and one in the Journal of Marketing Research (Jacoby, Speller, and Kohn 1974)-and arrived at the following conclusions (Malhotra et al. 1982, p. 35):
414 citations
TL;DR: An instructional experiment involving sixth-graders aimed at helping them sustain such a two-way process independently, in place of the more typical one- way process of generating content and writing it out, indicate gains were made at the level of reflection on individual ideas.
355 citations
327 citations
TL;DR: The New York Longitudinal Study as discussed by the authors has followed the behavioral development of 133 subjects from early infancy to early adult life and special attention has been given to the systematic clinical evaluation and follow-up of all subjects presenting any evidence of behavior disorder.
Abstract: The New York Longitudinal Study has followed the behavioral development of 133 subjects from early infancy to early adult life. Special attention has been given to the systematic clinical evaluation and follow-up of all subjects presenting any evidence of behavior disorder. The authors present incidence and outcome data, define the concept of temperament, and briefly discuss conceptual issues and empirical findings. They found the "goodness of fit" (consonance between the individual and the environment) concept useful in tracing developmental sequences. The authors summarize quantitative analyses identifying significant group correlations between antecedent variables and early adult outcome and suggest a tentative classification of the idiosyncratic factors also evident in the clinical course of individual subjects, with case illustrations.
279 citations
TL;DR: A survey of 141 human service workers investigated the effects of coping on psychological strain and burnout produced by job stress as mentioned in this paper, finding that individual coping responses do not alleviate strain produced by stress.
Abstract: A mail survey of 141 human service workers investigated the effects of coping on psychological strain and "burnout" produced by job stress. The survey assessed job stressors and coping strategies with open-ended questions and measured strain using closed-ended alienation, satisfaction, and symptom scales. Because previous research suggested that individual coping responses do not alleviate strain produced by job stress, the survey elicited information on group coping (social support) and on coping strategies initiated by agencies. Job stress was associated with high levels of strain, and group coping with low levels, but individual responses had little effect. Although workers identified many strategies that agencies could use to reduce stress and strain, actual use of such strategies was slight. Because men and women worked in the same jobs, no sex differences in individual coping were predicted and none were found; women, however, reported more social support than men. There was no evidence for moderating (interaction) effects of stress and coping on strain.
251 citations
215 citations
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01 Aug 1984151 citations
TL;DR: The 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl substituent was recognized as the primary antigen determinant in phenolic glycolipid I and shown to be highly active in the serodiagnosis of leprosy.
Abstract: We examined the structural requirements within the species-specific 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-di-O-methyl- alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose unit of the phenolic glycolipid I antigen of Mycobacterium leprae for binding to anti-glycolipid immunoglobulin M from human leprosy sera. We used chemically defined, partially deglycosylated fragments of phenolic glycolipid I, two other minor M. leprae-specific phenolic glycolipids (those containing 6-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-di-O-methyl-alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose and 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-3-O-methyl-alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 leads to 2)-3-O-methyl-alpha-rhamnopyranose units), and phenolic glycolipids from other mycobacteria. Additionally, the trisaccharide of phenolic glycolipid I, the 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2, 3-di-O-methyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranose, the 6-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-di-O-methyl-alpha- L-rhamnopyranose, and the beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-di-O-methyl-alpha- L-rhamnopyranose disaccharides were synthesized and characterized, and their activities were examined. Only the phenolic glycolipids containing 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl at the nonreducing terminus were efficient in binding the anti-glycolipid immunoglobulin M, and the 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-containing di- and trisaccharides were the most effective in inhibiting this binding. Thus, the 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl substituent was recognized as the primary antigen determinant in phenolic glycolipid I. With this information, bovine serum albumin containing reductively aminated 3,6-di-O-methyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-2,3-di-O-methyl- L-rhamnose was prepared and shown to be highly active in the serodiagnosis of leprosy. Images
TL;DR: The conclusion is ventured that all male homosexuality begins with early effeminate behavior, which has implications for future research on homosexuality.
Abstract: This is a long term follow-up of 55 boys with early effeminate behavior. It was possible to determine the outcome in sexual orientation in 38 of the boys, which included homosexuality or variants of it in 35 (63.6 per cent) of the total of 55 and heterosexuality in three (5.5 per cent). In 10 boys the outcome was uncertain, and seven were lost to follow-up. An analysis of the uncertain cases suggests that the overall outcome in terms of homosexuality may prove to have been higher than 63.6 per cent. These results agree with those of previous prospective and retrospective studies, which are reviewed. From both types of such studies, the prospective ones starting out with instances of early effeminate behavior and the retrospective with cases of established homosexuality, the conclusion is ventured that all male homosexuality begins with early effeminate behavior. This has implications for future research on homosexuality.
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01 Jan 1984TL;DR: In this article, Evans-Pritchard on the Azande, Turnbull on the Ik, and Gellner on Legitimation of Belief are discussed, which is a better framework for the cognitive work of the anthropologist since it assimilates every community of knowers to the model of the community of science.
Abstract: Relativism is easily confused with tolerance and hence with rational scepticism. Absolutism is easily confused with sure conviction and hence with irrational fanaticism. But cognitive relativism, by denying absolute truth even as a regulative idea, evacuates the possibility of criticism, and hence the project of co-operative, progressive, learning from experience. All this is permitted by weak absolutism which is also able crisply to define the notions of relative truth and of toleration. Hence it is a better framework for the cognitive work of the anthropologist since it assimilates every community of knowers to the model of the community of science, be they primitive peoples or sophisticated anthropologists. Evans-Pritchard on the Azande, Turnbull on the Ik, and Gellner on Legitimation of Belief are discussed.
TL;DR: Results indicated that those exposed to the rape depictions followed by a "rape debriefing" were less accepting of certain rape myths than subjects exposed to mutually consenting intercourse depictions.
Abstract: Data are presented concerning the ethics of exposing undergraduate students to pornographic rape portrayals followed by a debriefing designed to dispel a number of rape myths. One hundred fifty males and females were randomly assigned to read pornographic stories. Some of these depicted a rape, whereas others depicted mutually consenting intercourse. Afterwards, those exposed to the rape version were given a debriefing which included statements concerning the true horror of rape and the existence of rape myths. About 10 days later, a "Public Survey" ostensibly conducted by a local committee of citizens was given to subjects in their classes. A postexperimental questionnaire confirmed that participants were not aware that this survey was related to the earlier phase of the research. As part of the survey, subjects were presented with actual newspaper articles about which their opinions were solicited. One of these articles, the dependent measure of the study, concerned rape. Subjects indicated their reactions to this article and their opinions about the general causes of rape. The results indicated that those exposed to the rape depictions followed by a "rape debriefing" were less accepting of certain rape myths than subjects exposed to mutually consenting intercourse depictions. Implications of the data for future research in this area are discussed both in terms of work focusing on the potential antisocial impact of violent pornography and of research specifically designed to identify the conditions most likely to change acceptance of rape myths.
TL;DR: In this article, two types of feedback, outcome feedback and cognitive feedback, are conceptualized as having either predictive or explanatory value using security analyst predicting in a security analysis decision simulation, the hypothesis that, incontrast to poorer performing decision makers, better performance decision makersare more likely to ignore outcome-only feedback was confirmed (r = −.48, p =02).
Abstract: Institute for Marketing and Consumer Research,The Free University, West Berlin, West GermanyFollowing Hammond, McClelland, and Mumpower (1980), two types of feedbackare conceptualized—outcome feedback and cognitive feedback The latter is herehypothesized as having either predictive or explanatory value Using security analystsparticipating in a security analysis decision simulation, the hypothesis that, incontrast to poorer performing decision makers, better performing decision makersare more likely to ignore outcome-only feedback was confirmed (r = —.48, p =02). Implications for theory revision and future research are discussed
TL;DR: In this article, the cell wall materials from apples with water, aqueous ammonium oxalate and dilute alkali yields polysaccharide preparations from which three components have been isolated on further fractionation in sufficiently homogeneous form for more detailed investigation.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that for non-KSD space-times every regular compact level surface of the ψ field encloses the total NUT charge, which must be proportional to the Euler number of the surface.
Abstract: Riemannian space-times with self-dual curvature and which admit at least one Killing vector field (stationary) are examined. Such space-times can be classified according to whether a certain scalar fieldψ (which is the difference between the Newtonian and NUT potentials) reduces to a constant or not. In the former category (called here KSD) are the multi-TaubNUT and multi-instanton space-times. Nontrivial examples of the latter category have yet to be discovered. It is proved here that the static self-dual metrics are flat. It is also proved that each stationary metric for which the Newtonian and nut potentials are functionally related admits a Killing vector field relative to which the metric is KSD. It has also been proved that the regularity of theψ field everywhere implies that the metric is KSD. Finally it is proved that for non-KSD space-times every regular compact level surface of theψ field encloses the total NUT charge, which must be proportional to the Euler number of the surface.
TL;DR: Two distinct developmentally related behaviour patterns can be identified in third-instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster, ‘foraging’ behaviour and ‘wandering’, a pre-pupation behaviour, measured by measuring larval locomotion at the early, middle and late third instar in an environment where food is distributed in patches.
TL;DR: It was confirmed that OKN gain is severely reduced by occlusion of the central retina but only at stimulus velocities above about 30 degrees/sec and the gain of horizontal OKN was found not to increase with increasing width of the display if the lateral edges are blurred.
TL;DR: The basic structure of the synaptonemal complex and its components will be outlined, and placed in the‐context of current understanding of meiotic prophase events, and a survey of experiments which have attempted to study the structure and biochemistry of synapt onemal complexes formation and function.
Abstract: The basic structure of the synaptonemal complex and its components will be outlined, and placed in the‐context of current understanding of meiotic prophase events. The range of plants in which synaptonemal complexes have been studied will be reviewed, and variations in synaptonemal complex structure noted. This will be followed by an examination of the behavior of the synaptonemal complex during meitoic pairing and crossing over in plants, and a survey of experiments which have attempted to study the structure and biochemistry of synaptonemal complex formation and function. The occurrence, structure, composition and possible functions, of recombination nodules will also be explored. Finally, there will be a discussion of the application of newer techniques to the study of the synaptonemal complex in plants.
TL;DR: It is concluded from this review that there are reliably recordable physiological responses to color in addition to those generally associated with vision, however, it may be that some are indirect effects mediated by cognitive responses tocolor.
Abstract: Physiological human responses to color as evidenced by the electroencephalogram, galvanic skin response, blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, eyeblink frequency, and oxiometry are reviewed. A casual reading of the descriptive literature on the human response to color leads one to the conclusion that color can have rather specific physiological effects. It is concluded from this review that there are reliably recordable physiological responses to color in addition to those generally associated with vision. However, it may be that some are indirect effects mediated by cognitive responses to color.
01 Jan 1984
TL;DR: The structure and composition of the thermosphere, exosphere, and ionosphere of saturn have been determined from observations at optical and radio wavelengths mainly by instruments aboard Voyager spacecraft.
Abstract: The structure and composition of the thermosphere, exosphere, and ionosphere of saturn have been determined from observations at optical and radio wavelengths mainly by instruments aboard Voyager spacecraft. Techniques for determining the vertical profiles of temperature and density and the atmospheric vertical mixing in the upper Saturn atmosphere are discussed. Radio occultation measurements and theoretical models of Saturn's ionosphere are reviewed, and attempts to interpret the measurements using the models are discussed. Finally, mechanisms of thermospheric heating are examined.
TL;DR: The economic model of perfect competition depicts exchange as occurring between anonymous partners as discussed by the authors, and trade is anonymous because buyers and sellers are indifferent as to the identity of their trading partners, and this characteristic of competitive exchange, sometimes called Jevons' (1871) "Law of Indifference," is implicit in the idea that commodities are homogeneous and traders care only about price.
TL;DR: This article investigated the knowledge gained by students, ranging from grade 3 to graduate level, from exposure to single examples of literary types, such as suspense fiction, the journalistic restaurant review, and an invented fictional genre.
Abstract: Three studies investigated the knowledge gained by students, ranging from grade 3 to graduate level, from exposure to single examples of literary types. Types were suspense fiction, the journalistic restaurant review, and an invented fictional genre. Students of all ages showed evidence of some pick up of rhetorical knowledge, although of limited complexity. The learning process involved is distinguished from that involved in more gradual learning from exposure to literary models.
TL;DR: The authors found that active complainers are upscale demographically and are more active information seekers than passive consumers and are not more critical of the marketplace, while passive consumers are more passive consumers.
Abstract: Compared to more passive consumers, active complainers are upscale demographically and are more active information seekers. They are not more critical of the marketplace. They are more negative tow...
TL;DR: The results suggest that food adventurousness is best accounted for by highly specific attitudes about food rather than general personality measures.
Abstract: Factors associated with willingness to taste 12 unusual foods were examined among 42 mature university students in a realistic taste testing situation. Low or nonsignificant correlations were found between subjects' willingness to taste the different foods and their scores on personality measures of sensation seeking as well as their ratings of familiarity with each food. Unexpectedly, age was a significant factor, with the older subjects being somewhat more willing to taste the unusual foods. Only a scale of items dealing specifically with food habits was highly correlated with subjects' willingness to try the unusual foods. The results suggest that food adventurousness is best accounted for by highly specific attitudes about food rather than general personality measures.