Showing papers in "Advances in Space Research in 1994"

TL;DR: With this 6 year study in space, experimental data are provided to the discussion on the likelihood of "Panspermia", where up to 10(4) viable spores were still recovered, even in completely unprotected samples.

TL;DR: The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) is a cooperative effort between National Space Development Agency (NASDA) of Japan and NASA of the USA as mentioned in this paper, which is designed to measure rain rates from space using a combination of high resolution radar, passive microwave radiometer and visible-infrared radiometer measurements from a spacecraft in a rapid precession, 350 km orbit inclined at 35 deg.

TL;DR: In this paper, a genera; multichannel algorithm, taking separately into account atmospheric water vapour, surface emittance and air-surface temperature difference, is described; thus, it results an extension of the split-window algorithm and is able to give a land surface temperature assessment by means of a formalism valid for a wide range of atmospheric water vapor and surface emission.

TL;DR: Neoplasia in the rodent Harderian gland has been used to determine the carcinogenic potential of irradiation by HZE particles, and an analysis of the probabilities of ion traversals of the nucleus has shown that for these high stopping powers that a single hit is effective in producing neoplastic transformation.

TL;DR: Experimental results suggest that the potential application of heavy ions in crop improvement is promising, and RFLP analysis of two semidwarf mutants induced by argon particles revealed that large DNA alterations might be involved in these mutants.

TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that the explosive events are associated with the process of magnetic cancellation and HRTS data obtained during the most recent rocket flight in 1990 provide direct evidence for this assertion.

TL;DR: Progress is reviewed of spaceflight research conducted with plants between 1987 and 1992, demonstrating that gravity and/or other factors of space flight affect plants at the organismal, cellular, subcellular, and molecular levels, resulting in changes in orientation, development, metabolism, and growth.

TL;DR: In recent work, plants of wheat were studied on the ground and then in a preliminary experiment in space to grow a super-dwarf wheat cultivar through a life cycle, and in principle, a seed-to-seed experiment with wheat should be successful in microgravity.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the large 3.6m aperture CFH optical telescope to analyze time sequences over small coronal fields and to image the finest structures; results from this experiment were presented with emphasis on small-scale dynamical plasma processes with possible inclusion of wavephenomena.

TL;DR: Because of the 22-year nature of the solar modulation cycle, data from the approaching 1998 solar minimum is especially important to reducing uncertainties in the cosmic ray radiation hazard.

TL;DR: The data demonstrated that water transfer rates through a rooting matrix are a function of pore size of the tubes, the degree of negative pressure on the 'supply' fluid, and the pressure differential between the ' supply and 'recovery' fluid loops.

TL;DR: In this paper, the synergistic use of SAR data and high-resolution satellite imagery in the visible and near infrared for environmental monitoring in Alpine areas has been investigated, where techniques have been developed for compensating variations in surface illumination due to topography.

TL;DR: A review of the current status of the MHD and gasdynamic convected magnetic field (GDCF) modeling of solar wind plasma flow in a planetary magnetosheath is presented in this paper.

TL;DR: The application of steady-state, spherically-symmetric diffusion-convection theory of solar modulation to individual measurements of differential energy spectra from 1954 to 1989 is investigated in order to estimate the diffusion coefficient, kappa (r,t), as a function of time.

TL;DR: In this paper, a comparison of resupply and regeneration of life support consumables with efficient utilization of local planetary resources is discussed along with possible scenarios for developing and implementing human life support systems on the Moon and Mars.

TL;DR: A balloon-borne superconducting solenoidal magnet spectrometer, BESS, has been designed and developed to investigate cosmic-rays and particle-astrophysics as discussed by the authors, which is used to search for primordial antimatter in cosmic rays.

TL;DR: The development of the theory of high charge and energy (HZE) ion transport is reviewed and the basic solution behavior and approximation techniques will be described.

TL;DR: This work reviews the various options for estimating the cutoff rigidity for earth-orbiting satellites and concludes that the current approach is impractical for most spacecraft orbits, and approximations must be used.

TL;DR: An overview of the historical development of observations and characteristics of PMSE (Polar Mesosphere Summer Echoes), which are detected by radars operating in the frequency range 275 MHz to 129 GHz, is given in this article.

TL;DR: Elevated CO2 levels increase ethylene synthesis in some plants and ethylene is a potent inhibitor of seed set in wheat, and as expected, CO2 increased quantum yield, but there was also a small increase in carbon use efficiency.

TL;DR: Initial results from the Biosphere 2 closure experiment are presented, including the accelerated cycling rates due to small reservoir sizes, strong diurnal and seasonal fluxes in atmospheric CO2, an unexpected and continuing decline in atmospheric oxygen, and overall maintenance of low levels of trace gases.

TL;DR: It was found that B6MP102 cells secreted more tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 when stimulated in space with lipopolysaccharide than controls similarly stimulated on earth, compared to increased secretion of interferon-beta and -gamma by lymphocytes that was measured on the same shuttle flights.

TL;DR: In this article, in-situ measurements were combined with radiative transfer simulations, and an error analysis for basic assumptions in deriving spectral emissivity of land-surface samples from thermal infrared measurements.

TL;DR: Investigations on the peculiarities of moisture transfer in capillary-porous bodies (CPB; that is, soil substitutes) in microgravity were conducted by the authors with a specially designed device and an original method.

TL;DR: The Scanning Radiometer for Radiation Balance (ScaRaB) as mentioned in this paper was designed for the Russian Meteor-3 series polar orbiting weather satellites, with launches scheduled annually beginning in summer 1993.

TL;DR: Based on previous CO2 studies in the literature, the increased conductance and water use at the highest CO2 pressures were surprising and pose interesting challenges for managing plants in a CELSS, whereCO2 pressures may exceed optimal levels.

TL;DR: In this article, a theoretically derived LST algorithm is proposed for continental Australia which makes use of climatological profiles of temperature and water vapour to correct the thermal data, and an attempt has been made to indicate the limiting accuracy of satellite-derived LSTs by choosing the simplest case of a flat soil surface.

TL;DR: Space and clinostatic experiments revealed that plant cell structure and metabolism rearrangements depend on taxonomical position and physiological state of objects, growth phase and real or simulated microgravity influence duration.

TL;DR: It appears that the 20th and 21st solar cycles were deficient in the total fluence of solar particles as detected at the earth, so when models of maximum solar proton fluxes to be encountered for deep space missions are developed,Solar proton data acquired during the present solar cycle should be incorporated.

TL;DR: The relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for energy depositions in cylindrical targets has been calculated using 100 keV electrons as the reference radiation assuming the electron track-ends contribution is similar to that in 250 kV X-ray or Co60 gamma-ray irradiations.