Showing papers in "Biomass in 1990"

TL;DR: In this paper, seven lignocellulosic materials: corn stover, napier grass, wood grass, newspaper, white fir and wheat straw from two different crops; two pure cellulosics: Solka Floc BW200 and Whatman No 5 filter paper; and glucose, propionic and acetic acids were subjected to long-term batch methane fermentation.

TL;DR: A seminal paper by Mobil researchers in 1979 demonstrated that a remarkable range of materials were convertible to a similar, high-octane, aromatic, gasoline product slate when passed over HZSM-5, a medium-pore, shape-selective, acid catalyst as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: A lignin has been isolated from a hardwood, Populus deltoides, by organosolv delignification using ethylene glycol, followed by dilute acidification of the spent black liquor as mentioned in this paper.

TL;DR: A review of the literature dealing with the quality of poplar and willow biomass feedstock for energy conversion revealed that considerable variation existed in many of these traits, which may make it possible to improve the quality through breeding and selection.

TL;DR: A deterministic mathematical model was used to describe the production of green microalgae in outdoor mass cultures and it was concluded that appreciable amounts of biomass could be produced for 7 months per year in temperate areas.

TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive estimate of biomass energy use compared with conventional energy resources for the year 1987 is presented globally and for developed and developing countries, for both developed and emerging countries.

TL;DR: In this paper, the uranium-adsorbing abilities of seven plant wastes were investigated, and they were found to be more readily adsorbed by all plant wastes tested than other metal ions from a solution containing a mixture of seven different heavy metals.

TL;DR: In this paper, the results of a technoeconomic assessment of direct biomass liquefaction processes converting wood to gasoline and diesel fuels were discussed, which showed that atmospheric flash pyrolysis (AFP) is more economical than LIPS both for the production of boiler fuel oil as the primary liquidation product and for refining the deoxygenated product to diesel fuel.

TL;DR: Qualitative analysis of 33 mountain tree and shrub species which grow in the Garhwal Himalaya indicated that temperate species are better suited as fuelwood species as they contain high density wood, low ash content and low N-percentage.

TL;DR: Nineteen strains of bacteria representing 39 genera and one yeast were screened for ability to hydrolyze chitin and the highest ratios were observed for strains in the genera: Bacillus and Serratia, followed by Micrococcus, Aeromonas, Vibrio, Clostridium and Plesiomonas.

TL;DR: A new model, described as step diffusional, is proposed and the results obtained with it are compared with those obtained using previously published models to show a better fit to the experimental result.

TL;DR: The thermophilic methanogenic bacterium, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, was grown on H2CO2 and high CH4 productivities were obtained, twice as high as that obtained previously by other authors.

TL;DR: The effects of harvesting frequency on productivity, nutrient storage and uptake, and detritus accumulation by water hyacinth cultured outdoors in nutrient-enriched waters were evaluated for a period of 13 months.

TL;DR: Seven countries participated in the 3-year programme (1986–1988) of the Willow Breeding Activity, Task 2 of the International Energy Agency's Bioenergy Agreement to facilitate the development of superior, high yielding willow clones for energy plantations by exchange of genetic stock and joint actions.

TL;DR: In this paper, the composition and anaerobic digestibility of products from two different municipal solid waste processing operations were compared, with cellulose constituting approximately 50% by weight.

TL;DR: The technique presented in this report facilitates hardwood clone performance evaluation for a wide variety of desired products.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of reducing the lignin content of vine shoots to 1% by treatment with sodium chlorite in an acid medium at 80°C, is reported, and the mass balances of the process under optimum conditions ( temperature = 35° C ; loading rate of 1 g litre −1 digester day −1 ) enabled the percentage of degraded cellulose to be calculated.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized work done under the International Energy Agency Activity entitled "Developing the coppicing potential of selected hardwoods" and concluded that there is a need for scientific projects in ecophysiology, anatomy and stand dynamics.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared vertical and near-horizontal (15° angle) packed-bed columns for continuous ethanol fermentation using an alcohol and glucose-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain immobilized on to channeled alumina beads (5·0 × 10 9 cells g −1 beads).

TL;DR: The feasibility of producing biogas by anaerobic digestion of a nitrophilic algae biomass obtained from the highly eutrophicated Venice Lagoon has been investigated and sulphides were formed during digestion but did not appear to cause inhibition or result in a reduction in gas yield.

TL;DR: A relatively large number of storing and drying studies of wood fuels have been carried out within the countries participating in the International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Programme as mentioned in this paper, and the main purpose of the studies has been to contribute to the knowledge of the processes taking place during storing, drying, and to formulated guidelines for practical storage of wood fuel.

TL;DR: Comparison of ID values has shown that the least toxic compounds for C. utilis and C. albicans biomass growth and yield are vanillyl alcohol, conipheryl alcohol and syringic acid, while the most toxic compounds are salicylic acid, cinnamic acid, benzoic acid and o-vanillin.

TL;DR: Results indicate that the reactor should be innoculated by feeding nutrient-balanced substrate before it was subjected to the digestion of baker's yeast wastewater, and the reactor with fully developed active biomass was less susceptible to sulfate inhibition and showed improved anaerobic digestion.

TL;DR: The effect of nickel ions on biogas production has been investigated in 3-litre fermenters as discussed by the authors, where it was observed that nickel is stimulatory up to 5 ppm with an optimum at 2·5 ppm, in a water hyacinth-bovine excreta substrate.

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report on the authors' efforts to improve the small farm community welfare in Kenya by promoting biogas technology, which not only guarantees a reliable, renewable energy source, but also provides other benefits, such as cleaner household environments, better working conditions for housewives, etc.

TL;DR: In this article, the characterization of residual wood fractions by standard, thermal (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry) and spectroscopic (diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared) methods is presented.

TL;DR: In this paper, a generalized procedure for quantifying the benefits of household biogas plants is presented, in which the sensitivity of the procedure to the uncertainty in input prices is reduced through the assumption of incremental benefits from the Biogas plant.

TL;DR: Anaerobic treatment of cheese whey using a 17·5 litre upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was investigated in the laboratory over a range of influent concentration from 4·5 to 38·1 g COD litre−1 at a constant hydraulic retention time of 5 days, and showed two distinct reaction phases, acidogenic and methanogenic.

TL;DR: In this paper, a cornstarch processing plant was converted directly into heavy oil by mixing with sodium carbonate, and heating to temperatures ranging between 225 and 340°C with holding times of up to 120 min under a pressurized nitrogen atmosphere.

TL;DR: In this article, the effect of sulfate removal from molasses wastewater on anaerobic digestion was studied using two reactors, one with an active biomass and the other without attached biomass.