Showing papers in "Clinics in Liver Disease in 2018"

TL;DR: This review describes the main mechanisms that have been reported to contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD and NASH.

TL;DR: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with certain genetic factors such as the PNPLA3 G allele variant is not accompanied by insulin resistance and MS and lifestyle modification remains the standard of care for patients with NAFLD and MS.

TL;DR: Patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease are at elevated risk for cardiovascular-, malignancy-, and liver-related morbidity and mortality, although their risk for progression, decompensation, and hepatocellular carcinoma may be less than that of patients with alternative causes of chronic liver disease.

TL;DR: N-acetylcysteine is recommended for all patients with APAP-induced ALF and it reduces mortality and Liver transplantation should be offered early to those who are unlikely to survive based on described prognostic criteria.

TL;DR: The full spectra of phenotypes associated with mutations in each gene are discussed, along with the understanding of the disease mechanisms.

TL;DR: Predicting patient outcome in the era of liver transplantation has been unfulfilling and better predictive models must be developed for proper stewardship of the limited resource of organ availability.

TL;DR: Diagnosing NAFLD presents significant challenges due to the limited noninvasive and accurate diagnostic tools available to not only accurately diagnose nonalcoholic steatohepatitis but also to stage hepatic fibrosis, the major predictor of long-term outcomes, including mortality.

TL;DR: A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of NAFLD/NASH-related HCC will allow the discovery of new targets for therapeutic and preventive intervention.

TL;DR: Noninvasive tests via biomarkers and transient elastography to assess NAFLD/NASH are being used in clinical practice and the most validated diagnostic panels include theNAFLD fibrosis score, FIB-4 (Fibrosis-4), and FibroMeter.

TL;DR: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming one of the most important causes of liver disease throughout the world, with an estimated global prevalence rate of about 24%, and the highest prevalence has been reported from South America and the Middle East, whereas the lowest prevalence has be reported from Africa.

TL;DR: It is imperative to identify patients with ALF as soon as possible to transfer them to a liver transplant center for a thorough evaluation, and to place the patient at risk for severe complications in the postoperative period.

TL;DR: Only a liver biopsy can reliably diagnose NAFLD and differentiate NAFL from NASH and patients suspected of having NASH should undergo liverBiopsy.

TL;DR: The key diagnostic challenges in NAFLD are to accurately detect NASH and to quantify the degree of fibrosis to identify those at highest risk for liver-related morbidity and mortality.

TL;DR: The evaluation of a liver mass in children is largely driven by the age at diagnosis, the presence of any medical comorbidities, and initial testing with alpha fetoprotein and imaging.

TL;DR: In homozygous ZZ alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency, the liver synthesizes large quantities of AAT mutant Z, which folds improperly during biogenesis and is retained within the hepatocytes and directed into intracellular proteolysis pathways, which can lead to liver injury.

TL;DR: The diagnosis should be considered in the context of hyperbilirubinemia with normal serum bile acids and made by urinary liquid secondary ionization mass spectrometry or DNA testing.

TL;DR: The epidemiology, virology, immunobiology, prevention, clinical manifestations, evaluation, and the advances in treatment of hepatitis B and C in children are discussed.

TL;DR: Because the prevalence of NAFLD is high among patients with metabolic risk factors for CVD, including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and dyslipidemia, aggressive modification of CVD risk factors could potentially reduce cardiovascular and liver-related morbidity in patients withNAFLD.

TL;DR: The article reviews the multimodality imaging appearance of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and discusses the radiologic diagnostic criteria as well as the sensitivity and specificity of these imaging methods.

TL;DR: The authors discuss the unique aspects of pediatric LT, including the indications, patient selection and evaluation, allocation, transplant surgery and organ selection, posttransplant care, prognosis, adherence, and transition of care.

TL;DR: Risk factors include age, gender, race/ethnicity, genetic predisposition, and polycystic ovarian disease, which hold keys to future improvement in diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

TL;DR: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease in Western countries, affecting approximately 20% to 30% of individuals in the United States.

TL;DR: The role of these models in the pre-UDCA and UDCA eras is discussed and several prognostic models exist that incorporate various factors including biochemical response to UDCA are discussed.

TL;DR: New cases of hepatitis C infection in the United States increased from close to 10,000 per year in 2005 to more than 40,000 in 2016, with transmission among young Americans in the second or third decade of life due to injection drug use (IDU).

TL;DR: There is increasing interest in determining at-risk populations based on genetics in the hope of finding genotypes that correlate to NAFLD phenotype and decrease disease morbidity in children withNAFLD.

TL;DR: The existing literature regarding impaired pharmacokinetics due to liver dysfunction and dosing recommendations for analgesic treatment in patients with cirrhosis are summarized.

TL;DR: Treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is focused on patients with NASH because they are at highest risk for progressive liver disease.

TL;DR: Diabetes mellitus is common among patients with cirrhosis, affecting approximately one-third of this population, as a causative factor, comorbid condition, or secondary effect of hepatic dysfunction, and ascites is the most common decompensating event.