Showing papers in "Creativity Research Journal in 2008"
TL;DR: In this paper, the mediating and moderating role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively in the relationship between three personality traits (openness to experience, self-efficacy, and perseverance) and creativity was investigated.
Abstract: Creativity is a topic of ever-increasing interest, given its importance and applicability to literally every field. Personality traits have been frequently and predictably related to creative achievement. Amabile (1983) pointed out that individuals may have certain traits and abilities that are favorable for creativity, but whether these will actually result in achieving creative results depends on their intrinsic motivation. Additionally, under certain circumstances extrinsic motivation has been found to have a positive effect on creativity. We hypothesized a conceptual model and tested the mediating and moderating role of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation respectively in the relationship between 3 personality traits (openness to experience, self-efficacy, and perseverance) and creativity. This study, conducted in a university setting, found support for the potential mediating role of intrinsic motivation between creativity/openness to experience as intrinsic motivation partially mediated this relations...
357 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared expert and nonexpert ratings of 205 poems and found that nonexpert raters' judgments of creativity were inconsistent (showing low interrater reliability) and did not match those of the expert raters.
Abstract: The Consensual Assessment Technique (CAT) is one of the most highly regarded assessment tools in creativity, but it is often difficult and/or expensive to assemble the teams of experts required by the CAT Some researchers have tried using nonexpert raters in their place, but the validity of replacing experts with nonexperts has not been adequately tested Expert (n = 10) and nonexpert (n = 106) creativity ratings of 205 poems were compared and found to be quite different, making the simple replacement of experts by nonexpert raters suspect Nonexpert raters' judgments of creativity were inconsistent (showing low interrater reliability) and did not match those of the expert raters Implications are discussed, including the appropriate selection of expert raters for different kinds of creativity assessment
275 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the key ideas in malevolent creativity are summarized in 11 principles; recognizing these helps in developing more effective means for counteracting terrorism, which is governed by the same principles as benevolent creativity, differing only in its intended purpose.
Abstract: Although creativity is often seen as an aspect of self-fulfillment, it is important to recognize its social effects. The traditional view is that these should be beneficial, creativity thus being benevolent. However, those who wish to do deliberate harm to others can also display creativity, in this case malevolent creativity. This is governed by the same principles as benevolent creativity, differing only in its intended purpose. Like any creativity, malevolent creativity can be examined through its products. Concepts from research on creative products provide important insights into the activities of terrorists and criminals, especially the idea of competing solutions. The key ideas in malevolent creativity are summarized in 11 principles; recognizing these helps in developing more effective means for counteracting terrorism.
241 citations
TL;DR: Extensiveness of multicultural experiences and Openness to Experience were used to predict European American undergraduates' performance on two measures of creative potential: (a) generation of unusual uses of garbage bags and (b) retrieval of nonprototypical or normatively inaccessible exemplars in the conceptual domain of occupation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Extensiveness of multicultural experiences and Openness to Experience were used to predict European American undergraduates' performance on two measures of creative potential: (a) generation of unusual uses of garbage bags and (b) retrieval of nonprototypical or normatively inaccessible exemplars in the conceptual domain of occupation. The results showed that having extensive multicultural experiences predicted better performance on both measures of creative potential only among participants who were open to experience. Among those who were not open, having more extensive multicultural experiences was associated with a lower level of creative potential. Implications of these findings for promoting creativity in schools are discussed.
160 citations
TL;DR: This article reanalyzed these data using latent variable analysis, which can assess the relations between latent creativity and intelligence variables and model method variance shared by the creativity tasks, finding that the latent originality and fluency variables significantly predicted intelligence.
Abstract: Many decades of research have shown that creativity and intelligence are modestly related. Some studies, however, have found that creativity and intelligence are essentially unrelated. The best example may be Wallach and Kogan's (1965) landmark study of 151 children. In that study, 10 measures of creativity didn't correlate with 10 measures of intelligence and academic achievement (average r = .09). The present research reanalyzed these data using latent variable analysis, which can (a) assess the relations between latent creativity and intelligence variables and (b) model method variance shared by the creativity tasks. Consistent with past research, the latent originality and fluency variables significantly predicted intelligence. The relations' magnitude (around r = .20) was consistent with past research, suggesting that Wallach and Kogan's data replicate other studies of creativity and intelligence.
152 citations
TL;DR: This article investigated individual differences in cognitive abilities that contribute to solving insight problems and proposed a model to describe three types of cognitive ability that contribute independently to insight: convergent thinking, divergent thinking and breaking frame.
Abstract: This study investigated individual differences in cognitive abilities that contribute to solving insight problems. A model is proposed describing three types of cognitive ability that contribute independently to insight: convergent thinking, divergent thinking, and breaking frame. The model was tested in a large sample (N = 108) by regressing insight problem solving performance on measures of these three abilities. This analysis demonstrated that all three abilities predicted insight independently. Convergent thinking was further broken down into verbal intelligence and working memory, which also predicted insight independently of each other and of divergent thinking and breaking frame. Finally, when pitted against noninsight problem solving as a predictor in regression, only insight problem solving was uniquely associated with divergent thinking and breaking frame. The model is suggested as a potentially useful taxonomy for the study of ill-defined problems and cognitive abilities.
121 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the systems model of creativity as it applies to contemporary Western popular music songwriting and concluded that a contemporary Western songwriter's ability to make choices, and therefore be creative, is both circumscribed and facilita.
Abstract: The contemporary Western popular music industry tends to work within a paradigm of creativity that runs counter to current academic research. This research into creativity can be categorized as falling along a continuum from individual to contextual responsibility and ranges across a number of disciplines including psychology, sociology, linguistics, philosophy, and communication and media studies. However, it is the contention of this article that it is the systems model of creativity in particular, partially coupled with the similarly complex approach to cultural production presented by Pierre Bourdieu, which provides the most useful working platform to investigate the idea of creativity. Through the use of an ethnographic research methodology, this article investigates the systems model of creativity as it applies to contemporary Western popular music songwriting. It concludes that a contemporary Western songwriter's ability to make choices, and therefore be creative, is both circumscribed and facilita...
117 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the relationship between happiness, creative ideation, and locus of control, and found that there was a significant positive relationship between creativity and happiness, and a significant difference on the happiness measure was found for those individuals with internal LOC versus those with external LOC.
Abstract: This study explored the relationship between happiness, creative ideation, and locus of control. Participants included 171 university students. Three hypotheses were explored: First, happiness was predicted to be correlated to internal locus of control; second, creative ideation was predicted to be correlated to internal locus of control, and third, happiness was predicted to be correlated with creative ideation. Assessment tools included the Oxford Happiness Inventory, Runco Ideation Behavior Scales, and Rotter's Locus of Control. Results indicated a relationship between creative ideation and external locus of control. Data also indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between happiness and creative ideation. A significant difference on the happiness measure was found for those individuals with internal locus of control versus those with external locus of control.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between creativity and deception and found that novel liars are more effective at achieving their goals than those higher in divergent thinking or in ideation.
Abstract: Lying is generally viewed negatively in Western society. Notwithstanding, it is a ubiquitous expedient for achieving social goals such as fostering harmony, sparing the feelings of friends, concealing wrongdoing, or exploiting others. Despite the wide use of deception, little research has explored what creativity may underlie it. Are novel liars the most effective at achieving their goals? Are those higher in divergent thinking or in ideation more effective in deception? As a preliminary attempt to chart the relationship between creativity and deception, 18 social dilemmas were written for which deception offered a desirable resolution; 89 college students responded to them, 21 males and 68 females. Their resolutions were coded for novelty, effectiveness in achieving the goals called for in the dilemmas in the short term, and their likely long-term damage on the liar–target relationship. A measure of divergent thinking was also administered, as was a measure of ideational tendencies (Ideational Behavioral...
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a training manipulation was used to encourage application of schemas, associational, or case-based knowledge either alone or in combination, and it was found that prompting use of a single knowledge structure, specifically schema or associational knowledge, resulted in more high quality ideas.
Abstract: Prior studies have indicated that multiple knowledge structures, schema, associations, and cases, are involved in creative thought. Few studies, however, have examined how these different knowledge structures operate together in idea generation and creative problem-solving. Accordingly, in the present study 247 undergraduates were asked to generate ideas relevant to a social innovation problem and then provide a potential solution to the problem. A training manipulation was used to encourage application of schematic, associational, or case-based knowledge either alone or in combination. It was found that prompting use of a single knowledge structure, specifically schema or associational knowledge, resulted in the production of more high quality ideas. However, prompting use of multiple knowledge structures, specifically combining either schema or associations with cases, resulted in the production of higher quality and more original problem-solutions. The implications of these findings for understanding t...
94 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of a pretend play intervention on 45 first and second grade children 2-8 months post-intervention were investigated and it was hypothesized that pretend play would be improved in the intervention groups and that they would score higher than controls on measures of play, creativity and emotional processes.
Abstract: This study investigated the effects of a pretend play intervention on 45 first and second grade children 2–8 months post-intervention. It was hypothesized that pretend play would be improved in the intervention groups and that they would score higher than controls on measures of play, creativity, and emotional processes. Subjects were randomly assigned to an affect, imagination, or control group. The imagination group significantly increased on multiple play scores from baseline to follow up and compared with controls, scores on frequency of positive affect expression were significantly higher. Differences on other scores were not found. Results indicate that play skills can be improved and cognitive play skills may have a stronger impact on affective processes than anticipated.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present evidence for the impact of sociocultural environment on creative potential and compare the divergent thinking performance of American, Russian, and Iranian college students on the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults.
Abstract: This study presents evidence for the impact of sociocultural environment on creative potential. The divergent thinking performance of American, Russian, and Iranian college students was compared on the Abbreviated Torrance Test for Adults. The study revealed that, compared to the Iranians, Americans and Russians have superior abilities to consider a problem from different perspectives and to generate original solutions to a problem. The performance differences on the originality measure of the representatives of the Western and Eastern countries calls for the possible revisions of the traditional definition of creativity as a construct emphasizing originality in thinking. Although originality and innovation are inherent properties of creative behavior in the Western thought, it might have lesser value in the East.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore the ways in which culinary creativity fits a modified version of Wallas's classic 1926 model of the creative process, which they used to analyze the process through which chefs create a specific culinary work (specific dish), using a qualitative research method.
Abstract: The purpose of this project was to explore the ways in which culinary creativity fits a modified version of Wallas's classic 1926 model of the creative process. In order to analyze the process through which chefs create a specific culinary work (specific dish), the researchers used a qualitative research method. Seventeen award-winning culinary artists from around the world were interviewed, and it was shown how the interview data fit the general categories of Wallas's 4-phase culinary creativity model—preparing the idea, idea incubation, idea development, and evaluation of the product—which the researchers refined via Finke, Ward, and Smith's 1992 Geneplore model, with its cyclic cognitive subprocesses. What is presumably the most original part of this contribution, then, are not the conceptual categories themselves but the actual interview-based data—the feelings, thoughts, and reflections of top-level international chefs—and the ways in which they seem to fit the categories of a modified 4-phase creati...
TL;DR: In two studies with a total of over 300 participants, the Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Individuals (ECCI-i) was shown to be a reliable measuring instrument.
Abstract: In 2 studies with a total of over 300 participants, the Epstein Creativity Competencies Inventory for Individuals (ECCI-i) was shown to be a reliable measuring instrument. In the first of these studies, the test was also shown to be a valid predictor of 2 measures of creative expression. The test is derived from empirical research on the creative process in individuals, which suggests that creative expression can be accelerated through the strengthening of any of 4 measurable, trainable competencies: capturing (preserving new ideas as they occur), challenging (taking on difficult tasks), broadening (seeking knowledge and skills outside one's current areas of expertise), and surrounding (seeking out new stimuli or combinations of stimuli). In the second study, training such competencies improved test scores and led to a significant increase in creative output.
TL;DR: In this article, a literature review synthesizes the available literature that suggests that the underachievement of gifted students may be tied to their inherent and unrecognized creativity, and that up to 30% of high school dropouts may be highly gifted.
Abstract: This literature review synthesizes the available literature that suggests that the underachievement of gifted students may be tied to their inherent and unrecognized creativity. Apparently, many gifted students are underachievers and up to 30% of high school dropouts may be highly gifted. Beginning with the belief that these gifted underachievers may be highly creative, this article first reviews the view that creativity can be a gift, much like intelligence. It then reviews the typical characteristics of gifted underachievers and the similar characteristics of creative underachievers. Finally, it reviews the studies and theories that have shown that once underachievers are placed in an environment that fosters their needs, with motivation, mentors, understanding, freedom, and responsibility, they can become highly productive. Classrooms across the nation are facing ever-increasing pressure to educate every child, especially with the No Child Left Behind (2007) Act. There is a demand for those children wh...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of external evaluation expectation on two parts of the creative idea production process (i.e., variation and selective retention) and on final product creativity were examined.
Abstract: Effects of external evaluation expectation on two parts of the creative idea production process (i.e., variation and selective retention) and on final product creativity were examined in this study. Results from a laboratory study (N = 73) showed that evaluation expectation exerted different effects on variation and selective retention. During variation, individuals who expected external evaluation generated fewer numbers of ideas. On the other hand, during selective retention, individuals who expected external evaluation performed better in improving idea appropriateness. Finally, individuals who expected evaluation only during selective retention produced the most creative ideas. These results provide a possible explanation for the inconsistent findings documented in the literature. Implications of these results for future research were discussed.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed data from the standardization sample of the Berlin Structure of Intelligence Test for Youth: Assessment of Talent and Giftedness (BIS-HB) using multilevel modelling techniques.
Abstract: Compared to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence, creativity usually is a less valid predictor for scholastic achievement. The majority of the studies from which these results are derived apply Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) methods that assume random sampling of respondents and, hence, do not take into account the possibility of between-classroom variance that is due to clustered data structures. In this study, data from the standardization sample of the Berlin Structure of Intelligence Test for Youth: Assessment of Talent and Giftedness (BIS-HB) were analyzed using multilevel modelling techniques. To test the hypothesis that the impact of creativity on GPA may vary between different classrooms, a multilevel model incorporating explanatory variables on two levels (level 1: students and level 2: classrooms) was specified. The role of reasoning ability was also investigated. The results allow for a more detailed interpretation of the role of different variables in the context of predicting sc...
TL;DR: This paper applied the Complex Family Framework in a systematic analysis of creative adults' recollections of their early family lives, identifying evidence of the interplay of integration and differentiation, a catalyst for individual optimal experience, in the families of nine creative exemplars who have made significant contributions to contemporary culture.
Abstract: Over the last 50 years, theoretical, speculative, and empirical scholarship has examined the influence of early family context on subsequent accomplishments in children of high ability. Building upon 40 years of creativity literature focusing on optimal experience, this exploratory study applied the Complex Family Framework in a systematic analysis of creative adults’ recollections of their early family lives. The study identifies evidence of the interplay of integration and Differentiation, a catalyst for individual optimal experience, in the families of nine creative exemplars who have made significant contributions to contemporary culture. Five participants represented the Arts and Humanities, three the Social Sciences, and one the Physical Sciences. The study demonstrates the utility of the Complex Family Framework in understanding families’ contributions to children’s later creative achievement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify and analyze the individual attributes responsible for creative performance among employees of a Spanish firm, drawing from the existing literature on intrinsic motivation, expertise, cognitive style, and individual creativity.
Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to identify and analyze the individual attributes responsible for creative performance among employees of a Spanish firm. Drawing from the existing literature on intrinsic motivation, expertise, cognitive style, and individual creativity, research was conducted to test a creativity model of employee characteristics in Spain. Results confirmed that innovative style and intrinsic motivation were related to employee creativity, as measured by self-ratings. Moreover, results suggested that the accumulation of individual attributes that were hypothesized to have a positive relationship with creativity had a greater effect in creativity than when considering separately. A cluster analysis was carried out in order to procure a taxonomy of employees depending on their individual characteristics. Three groups were defined. Their behavior differed significantly in terms of their creativity performance. Recommendations for enhancing creativity in work settings are proposed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the relationship between children's reports of their mother's and father's parenting style (leniency and acceptance) and teachers' reports of children's creative personality.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine the nature of the relationships between children's reports of their mother's and father's parenting style (leniency and acceptance), teacher's reports of children's creative personality, and teacher's reports of children's loneliness in school in a sample of South Korean sixth graders (N = 421). Using structural equation modeling, the results showed that parenting styles that reflected higher levels of leniency were associated with higher levels of loneliness and no relationship with children's creative personality. Parenting styles that reflected higher levels of acceptance were associated with higher levels of creativity in their children, but did not have a direct effect on loneliness. However, there was an indirect effect; the relationship between acceptance and loneliness was mediated by creativity.
TL;DR: The high schizotypesy group exhibited a selective advantage with better performance relative to a low schizotypy group in overcoming the constraining influence of examples when trying to generate original responses.
Abstract: Schizotypy has been consistently associated with an enhanced capacity for creative thinking, but the specificity of this cognitive advantage is, as yet, unclear. Different facets of creative cognition were assessed in the present study by contrasting groups based on the degree of extreme schizotypy personality scores. The high schizotypy group exhibited a selective advantage with better performance relative to a low schizotypy group in overcoming the constraining influence of examples when trying to generate original responses. The results are contrasted with previous findings on a related construct of psychoticism and are interpreted with reference to inhibitory control and other executive functions.
TL;DR: This article investigated whether scientific geniuses' psychopathology might exert significant influences on their scientific eminence by its interaction with their creative contribution types (paradigm-preserving contributions or paradigm-rejecting contributions).
Abstract: The present study investigated whether scientific geniuses' psychopathology might exert significant influences on their scientific eminence by its interaction with their creative contribution types (paradigm-preserving contributions or paradigm-rejecting contributions). A systematic review of literature on psychopathology of geniuses was conducted using PsycINFO (1967–2005). Seventy-six scientific geniuses were chosen and divided into 4 groups: No Psychopathology Group (n = 22), Personality Disorders Group (n = 27), Mood Disorders Group (n = 13), and Schizophrenia Group (n = 14). The results suggested that psychopathology of geniuses might play the role of a moderator in the relation between creative contribution types and scientific eminence. Implications regarding the mad-genius debate were discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors found that taking breaks at moments chosen at one's own discretion led to solving more insight problems and reaching fewer impasses than at moments that were chosen by others.
Abstract: Some time away from a problem, or incubation time, is found to be beneficial to creative problem solving. But are interruptions as equally helpful as breaks? An experiment was conducted to gain more insight into the differences between imposed and self-initiated breaks, and their effects on creativity, specifically on impasses and insights. There were three experimental conditions, (a) a continuous condition, in which participants were not allowed to switch back and forth between tasks, (b) an interruption condition, in which participants had to switch tasks at a predetermined moment, and (c) a break condition, in which participants could switch tasks at their own discretion. Results showed that taking breaks at moments chosen at one's own discretion led to solving more insight problems and reaching fewer impasses than at moments that were chosen by others. Furthermore, compared to working continuously, interruptions led to fewer impasses, but not to solving more insight problems.
TL;DR: One-hit composers peaked reliably earlier than their multi-hit counterparts, and this effect was greater between the most prototypical one-hit versus multihop composers.
Abstract: How can the creativity of “one-hit wonders” be explained? Anecdotes suggest one-hit wonders may peak early in their careers, but no quantitative investigation has specifically focused on this group. Here, objective recording count criteria were used to define samples of 89 one-hit and 89 “multi-hit” classical composers. One-hit composers peaked reliably earlier than their multi-hit counterparts, and this effect was greater between the most prototypical one-hit versus multi-hit composers. Lifespan, historical year, age at expertise acquisition onset, and overall hit popularity did not explain the effect. However, compared to multi-hit composers, one-hit composers’ hits tended to be easily elaborated, small-scale works like songs, which intrinsically peaked earlier than other genres. The pattern of career landmarks across five musical genres, using a sample of 394 composers, supported this interpretation. However, this is only a partial explanation, because one-hit composers began their musical careers sign...
TL;DR: The authors explored the meanings, inspirations, and subjective significance of personal artwork created as a leisure activity by women living with cancer and found that body imagery was extremely rare in participants' array of artwork, unlike the images typically created in art therapy.
Abstract: This study explored the meanings, inspirations, and subjective significance of personal artwork created as a leisure activity by women living with cancer. A convenience sample of 12 women aged 23–74 years participated in semistructured interviews. Participants were living in various stages of the cancer trajectory, and engaged in several forms of visual art-making. They submitted examples of their artwork by photograph and explored the meanings of this work in semistructured interviews. The study found that body imagery was extremely rare in participants' array of artwork, unlike the images typically created in art therapy. Few pieces expressed fears about cancer in symbolic terms. Participants described their selected artwork as offering sensuous pleasures, and confirming their ongoing capability, personal continuity, and social connectedness. Participants acknowledged ongoing loss and difficulties related to cancer. However, each piece of art offered a tangible record of resistance against the psycholog...
TL;DR: In this article, a follow-up study regarding whether motor creativity, developed in 3rd-grade children nine 9 years ago with the implementation of a special physical education program, has been retained.
Abstract: This article presents a follow-up study regarding whether motor creativity, developed in 3rd-grade children nine 9 years ago with the implementation of a special physical education program, has been retained. It was found that the experimental group continued to show statistically significant superiority in motor creativity. These follow-up findings can be considered far more important than the original ones, because they reveal that if motor creativity is developed in a child, it remains active for a long time, potentially the rest of his or her life, with all the subsequent advantages.
TL;DR: In this article, one novel per writer was analyzed, using Pennebaker, Francis, and Booth's (2001) Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC).
Abstract: Past research has shown that the styles of drawings by patients with unipolar and bipolar mood disorder differ, the latter expressing more positive and fewer negative emotions (Wadeson, 1980). In the first study presented here, it was expected that prose texts by eminent writers who suffered from unipolar versus bipolar mood disorder would show this same effect. One novel per writer was analyzed, using Pennebaker, Francis, and Booth's (2001) Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count. Results disconfirmed the hypothesis, but indicated 3 other differences that were then replicated in Study 2, using a second set of novels by the same authors. Results indicated that: (a) Bipolar writers referred to death more than did unipolar writers; (b) unipolar writers referred to people other than themselves more than did control writers; (c) unipolar writers used more words describing cognitive mechanisms (e.g., understand, know) than did both other groups. The fact that the unipolar and bipolar groups did not differ from contr...
TL;DR: In this paper, a controlled investigation on the effects of training with 40 participants who were equally divided into training and control conditions was conducted, and the results extended previous findings by indicating an impact of training on a range of puzzle-like problems, but not on the more realistic versions of problems.
Abstract: Attempts to train people to be more insightful problem solvers have met with mixed success. This article reports the results of a controlled investigation on the effects of training with 40 participants who were equally divided into training and control conditions. Training consisted of 10 minutes of instruction and practice at avoiding or responding to the impasses that arise in insight problems. All participants were then tested on three types of problem, half of them receiving the problems in an artificial puzzle-like format, and half received the same problems set in a more realistic context. The results extended previous findings by indicating an impact of training on a range of puzzle-like problems, but not on the more realistic versions of problems, where performance with or without training was as good as that of puzzle-like problems after training. Future research will investigate whether the training procedure can be adapted to be effective with real-like problems and will examine the implicatio...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present 9 examples of malevolent creativity in criminals, which should help us better understand both creativity and criminals, and we should never again assume that creativity is only positive.
Abstract: The article by Cropley, Kaufman, and Cropley (this issue) showing that creativity can be malevolent is very helpful, giving a better understanding of creativity. In this article, I present 9 examples of malevolent creativity in criminals. These examples should help us better understand both creativity and criminals. We should never again assume that creativity is only positive.
TL;DR: For instance, this article found that the need to be different and current adjustment problems correlated significantly with both originality scores and judged creativity on both tasks, often interacting to explain much of the variance in creativity.
Abstract: Undergraduates (N = 68) completed inventories measuring innovation motivation (need to be different and innovation expectancy), psychoticism, extraversion, neuroticism, and symptomatic distress, as well as a sentence completion measure of adjustment. They also wrote lyric poems using an associative procedure and completed house–tree–person drawings. Poems were scored for originality and arousal potential and independently judged for quality by two college writing instructors. Drawings were scored for original features and independently judged for quality by two art therapists. The need to be different and current adjustment problems correlated significantly with both originality scores and judged creativity on both tasks, often interacting to explain much of the variance in creativity. Innovation expectancy and psychoticism displayed significant correlations with some creativity measures. Originality scoring and expert judgment correlated well on both tasks. Originality and judged creativity correlated si...