Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Genetics & Development in 2001"

TL;DR: The protein kinases ATM and ATR are master controllers of some of these networks, acting either in concert or separately to orchestrate the responses to specific types of DNA damage or stalled replication.

TL;DR: This review focuses on recent studies of mutant phenotypes in Mouse and Zebrafish which implicate members of the Wnt pathway in processes such as axis and mesoderm formation, initiation of organ development and stem cell differentiation.

TL;DR: New insights into the movement of muscle precursor cells include the demonstration that Lbx1 is essential for their migration from the somite to some but not all sites of muscle formation elsewhere.

TL;DR: The molecules and mechanisms involved in chromatin remodeling during skeletal muscle development are described and associated with histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases to control the activation and repression of the muscle differentiation program are described.

TL;DR: Reliable methods for visualising HIF alpha subunits have established that HIF activation occurs in the majority of common cancers and has important effects on patterns of gene expression in tumours.

TL;DR: The stroma within carcinogenic lesions is known to be supportive and responsive to tumors, but new data increasingly show that the stroma also has a more active, oncogenic role in tumorigenesis.

TL;DR: Developmental aberrations in mice and certain human cancers are associated with HAT mutations, further highlighting the importance of these enzymes to normal cell growth and differentiation.

TL;DR: Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of histone deacetylases is emerging as a major step in determining the composition, and hence the activity, of the corresponding nuclear regulatory complexes.

TL;DR: Theoretical models predict how inbreeding and other non-recombining breeding systems are expected to differ from outcrossed populations, and DNA sequence data is being collected to test the predictions.

TL;DR: Intriguing correlations between expression patterns and protein divergence suggest some general mechanisms underlying protein evolution, including gene length and codon usage bias.

TL;DR: Recent studies have begun to reveal how this regulated signaling in the cytoplasm is linked to activation of the G1-phase cyclin-dependent kinases in the nucleus.

TL;DR: Increasing understanding of the role of telomere shortening in the replicative aging of cultured fibroblasts now permits a re-examination of what may reasonably be called cellular senescence, and what most likely represents artifacts of the culture environment and/or specific cell-cycle control mechanisms.

TL;DR: Experiments show that the cytoskeleton plays a critical role in the regulation of various cellular processes linked to transformation including proliferation, contact inhibition, anchorage-independent cell growth, and apoptosis.

TL;DR: The recent findings from novel experimental approaches that have yielded significant new information on the different hierarchical levels of chromatin folding and their functional significance are discussed.

TL;DR: The function of Gurken signalling in patterning the dorsal-ventral axis later in oogenesis is better understood and a microtubule motor, Kinesin, is directly implicated in localisation of oskar mRNA to the posterior pole of the oocyte.

TL;DR: The von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) has been shown to bind directly to the alpha subunits of the heterodimeric transcription factor HIF (hypoxia inducible factor) to cause destruction of HIF in the presence of oxygen.

TL;DR: It is now clear that reciprocal interactions between the extraembryonic and embryonic lineages establish and reinforce patterning of the embryo.

TL;DR: Stem cells exhibit a high degree of spatial organisation, and cell clustering and motility contribute to the assembly and maintenance of the epidermis.

TL;DR: Analysis of Arabidopsis mutants and plant viral suppressors of silencing are unraveling RNA-silencing mechanisms, which require common proteins in diverse organisms, and are assessing the role of methylation in transcriptional and posttranscriptional gene silencing.

TL;DR: The most recent advances in terms of cell differentiation in the skeleton are presented in this review and the genetic control of the differentiation and function of these cells is understood.

TL;DR: Cell proliferation and differentiation are highly coordinated processes during development and it is revealed that this coordination may result from dual functions residing in the central regulators of proliferation, allowing them to also regulate differentiation.

TL;DR: The four NFATc genes arose at the origin of vertebrates, implying that they have evolved for the development of vertebrate-specific functions, such as a complex nervous system, a recombinational immune system, and a vascular system with a complex heart.

TL;DR: Evidence has emerged demonstrating that cross-antagonism of lineage-specific transcription factors plays an important role in determining cell phenotype by actively repressing alternate lineage gene programs.

TL;DR: Molecular mechanisms controlling this checkpoint have been identified and loss of this checkpoint has been shown to result in chromosome missegregation in higher eukaryotes and may contribute to the genomic instability observed in human cancers.

TL;DR: The latest discoveries indicate that embryonic hepatocytes normally arise by diversion of an endodermal cell population that would otherwise default to a pancreatic fate.

TL;DR: States of developmental commitment are encoded as combinations of transcription factors and changes in their expression can bring about transdifferentiation or metaplasia.

TL;DR: It is found that SWI-SWF is able to alter the position of nucleosomes along the DNA, consistent with recent reports that other ATP-dependent chromatin-remodelling activities can alter the positions of nucleOSomes along DNA, and suggests that nucleosome mobilization may be a general feature of the activity of ATP- dependence chromatin remodelling activities.

TL;DR: The focus now is on how this pathway is regulated, how it controls nematode ageing, and how this relates to the ageing process in higher animals.

TL;DR: The continuing deluge of nucleotide polymorphism data is providing insights into the role of adaptation in shaping genome-wide patterns of variability and molecular evolution and new analytical approaches show promise for distinguishing the signature of adaptation from that of several non-adaptive alternatives.

TL;DR: Control of translation in eukaryotes occurs mainly at the initiation step and changes correlate with the activity of several canonical translation initiation factors, which is modulated during the cell cycle to regulate translation.