Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Immunology in 2000"

TL;DR: Recent evidence for additional functions of these oxygen metabolites in innate and adaptive immunity include the modulation of the cytokine response of lymphocytes and the regulation of immune cell apoptosis, as well as immunodeviating effects.

TL;DR: Positional cloning work has revealed that Lps encodes the Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4), which functions as the transmembrane component of the LPS receptor complex, an unduplicated pathway for the detection of endotoxin.

TL;DR: This review describes recent breakthroughs in understanding of the roles played by chemokines in lymphocyte trafficking, including the first demonstration thatChemokines control lymphocyte/vascular recognition by shear-resistant rapid adhesion and the implication that chemokine may control microenvironmental segregation within lymphoid organs.

TL;DR: The Toll signaling pathway, which is required for the establishment of the dorsal-ventral axis in Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response of larval and adult Dosophila to microbial infections.

TL;DR: The past several years have seen the beginning of a shift in the way that TCR signal transduction is studied, with the identification of distinct formations of signaling molecules at junctions between T cells and antigen-presenting cells, the role of the cytoskeleton and the partitioning of molecules into specialized lipid subdomains being the subjects of many publications.

TL;DR: The advent of cDNA and oligonucleotide microarray technologies has led to a paradigm shift in biological investigation, such that the bottleneck in research is shifting from data generation to data analysis.

TL;DR: Oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs are highly effective Th1-like vaccine adjuvants through multiple routes of immunization and show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for cancer and allergic diseases.

TL;DR: Mice deficient in IL-18 have demonstrated its critical role in natural killer cell activity and in vivo Th1 response and its signal transduction pathway are analogous to those of the IL-1 receptor.

TL;DR: There have been several recent advances in knowledge about mast cells and basophils in immune responses, of which some are particularly important: a role has been found for heparin in the storage of certain proteases and other mediators in mast cell cytoplasmic granules.

TL;DR: This work has shown that T regulatory cells, in addition to clonal deletion and anergy, are essential for the downregulation of T cell responses to both foreign and self antigens, and for the prevention of autoimmunity.

TL;DR: In the innate immune reaction, microbial pathogens activate phylogenetically conserved cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate the ubiquitous nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-appaB).

TL;DR: Type I IFNs clearly affect the release of proinflammatory cytokines or nitric oxide by dendritic cells and macrophages, the capacity of type II interferon (IFN-gamma) to activate phagocytes, the differentiation of T helper cells and the innate control of non-viral pathogens.

TL;DR: Over the past few years, major advances in several areas of immunology have provided a foundation for the rational design of vaccines against diseases requiring cellular immunity.

TL;DR: Preliminary experience with recombinant p75 TNFR-Fc fusion protein in the treatment of TRAPS has been favorable, and one likely mechanism of inflammation in TRAPS is the impaired cleavage of TNFRSF1A ectodomain upon cellular activation, with diminished shedding of the potentially antagonistic soluble receptor.

TL;DR: Progress suggests that a general feature of membrane rafts is to serve as platforms wherein the signaling cascades triggered through different multichain immune recognition receptors (e.g. the TCR, BCR and FcepsilonRI) are initiated and organized.

TL;DR: Dendritic cells are key modulators of the immune response that can influence Th cell differentiation by preferentially inducing Th type 1 or 2 cell responses, and the differential polarisation of CD4(+) T cells appears to be mediated by discrete dendritic cell subsets.

TL;DR: In this article, the development and function of the CD5+/B-1 B cell subpopulation in mice were investigated in the context of the generation of this subpopulation by a distinctive fetal B cell developmental process.

TL;DR: Tolerance to the foetal 'allograft' has been extensively studied in the past few years, providing interesting new insights, and hypotheses suggesting roles for several other molecules or cells are suggested.

TL;DR: These studies highlight the taut interactions between class-II-invariant-chain complexes and endosomal proteases during MHC class II maturation.

TL;DR: The GTPase, Ras, is rapidly activated in antigen receptor stimulated T. cells, B cells and mast cells, and is a key component of the complex regulatory networks that control T and B cell development.

TL;DR: It is known that macrophage CD14 serves an additional unexpected function, namely as a receptor involved in the recognition and phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis, and mediates clearance of apoptotic cells without inciting inflammation.

TL;DR: Despite current recognition of over 40 chemokines and more than 18 chemokine receptors, understanding of their role in transplant immunobiology and transplant rejection is extremely limited and fragmentary.

TL;DR: The molecular machinery at the nexus of apoptosis and inflammation includes caspase-1 --an activator of IL-1beta and IL-18 - as well as the double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase pathway and RNaseL pathway, which are key effectors of antiviral immunity.

TL;DR: Findings support the hypothesis that pathogenic bacteria binding fluid-phase RCA proteins exploit these proteins to escape complement attack and provide novel insight into the interplay between pathogens and the innate immune system.

TL;DR: A strong cytotoxic T lymphocyte response to HTLV-I protects against the associated inflammatory disease of the central nervous system, HAM/TSP (HTLV- I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis), by reducing the proviral load.

TL;DR: These findings explain the unique capacity of the immune system to discriminate between antigens from infectious and noninfectious agents.

TL;DR: This work presents the first description of hereditary immunodeficiency due to disordered perforin expression in humans and the partial characterization of caspase-independent apoptotic pathways triggered by granzymes.

TL;DR: Activation and skin-selective homing of peripheral-blood T cells, and effector functions in the skin, represent sequential immunological events in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

TL;DR: A relationship exists between T cell help and CTL responses in HIV-1 infection and it is shown that virus-specific CTLs wane over time as disease progresses.