Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Immunology in 2009"

TL;DR: It was demonstrated that ACT using autologous lymphocytes genetically modified to express anti-tumor T cell receptors can mediate tumor regression and this approach is now being applied to patients with common epithelial cancers.

TL;DR: If the immunogenicity of CARs can be averted, the versatility of their design and HLA-independent antigen recognition will make CARs tools of choice for T cell engineering for the development of targeted cancer immunotherapies.

TL;DR: Analysis of TREM signaling has now identified key regulatory components and defined pathways that may be responsible for the complex functional interactions between the TREM and toll-like receptors, and these new findings define the T REM and TREM- like receptors as pluripotent modifiers of disease through the integration of inflammatory signals with those associated with leukocyte adhesion.

TL;DR: It is now apparent that there is substantial plasticity late in the Th17 program, which allows committed Th17 cells to transition from effectors that produce predominantly IL-17A andIL-17F, to effectors That produce predominantly IFNgamma, and raises new questions regarding the stability of epigenetic modifications that accompany induction of cytokine gene expression during T cell lineage development.

TL;DR: Heterologous prime-boost represents a new way of immunization and will stimulate better understanding on the immunological basis of vaccines.

TL;DR: It is also clear now that adjuvants trigger the stromal cells at the site of injection, leading to the necessary chemokines that attract the innate immune cells to the sites of injection.

TL;DR: This review addresses the stability of this population of Treg cells, focusing on studies that suggest that Tregs can downregulate FoxP3, lose regulatory activity and, under some conditions, become memory T cells capable of recognizing self-antigens and expressing effector cell activities including the production of IL-17 and IFNgamma.

TL;DR: Recent studies on how immunologic mechanisms of protection change during aging have led to novel strategies for improving vaccine responsiveness and outcomes of infectious diseases in older adults.

TL;DR: The recent progress to synthesize the current understanding of this disease and potential mechanisms for a mast cell's role in the disease are reviewed.

TL;DR: A broader appreciation of the cellular responses mediated by this receptor and the effects of interactions with other receptors, including the TLRs, have greatly furthered the understanding of innate immunity and how this drives the development of adaptive immunity, particularly Th17 responses.

TL;DR: Specialized inflammation-regulated proteins chelate iron, trap siderophores, and transport iron or modulate its transport to alter its tissue distribution during infections to restrict iron availability to microbial invaders.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss possible mechanisms for T(reg) failure in controlling auto-active effector T cells (T(effs)) during auto-immunity and discuss possible resistance of autoimmune T cells to T-(reg)-mediated control.

TL;DR: The NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat containing) family of intracellular sensors is a crucial component of the innate immune system and Dysregulation of the inflammasome has also been linked to a number of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disorders.

TL;DR: Regulated changes in locus conformation may control the synapsis of distant recombination signal sequences, and regulated changes in subnuclear positioning may influence locus recombination events by unknown mechanisms, which may explain the ordered activation and inactivation of T cell receptor locus homosexuality and the phenomenon of Tcrb allelic exclusion.

TL;DR: Recent advances in understanding of polarization and differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as some intriguing developments in the clinic, indicate that the use of CD4(+) T cell subsets in the immunotherapy of cancer has unrealized potential.

TL;DR: The fascinating cohabitation of CMV with the human immune system, which commits a very significant fraction of its entire resources to CMV-immunosurveillance, may suggest an early-life benefit from infection, which becomes deleterious for the majority of the population only in later life or under pathological conditions.

TL;DR: Current views on how aging influences the factors that impact T cell function and how this can affect the immune response to infections, vaccinations, and tumors are summarized.

TL;DR: Recent studies unravel multiple signals controlling T(FH) development and functional subtypes of antigen-specific T(HF) cells, including memory T(EH) cells that accelerate memory B cell responses to antigen rechallenge in vivo.

TL;DR: Emerging data on transcriptional regulatory networks that govern the differentiation program of Th17 cells are reviewed, and how the orphan nuclear receptor RORgammat coordinates this process in concert with diverse cytokine-induced transcription factors is focused on.

TL;DR: Advances in understanding the immune response induced by the vaccine have promise to help elucidate the mechanism of SAEs, and the mechanism is poorly understood.

TL;DR: Dendritic cells are heterogenous, comprising several subpopulations of migratory and lymphoid-organ-resident types and the contribution of each DC subset to a physiological immune response is particularly relevant for rational vaccine design.

TL;DR: In this paper, the lineage specific genes are modified with epigenetic modifications, which result in the emergence of regulatory elements, which control high level lineage restricted expression by both intrachromosomal and interchromosomal associations.

TL;DR: A compilation of all GWAS published to date in seven common AID is provided and a network-based analysis of shared susceptibility genes at different levels of significance is presented and Statistically significant excess sharing of non-MHC genes was found between type I diabetes (T1D) and all other AID studied.

TL;DR: Changes in the frequency of parasite-specific T cell upon therapeutic treatment in humans may provide a new metric for determining treatment efficacy.

TL;DR: Genetic analysis of the drosophila antiviral response indicates that RNA interference plays a major role, and DExD/H box helicases appear to play a crucial role in the cytosolic detection of viral RNAs in flies and mammals.

TL;DR: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis research has illuminated the crucial role of GM-CSF in innate immunity and led to novel therapy for PAP and the potential use of anti-GM- CSF therapy in other common disorders.

TL;DR: The reported microarray analysis of human B cell subsets may now be used to delineate B cell defects with aging and all the advances presented should lead to selecting agents for improved immune response in the elderly.

TL;DR: This work proposes a model in which autoreactive B cells are activated first, independent of T cells, but dependent upon BCR and TLR signals, which breaks T cell tolerance, resulting in full-blown autoimmunity.

TL;DR: A key emerging principle is that there is considerable diversity in the number and type of inhibitory receptors that can be expressed by T cells during both acute and chronic infections, and these distinct inhibitory pathways appear to cooperate in regulating T cell function.

TL;DR: Studies have been performed to infuse NK cells for immunotherapy outside the fields of transplantation and/or harness the function of endogenous NK cells in patients with hematological malignancies.