Showing papers in "Current Opinion in Neurobiology in 2002"

TL;DR: Two important mechanisms for recognition of emotions are the construction of a simulation of the observed emotion in the perceiver, and the modulation of sensory cortices via top-down influences.

TL;DR: It is proposed that motor skill learning occurs independently and in different coordinates in two sets of loop circuits: cortex-basal ganglia and cortex-cerebellum, which accounts for the seemingly diverse features of motor learning.

TL;DR: Recent experiments investigating the effects of adrenal stress hormones on memory provide extensive evidence that epinephrine and glucocorticoids modulate long-term memory consolidation in animals and human subjects.

TL;DR: Activity within the anterior cingulate cortex and possibly in other classical limbic structures, appears to be closely related to the subjective experience of pain unpleasantness and may reflect the regulation of endogenous mechanisms of pain modulation.

TL;DR: Preliminary evidence suggests that the ventral part of the lateralPremotor cortex in humans may correspond to monkey area F4, and a tentative map of the human lateral premotor areas founded on the reviewed evidence is presented.

TL;DR: The central complex is one of the most prominent, yet functionally enigmatic structures of the insect brain, and specific components of higher locomotion control in larvae and adult flies, such as those that guarantee the optimal length and across-body symmetry of strides and an appropriate activity are disclosed.

TL;DR: A putative model of object recognition in cortex is proposed, spanning issues regarding invariance, selectivity, representation and levels of recognition, based on single-unit recordings from behaving monkeys and human functional magnetic resonance imaging studies.

TL;DR: The sequential appearance of neurons and glia in the vertebrate central nervous system may be governed by competition between growth factor signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors.

TL;DR: Dopamine and the prefrontal cortex are critical for thought and behaviour and computational models have tried to elucidate the specific and intricate roles of dopamine in the cortex at the neurophysiological, system and behavioral levels, with varying degrees of success.

TL;DR: The cellular properties of neural progenitor cells have been best characterized in the telencephalon, the most complex region of the vertebrate brain, and the differentiation of layer-specific neuronal phenotypes in the cerebral cortex.

TL;DR: Investigations demonstrate that neurotrophic factors can enhance axon growth after spinal cord injuries and suggest that signaling mechanisms in addition to those triggered by receptor tyrosine kinases may be required for successful peripheral nervous system regeneration.

TL;DR: The recent identification of selective ligands for p75(NTR), novel isoforms of this receptor, as well as new signaling partners, suggest that the numerous biological actions of the neurotrophins via p75 (NTR) may reflect selectivity of ligand-receptor interactions and intracellular adaptor protein recruitment.

TL;DR: How subunit type dictates the assembly of heteromeric receptors, and how these heteromers interact with the receptor trafficking machinery and synaptic anchorage factors are described and phosphorylation may play an important role in receptor transport and synaptic turnover.

TL;DR: Target-derived neurotrophins are required for the growth and survival of innervating neurons and a model in which the vesicular transport of neurotrophin-Trk complexes transmits a survival signal that involves PI3K and Erk5 is supported.

TL;DR: It is shown that notch signaling and neurogenic gene regulation are involved in patterning or specification of sensory organs, ganglion cells and hair cell mechanoreceptors.

TL;DR: Observations provide an empirical foundation which could explain the reduced inflammatory hyperalgesia in VR1 knockout mice, and imply an important role for endovanilloid signaling via VR1 in the development of ongoing pain in humans that occurs in most inflammatory conditions.

TL;DR: The adult mammalian neocortex, the major region of the cerebral cortex, is divided into functionally specialized areas, defined by distinct architecture and axonal connections, and genetic regulation, intrinsic to the dorsal telencephalon, control the gradual emergence of area-specific properties during development.

TL;DR: A recent mouse model has shown that respiratory infection in the pregnant mother leads to marked behavioral and pharmacological abnormalities in the offspring, some of which are relevant for schizophrenia and autism.

TL;DR: Brain atlases and associated databases have great potential as gateways for navigating, accessing, and visualizing a wide range of neuroscientific data, combined with improvements in visualization capabilities and internet access.

TL;DR: Key initial steps in synaptic plasticity involve the back-propagation of action potentials into the dendritic tree and calcium influx that depends nonlinearly on the action potential and synaptic input.

TL;DR: Rened interest is focused on the possibility that some long-term memories consolidate anew with retrieval, and could, under certain conditions, become transiently shaky in this period of reconsolidation.

TL;DR: An important physiological role of endocannabinoids may be to provide a mechanism by which neurons can rapidly regulate the strength of their synaptic inputs.

TL;DR: A model of the molecular steps of CaMKII translocation and activation that can explain its role in neuronal plasticity is led to.

TL;DR: In vitro and in vivo evidence point to a key role for GSK3 in promoting neurodegeneration and in Alzheimer's disease plaque and neurofibrillary tangle formation.

TL;DR: Dyslexics show a disruption in white matter connectivity between posterior and frontal regions, which gives continued support for a neurobiological etiology of developmental dyslexia.

TL;DR: This work has shown that the surface composition of channels and receptors may be adjusted by controlling their export from the endoplasmic reticulum by manipulating their export to the Golgi apparatus.

TL;DR: Recent technical advances have facilitated the ease of neuronal gene transfer and have increased the accessibility of these techniques to all laboratories, including viral vectors, liposomes and electroporation.

TL;DR: Functional analyses demonstrate independent processing streams for sound localization and identification analogous to the 'what' and 'where' streams in visual cortex, although the modular arrangements are modality-specific.

TL;DR: Current technological advances in animal tracking devices now make it possible to test predictions from models of navigation based on the use of variations in magnetic intensity, and this work highlights the need to understand more fully the role of magnetism in animal navigation.

TL;DR: Experimental evidence supports one theory of attentional selection, by showing that changes in attentional focus increase the synchrony of neural firing in some neuron pairs and decrease it in others.