Showing papers in "International Journal of Psychology in 1988"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors extended and augmented Kohlberg's theory of moral development by incorporating Chinese perspectives on moral development into the present 6-stage model, where Confucian and Taoistic philosophies are employed to elaborate some of the characteristics of the Chinese sub-structures.
Abstract: Kohlberg's theory of moral development is extended and revised. The Chinese perspectives on moral development are integrated into the present 6-stage model. The last three stages are: (4) Golden mean orientation and social system; (5) Majority rights and individual rights, and (6) Universal ethical principles of natural harmony. The first three stages are hypothesized to be cultural universal but the last three stages are supposed to have a cultural component. For each of the Stages 4, 5 and 6, a general structure is constructed and then a Chinese sub-structure and a Western sub-structure are derived from their corresponding general structure. Confucian and Taoistic philosophies are employed to elaborate some of the characteristics of the Chinese sub-structures.
La theorie du developpement moral de Kohlberg est revisee et augmentee. Les points de vue chinois sur le developpement moral sont integres dans le present modele en six stages. Les trois derniers stages sont: (4) L'orientation en fonction de la Moyenne en Or et le systeme social, (5) Les droits de la majorite et les droits individuels, (6) Les principes d'ethique universels de l'harmonie naturelle. Il est postule que les trois premiers stages sont culturellement universel, mais que les trois derniers possedent une composante culturelle. Pour les Stages 4, 5 et 6, une structure generale est d'abord presentee, suivie de sous-structures chinoise et occidentale qui sont derivees de la structure generale correspondante. Les philosophies Taoiste et Confucianiste sont utilisees pour elaborer davantage quelques-unes des caracteristiques des sous-structures chinoises.
66 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure the value orientations of a large sample of 927 Chinese university students in Hong Kong and it was found that the students tended to put greater emphases on personal and competency oriented values.
Abstract: The Rokeach Value Survey was used to measure the value orientations of a large sample of 927 Chinese university students in Hong Kong. Based on their ranking of 18 terminal and 18 instrumental values. it was found that the students tended to put greater emphases on personal and competency oriented values. Specifically, the four most important terminal values were true friendship, happiness, self-respect, and wisdom; and the four least important terminal values were social recognition, a comfortable life, salutation, and pleasure. The four most important instrumental values included responsible, courageous, intellectual, and capable; and the four least important instrumental values included imaginative, polite, obedient, and clean. Male students tended to be more concerned with personal, accomplishment, and competency related values; whereas female students were more attracted to family, moral, and more intrinsic kinds of values. This study also provided evidence on the validity of the Rokeach Val...
60 citations
TL;DR: This paper found a significant correlation between parental expectations of the child's use of a physical attractiveness stereotype and the actual use of the stereotype in a social choice context, and 20 mothers were asked to tell a story about a normal, obese and handicapped child to their own child.
Abstract: Two investigations were completed to study the parental socialization process underlying the intergenerational transmission of the use of the physical attractiveness stereotype. In the first study, preschool (n = 31). frst- (n = 27) and third- and fifth-grade children (n = 28) and their mothers and fathers engaged in social choice and attribution tasks directed at stimuli portraying a facially attractive or unattractive, mesomorphic or endomorphic and normal and handicapped child. Children and parents were observed to use a physical stereotype response in their behaviors. Further, a significant correlation was observed between parental expectations of the child's use of a physical attractiveness stereotype and the child's actual use of the stereotype in a social choice context. In the second study 20 mothers were asked to tell a story about a normal, obese. and handicapped child to their own child. Content aalysis of the stories, using a coding scheme devised to assess stereotypic verbal messages...
55 citations
TL;DR: The generalizability of the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (MITSR) was investigated through a series of data analytic procedures comparing the item responses of Japanese and American preschool children as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The generalizability of temperament, as measured by the Revised Dimensions of Temperament Survey (MITSR) (Windle and Lerner 1986). was investigated through a series of data analytic procedures comparing the item responses of Japanese and American preschool children. Consistent with the results of an Americao preschool sample, a nine-factor model emerged for the sample of Japanese preschool children. Configurational similarity of salient and non-salient factor loadings for the nine temperament constructs across the two cultural groups was supported via congruence coefficients which ranged from 0.73 to 0.98 (Mdn = 0.91). Restricted (confirmatory) simultaneous group models for each of the nine temperament constructs indicated that the factor loading patterns were invariant across the two preschool samples, thus supporting the equality of scale metrics or units of measurement across groups. Statistical tests of differences in factor means between the two cultural samples suggested that the primary ca...
54 citations
TL;DR: In China today one hears that "the human mind can be measured" and "testing is a useful tool to discriminate among minds" as mentioned in this paper. But this kind of thinking is not new, but can be traced back to ancient China.
Abstract: In China today one hears that ‘the human mind can be measured’ and ‘testing is a useful tool to discriminate among minds’. This kind of thinking is not new, but can be traced back to ancient China. The great Chinese philosopher and educator Confucius (551–479 B.C.), first classified people into three categories on the basis of intelligence: people of ‘great wisdom’, people of ‘average intelligence’, people of ‘little intelligence’.
53 citations
TL;DR: In Korea, two number systems are in simultaneous ux: one is somewhat irregular (like the English language number system), and the other regular (similar to the Chinese number system).
Abstract: In Korea, two number systems are in simultaneous ux. One is somewhat irregular (like the English language number system), and the other regular (similar to the Chinese number system). This natural experiment allows a direct test of the hypothesis that structural regularity of the number system facilitates the acquisition of counting. Korean children initially suffer from their numerical ‘bhgualism’: they find it difficult to learn two counting systems at the same time. Yet, after this initial difficulty, they won master the generative rules which are transparent in the regular system, the cognitive advantage provided by the regular number system then combines with other factors, like intensive teachng and parental pressure, to produce school achievement in mathematics superior to US children's.
49 citations
TL;DR: In two studies of Japanese and Australian university students, the authors examined the resource allocation rules of equity and quality in the work place and found that subjects were universalistic rather than relativistic in their judgments of fairness and alterability of these rules.
Abstract: In two studies of Japanese and Australian university students, we examined the resource allocation rules of equity and quality. In both cultures, subjects were universalistic rather than relativistic in their judgments of fairness and alterability of these rules in the work place. The y judged the equity rule to be unalterable by legislation or consensus. However, in both studies, the Japanese perceived equity to be less fair and equality to be less unfair than their Australian counterparts. In addition, study 2 indicated that cross-cultural differences in judgments of fairness were influenced by consideration of need. The age of the worker was a more important determinant of fairness judgments for Japanese than for Australians; the debt of a worker was a more impoht determinaat for Australians than for Japanese. The results are discussed with regard to the role of culture in conceptions of distributive justice.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the role of causal beliefs in the psychological recovery of temporarily and permanently disabled accident victims was examined, and patients who were permanently disabled attributed the accident more to external factors than those who were temporarily disabled.
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to examine the role of causal beliefs in the psychological recovery of temporarily and permanently disabled accident victims. Patients (N = 41) from a government hospital and private nursing homes in Allahabad city, India, were interviewed one week and three weeks after the accident. The doctor's report of their recovery was also obtained each time. The permanently disabled patients were found less motivated to search for the causes of the tragic went. When asked to make attribution, permanently disabled attributed the accident more to external factors than those who were temporarily disabled. Chance and God's will were the cause more frequently mentioned. Attributions to Karma and God's will were significantly correlated with psychological recovery. The sense of personal control was not found to be a good index of psychological recovery. Number of compliints made by the patients and their depressive symptoms, as observed by the doctors, negatively correlated ...
47 citations
TL;DR: This paper examined the influence of self-efficacy on self-regulatory mechanisms exercised during a verbal concept formation task and found that high or low selfefficacy is experimentally induced among sixty four college students who subsequently have to solve, aloud, different problems of concept formation.
Abstract: This study examines the influence of self-efficacy on the self-regulatory mechanisms exercised during a verbal concept formation task. High or low-self-efficacy is experimentally induced among sixty four college students who subsequently have to solve, aloud, different problems of concept formation. Self-regulation was examined based on the utilization of the cognitive strategies required to solve the task, the monitoring strategies applied over the cognitive enterprise and the metacogrutive experiences emerging along the resolution. Both groups exhibite similar cognitive strategies, yet some of their monitoring strategies and metacognitive experiences are affected by their self-efficacy judgments. The nature of self-efficacy should be considered when studying the relationship between metacognitive knowledge aqd self-regulation as applied during the task resolution.
40 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the cross-national gcneralizability of parental rearing constructs by analydng self-report data on the EMBU, an instrument designed to assess memories of one's parents' rearing behavior.
Abstract: To be able to contribute to the cross-cultural study of child-rearing practices and psychopa-thology, this study sought to examine the cross-national gcneralizability of parental rearing constructs by analydng self-report data on the EMBU, an instrument designed to assess memories of one's parents' rearing behavior. Of the four primary factors identified originally with Dutch individuals, namely Rejection, Emotional Warmth, Overprotection and Favoring Subject. The Fist three were replicated in a similar form in a Greek and a Spanish sample of normal research volunteers. Other propaties of the factors, thcir corresponding scales, and the items constituting the scales were such that it would be warranted to carry out mean scale level or pattern comparisons between subjects from the respective countries on the three constructs evidencing cross-national constancy. Scale-level factor analysis of these constructs produced identical two-factor compositions (CARE and PROTECTION) across the Greek, the Spa...
38 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the concepts of intelligence of two groups of Hong Kong Chinese university students were investigated, and the relevance ratings were taken as reflections of the group's concept of intelligence.
Abstract: The present study investigated the concepts of intelligence of two groups of Hong Kong Chinese university students. The y differed in the secondary schools from which they graduated, one followed the Chinese system and the other the Enash system. The se two groups were otherwise similar in age, academic achievement, and racial background. Subjects were asked to rate items selected from four popular intelligence tests in terms of their relevance to measuring intelligence and perceived difficulty. The relevance ratings were taken as reflections of the group's concept of intelligence. Factor analysis revealed two major factors and several minor factors underlying the relevance ratings of the two groups. The major ones were Non-verbal and Verbal reasoning skills, and the minor ones were Social, Numerical, and Retrieval skills. The Non-verbal reasoning skill was rated equally relevant by the two groups of subjects and was considered as the most relevant skill to measuring intelligence. The Verbal reas...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of age and sex, exposure to political hardships and the historical political situation on children's coping modes and fears were studied, and the results indicated that both individualistic and historical-political factors influence the way children cope with stress.
Abstract: In order to investigate the effects of age and sex, exposure to political hardships and the historical-political situation on children's coping modes and fears, 8–14-year-old Palestinian children were studied A group of 66 children living in the Israeli-occupied West Bank were studied in 1982, before the Lebanon war The second group of 42 West Bank children was investigated in autumn 1985 The third group consisted of 31 Palestinian children living in the Beirut refugee camps, who were studied in spring 1984 Based on children's responses the coping modes were assessed on the intentional (passive-active), cognitive (defensive-purposeful), and motional (helpless-courageous) levels The historical-political situation was indicated by the period of testing as regards the West Bank groups, and the place of residence (West Bank groups versus the Beirut group) The results indicate that both individualistic and historical-political factors influence the way children cope with stress The West Bank gr
TL;DR: The authors explored the need importance patterns and involvement in work and family contexts and found that in the family context, affiliative needs were most important followed by subsistence and growth needs, while in the work context, growth needs are most important, followed by affiliative and subsistence needs.
Abstract: This binational study explored the need importance patterns and involvement in work and family contexts Results reveal that in the work context, growth needs are most important, followed by affiliative and subsistence needs In the family context, affiliative needs are most important followed by subsistence and growth needs Involvement in work and family contexts was found to be influenced by the need satisfaction potential of the respective contexts This explained the nature of relationship between work and family involvement The cross-national generalizability and usefulness of a motivational model for research on involvement in multilife-spheres are discussed
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors combine the results of two studies across different cultures which included an investigation into the relationship betwee-n field-dependence-independence and vocational orientations within the framework of Holland's theory of career choice and Witkin's theories of psychological differentiation.
Abstract: This paper combines the results of two studies across different cultures which included an investigation into the relationship betwee-n field-dependence-independence and vocational orientations within the framework of Holland's theory of career choice and Witkin's theory of psychological differentiation. The samples included 179 Canadian senior high school students and 376 Pakistani college and university students. Both samples were administered Self-Directed Search and Group Embedded Figures Test. The mule indicated a significant relationship between cognitive styles and vocational orientations. It was evident from the findings of these two studies that the theories of Holland and Witkin dove-tail nicely with each other.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared regular and occasional gamblers on cognitive and behavioral measures during a blackjack session using the thinking aloud method, and found that regular players emitted more irrational thoughts than occasional players.
Abstract: Empirical studies in the psychology of gambling have revealed at least two well supported findings: (1) irrational cognitions outnumber rational cognitions during gambling (Gaboury and Ladouceur, 1987; Ladouceur, Gaboury. Dumont and Rochette 1988); (2) risk-taking behavior increases as a function to exposure to gambling activities (Ladouceur, Mayrand and Tourigny 1987; Ladouceur, Tourigny and Mayrand 1986). The present study compared regular and occasional gamblers on cognitive and behavioral measures during a blackjack session using the thinking aloud method. The results confirmed that regular players emitted more irrational thoughts than occasional gamblers. The theoretical and practical implications of those results are discussed within the general context of the psychology of gambling.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the psychometric qualities of the French version of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) and found that it has high internal consistency and a tri-dimensional factorial structure.
Abstract: Studies on personal problem solving demonstrate important variations in intra- and interindividual problem solving performances. The se differences have bent associated with different levels of subject's psychological distress. Recently. several investigators have attempted to identify met cognitive factors associated with fluctuations in problem solving performance and variations in subject's level of mental health. The plypose of the present study was to examine the psychometric qualities of the French version of the Problem Solving Inventory (PSI). The 35-item questionnaire assess people's attitudes toward their personal problem solving competence. Reliability, factorial structure and construct validity of the instrument were evaluated with two different samples of subjects. Results indicated that the French version of the PSI has high internal consistency and, as predicted, a tri-dimensional factorial structure. The observed relation between subject's appraisal of their personal problem solvi...
TL;DR: For instance, the authors found that students high on the value of academic achievement tended to read more but the differences were not extensive; their interest seemed to focus more on the literary and curriculum-related materials.
Abstract: The relation of the reading interests of Chinese adolescents to their personality (introversion), values (intellectualism and academic achievement), and the reading interests of their family members and peers was studied. A total of 2,114 secondary school students participated in the study. The hypothesized relationship was found to be positive. Specifically, the more introverted students were attracted to more literary materials, whereas the less introverted were fond of more action type of materials. Students high on the value of intellectualism were found to read in general more than those low on the value in almost any kind of materials. Compared to the low ones, students high on the value of academic achievement tended to read more but the differences were not extensive; their interest seemed to focus more on the literary and curriculum-related materials. With respect to family and peer influences, students with parents, siblings, classmates, and friends who read tended to read more and have wider reading interests.
Cette etude porte sur la relation entre les interets de lecture des adolescents chinois et leur personnalite (introversion), leurs valeurs (intellectualisme et performance academique), ainsi que les interets de lecture des membres de leur famille et de leurs pairs. Un nombre total de 2,114 eleves de niveau secondaire ont participe a cette recherche. La relation positive prevue a ete trouvee. Plus precisement, les eleves plus introvertis etaient attires par des textes plus litteraires, alors que les moins introvertis etaient interesses par du materiel davantage relie a l'action. Les eleves denotant une valeur elevee d'intellectualisme avaient generalement l'habitude de lire davantage que tous ceux possedant un niveau faible de cette valeur et ce, pour presque tous les types de materiel. Par comparaison avec ceux possedant des scores faibles, les eleves possedant des niveaux eleves de performance academique avaient tendance a lire davantage, mais les differences observees n'etaient pas remarquables; leurs interets semblaient etre centres sur les textes litteraires et sur les textes scolaires. Par rapport aux influences de la famille et des pairs, les eleves ayant des parents, des freres et des soeurs, des compagnons de classe ou des amis qui ont pris l'habitude de lire avaient tendance a lire davantage et a posseder des interets de lecture plus varies.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new administration procedure for evaluating the use of four solution strategies was developed: the simultaneous, the successive, externalized-successive and the global-manipulatory strategies.
Abstract: The starting point of the investigation was the field dependence-independence construct as measured with the Embedded Figures Test of H.A. Witkin. An overview of the research on the information-processing strategies in solving the items of this test was converging into a theory in which strategies for a successful solution can be located on a bipolar dimension with at one extreme a simultaneous strategy and at the other extreme a successive strategy. A new administration procedure for evaluating the use of four solution strategies was developed: the simultaneous, the successive. The externalized-successive and the global-manipulatory strategy. Based on the prediction that the w of strategies was related to sex and age, we carried out an experiment involving groups of ten boys and ten girls of 5, 6 and 7 years of age, who were given eight tasks with the new administration prdure. No. significant diffmce was found between boys and girls. However, significant differences existed in strategy profiles...
TL;DR: The child-rearing beliefs of 32 mothen and 36 day-care providers in Mexico were compared as discussed by the authors, and they found that day care providers expected children to master developmental skills at an earlier age than did mothers.
Abstract: The child-rearing beliefs of 32 mothen and 36 day-care providers in Mexico were compared. Day-care providers expected children to master developmental skills at an earlier age than did mothers. Day-care providers more strongly valued the development of independent and cooperative behavior. and placed less importance on obedience. The y also reported employing more flexible and nonauthoritarian discipline strategies than did mothers. Mothers and caregivers did not differ in the extent to which they attributed the success of their discipline strategies to their own actions rather than to external factors. Also examined was how mothers' beliefs differed in families characterized by interdependent versus individualistic social structures. In interdependent families, mothers were more likely to believe in later mastery of developmental skills and to make external attributions. The se fmdmgs suggest that Mexican children experience incongruous social norms as they move between home and day care setting...
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of cognitive flexibility was applied to reality monitoring in Russian-English bilinguals and it was shown that greater cognitive flexibility associated with balanced bilingualism enhances a subject's ability to discriminate memories of words said and words thought.
Abstract: An attempt was made to bring about a theoretical synthesis of such seemingly unrelated concepts as ‘reality monitoring’ (belonging to contemporary American cognitive psychology), ‘psychological tools’ (suggested by Russian psychologist, Lev Vygotsky in the 1930s), and ‘cognitive flexibility in bilinguals’ (developed by Canadian researchers in the 1970s). Psychological tools of symbolic character which-as Vygotsky and his followers suggested-mediate human actions and mental operations, were shown to improve reality monitoring, i.e., subject's ability to discriminate between memories of words that he/she either spoke or merely thought. The concept of cognitive flexibility was applied to reality monitoring in Russian-English bilinguals. It was shown that greater cognitive flexibility associated with balanced bilingualism enhances a subject's ability to discriminate memories of words said and words thought. Suggestions are made concerning further possible experimental investigations.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence on psychological differentiation exerted by exposure to industrial and urban environments and to formal schooling was investigated with the help of Story-Pictorial EFT administered on 240 7-10-year-old children belonging to the Santhal tribe residing in and around an industrial city in Bihar.
Abstract: The influence on psychological differentiation exerted by exposure to industrial and urban environments and to formal schooling was investigated with the help of Story-Pictorial EFT administered on 240 7–10-year-old children belonging to the Santhal tribe residing in and around an industrial city in Bihar. A 2 × 2 × 2 ANOVA performed on differentiation scores revealed significant main effects of industrial and urban exposures, and of schooling. Significant 3-way interaction effect indicated that the impact of urbanization in the industrial and non-industrial settings varied with exposure to formal schooling, and that the main effects in spite of their being statistically significant have to be taken with caution. Impact of the three factors on psychological differentiation is interpreted in terms of changes induced through acculturation that alter the experiential base of the individual as well as cultural characteristics of this environment.
L'effet sur la differentiation psychologique qui est exerce par une exposition a des milieux environnants industriel et urbain et par une education formelle a ete etudie a l'aide du ‘Story-Pictorial EFT’. Ce test a ete administre a 240 enfants de sept a dix ans appartenant a la tribu Santhal, qui reside a proximite de la ville industrielle de Bihar, en Indes. Une analyse de la variance 2 × 2 × 2 effectuee sur les scores de differentiation a revele des effets principaux significatifs pour l'exposition a des milieux industriel et urbain, et pour l'education formelle. De plus, une triple interaction significative indique que l'impact de l'urbanisation dans les milieux industriels et non-industriels varie avec le degre d'education formelle, et qu'ainsi, l'interpretation des effets principaux, bien qu'ils soient statistiquement significatifs, doit etre faite avec prudence. L'impact des trois facteurs sur la differentiation psychologique est interprete en termes des changements induits par une acculturation qui altere l'experience de l'individu, ainsi que les caracteristiques culturelles de son milieu de vie.
TL;DR: In this paper, a synthesis of principles of social learning theory with critical sociological concepts is presented for understanding dependency behavior and personal control in Third World societies, and the practical implications of this theoretical synthesis are briefly discussed.
Abstract: The complex determinants of individual and group behaviour in ‘developing’ societies present social scientists with a most difficult problem. The y must simultaneously employ concepts developed for the analysis of individual behavior and for the comprehension of social structures. With the aim of understanding dependency behavior and personal control in Third World societies, tfus article outlines a synthesis of principles of social learning theory with critical sociological concepts. The practical implications of this theoretical synthesis are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide broad support for Eysenck's basic personality model, but it does not support the use of this version of the JEPQ, and especially the E scale, among Zimbabwean children.
Abstract: Six-hundred and thirtan girls and 601 boys in Zimbabwe completed the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (JEPQ). The reliability of the Neuroticism (N) and Social Desirability (L) factors was acceptable but the Psychoticism (P) and Extraversion (E) factors possessed modest reliability. While the factorial validity of the P, N and L scales was acceptable, the factorial validity of the E scale was poor. L scores were significantly correlated with N and P scores among girls and boys. Whereas Zimbabwean girls reported higher P scores than did Canadian girls, Zimbabwean boys reported lower P scores than did Canadian boys. Zimbabwean girls and boys reported lower E and N and higher P scores than their Canadian counterparts. This study provides broad support for Eysenck's basic personality model, but it does not support the use of this version of the JEPQ, and especially the E scale, among Zimbabwean children.
TL;DR: In this paper, the intensity of positive and negative emotional overtones of unfamiliar speech passages delivered to one ear, while hearing white noise in the other ear was evaluated by 40 Japanese and 31 Israeli students.
Abstract: Forty Japanese and 31 Israeli students evaluated the intensity of positive and negative emotional overtones of unfamiliar speech passages delivered to one ear, while hearing white noise in the other ear. The results indicated that (1) the Israelis evaluated as more intense the negative overtones, while the Japanese evaluated both positive and negative overtones as being about equally intense; (2) that the emotional overtones were evaluated as more intense in the left ear by the Japanese, and in the right ear by the Israelis; ahd (3) that females evaluated as relatively more intense the negative overtones, while males evaluated both overtones as being equally intense. The findings are discussed in terms of possible cultural effects on cerebral function.
TL;DR: The formation of national committees for psychological science is an important movement both for the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) and for the psychological communities of several countries.
Abstract: The formation of national committees for psychological science is an important movement both for the International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) and for the psychological communities of several countries. This is an account for the formation and activities of the US National Committee for the IUPsyS (USNC/IUPsyS). The National Academy of Sciences, USA, was the first academy or similar organization to become a national member of IUPsyS, and the USNC is the first national committee to implement the membership of an academy or similar body in IUPsyS. The history of the USNC/IUPsyS will be told within the context of the larger movement.
TL;DR: In this paper, a three by two paradigm involving three conditions of list discrimination and two groups of subjects of high and low future orientation, was used to assess future orientation and efficiency in using temporal codes, respectively.
Abstract: Influence of future orientation on temporal Coding was investigated in two experimental studies. A three by two paradigm involving three conditions of list discrimination and two groups of subjects of high and low future orientation, was d. Story writing technique and list discrimination tasks were employed to assess future orientation and efficiency in using temporal codes, respectively. Results show that in experiment 1, when subjects had been forewarned about an impending memory test and hence there was a competition between these future demands and present demands of an orienting task, performance of high as compared to low future oriented subjects was better on list discrimination tasks; they utilized temporal codes more efficiently. This difference in performance between high and low future oriented groups of subjects was not evident in experiment 2 when there was no forwarning about an impending memory test. Temporal coding was better for different concept rather than same concept lists. I...
TL;DR: In this article, the performance of 12-year-old Indian boys, presented as their only son, was predicted in confidentiality to the school principal by twenty-four Indian couples who were asked to predict their performance in very easy, ok, and very difficult exams.
Abstract: Twenty-four Indian couples predicted in confidentiality to the school principal, the performance, in very easy, ok, and very difficult exams, of several 12-year-old boys, presented as their only son. As hypothesized, pattern in the Motivation × Ability effect depended upon the experience of subjects with the task and the difficulty of the exam. Prediction by mothers conformed to the patterns of parallelism and linear fan; those by fathers conformed to the patterns of parallelism and convergence. The findings of the present research and those of past research lead to the conclusion that the egalitarian (i.e., pattern of parallelism), elitist (i.e., pattern of linear fan), and Horatio Alger (i.e., pattern of convergence) beliefs are present in Indian, as well as in North-American adults, but that Indians manifest the elitist and Horatio Alger beliefs very selectively. The implications of these results for cross-cultural research on cognitive processes and for the understanding of differences betwee...
TL;DR: In this paper, social class identification was studied as a function of socio-economic status (socio-eco-nomic level) and class (occupational class) using a sample of Swedish high school students.
Abstract: Social class perception (identification) was studied as a function of ‘objective’ status (socioeco-nomic level) and class (occupational class) using a sample of Swedish high school students. Confirming the two minor hypotheses, the results disclosed that class perception was affected by both the ‘objective’ class and status of the subject: the manual occupational class, and those with low socioeconomic status, had in general a higher proportion of working-class identification than the nonmanual class, and those with low socioeconomic status, respectively. However, the major hypothesis, an interaction hypothesis stating that manuals are not affected by status in their class perceptions, was not confiied. The results are discussed in the context of social psychological theory and earlier empirical research.
TL;DR: In this article, it was found that the overconfidence shown in answering a question increased with the number of new informations given, while in the case of beliefs, the confidence level did not grow in the same way.
Abstract: It had already been found (Lamarche 1988; Oskamp 1965) that the overconfidence shown in answering a question increased with the number of new informations given. The objective of our research was to verify if there was a relation between that phenomenon, obtained with knowledge questions, and the evolution of confidence, in the same circumstances, when belief questions are involved. On the one hand, we presented to our subjects knowledge questions which were repeated with a growing number of clues; on the other hand, the same subjects were asked to form an impression of a person based on a list of traits presented sequentially. Using a calibration index, we were able to observe anew the growing overconfidence with knowledge questions. However, in the case of beliefs, the confidence level did not grow in the same way. We explain that result by our choice of traits. Nevertheless, there was a relation between the increase of confidence and the decrease of calibration. We think this could be the resu...
TL;DR: The Swedish National Committee of Psychology (SNCP) as discussed by the authors was founded by the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences (SRC) on April 25, 1985, with the head of the committee being a member of IUPsyS.
Abstract: The International Union of Psychological Science (IUPsyS) was recently admitted as a full member of the International Council of Scientific Unions (ICSU). After this decision psychology, as a scientific descipline, has become a member of the National Academy of Sciences in some countries (Nuttin 1986). Since April 25, 1985, this is also the case for psychology in Sweden. By a decision that date in the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences, the Swedish National Committee of Psychology was founded with the academy as the head of the Committee. The general purpose of the Committee is to support research and education in psychology. Among other things, to be discussed below, this is done by appointing Swedish delegates for IUPsyS.