Showing papers in "International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology in 2012"

Uncertainty modelling and limit state reliability of tunnel supports under seismic effects

Abstract: Underground openings and excavations are increasingly being used for civilian and strategic purposes all over the world. Recent earthquakes and resulting damage have brought into focus and raised the awareness for aseismic design and construction. In addition, underground tunnels, particularly, have distinct seismic behaviour due to their complete enclosure in soil or rock and their significant length. Therefore, seismic response of tunnel support systems warrant closer attention. The geological settings in which they are placed are often difficult to describe due to limited site investigation data and vast spatial variability. Therefore, the parameters which govern the design are many and their variabilities cannot be ignored. A solution to this issue is reliability based analysis and design. These real conditions of variability can only be addressed through a reliability based design. The problem addressed here is one of reliability-based analysis of the support system of an underground tunnel in soil. Issues like the description of the interaction between the tunnel lining and the surrounding medium, the type of limit state that would be appropriate, the nonavailability of a closed form performance function and the advantages of response surface method [RSM] are looked into. Both static and seismic environment with random variability in the material properties are studied here. Support seismic response is studied in terms of thrust, moment and shear forces in the lining. Interactive analysis using finite element method [FEM], combined with RSM and Hasofer-Lind reliability concept to assess the performance of the tunnel support, has proven useful under real field situations.

Strength characteristics of self-curing concrete

Abstract: Today concrete is most widely used construction material due to its good compressive strength and durability. Depending upon the nature of work the cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and water are mixed in specific proportions to produce plain concrete. Plain concrete needs congenial atmosphere by providing moisture for a minimum period of 28 days for good hydration and to attain desired strength. Any laxity in curing will badly affect the strength and durability of concrete. Self-curing concrete is one of the special concretes in mitigating insufficient curing due to human negligence paucity of water in arid areas, inaccessibility of structures in difficult terrains and in areas where the presence of fluorides in water will badly affect the characteristics of concrete. The present study involves the use of shrinkage reducing admixture polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) in concrete which helps in self curing and helps in better hydration and hence strength. In the present study, the affect of admixture (PEG 400) on compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of rupture by varying the percentage of PEG by weight of cement from 0% to 2% were studied both for M20 and M40 mixes. It was found that PEG 400 could help in self curing by giving strength on par with conventional curing. It was also found that 1% of PEG 400 by weight of cement was optimum for M20, while 0.5 % was optimum for M40 grade concretes for achieving maximum strength without compromising workability.

Extraction of respiratory rate from ppg signals using pca and emd

Abstract: Photoplethysmography is a non-invasive electro-optic method developed by Hertzman, which provides information on the blood volume flowing at a particular test site on the body close to the skin. PPG waveform contains two components; one, attributable to the pulsatile component in the vessels, i.e. the arterial pulse, which is caused by the heartbeat, and gives a rapidly alternating signal (AC component). The second one is due to the blood volume and its change in the skin which gives a steady signal that changes very slowly (DC component). PPG signal consists of not only the heart-beat information but also a respiratory signal. Estimation of respiration rates from Photoplethysmographic (PPG) signals would be an alternative approach for obtaining respiration related information.. There have been several efforts on PPG Derived Respiration (PDR), these methods are based on different signal processing techniques like filtering, wavelets and other statistical methods, which work by extraction of respiratory trend embedded into various physiological signals. PCA identifies patterns in data, and expresses the data in such a way as to highlight their similarities and differences. Since patterns in data can be hard to find in data of high dimension, where the luxury of graphical representation is not available, PCA is a powerful tool for analyzing such data. Due to external stimuli, biomedical signals are in general non-linear and non-stationary. Empirical Mode Decomposition is ideally suited to extract essential components which are characteristic of the underlying biological or physiological processes. The basis functions, called Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) represent a complete set of locally orthogonal basis functions whose amplitude and frequency may vary over time. The contribution reviews the technique of EMD and related algorithms and discusses illustrative applications. Test results on PPG signals of the well known MIMIC database from Physiobank archive reveal that the proposed EMD method has efficiently extracted respiratory information from PPG signals. The evaluated similarity parameters in both time and frequency domains for original and estimated respiratory rates have shown the superiority of the method.

Coupled structual / thermal analysis of disc brake

Abstract: The motive of undertaking this project of “Coupled Structural / Thermal Analysis of Disc Brake” is to study and evaluate the performance under severe braking conditions and there by assist in disc rotor design and analysis. This study is of disc brake used for cars. ANSYS package is a dedicated finite element package used for determining the temperature distribution, variation of stresses and deformation across the disc brake profile. In this present work, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of stiffness, strength and variations in disc brake rotor design on the predicted stress and temperature distributions. By identifying the true design features, the extended service life and long term stability is assured. A transient thermal analysis has been carried out to investigate the temperature variation across the disc using axisymmetric elements. Further structural analysis is also carried out by coupling thermal analysis.

Production and optimization of lipase from candida rugosa using groundnut oilcake under solid state fermentation

Abstract: The present work deals with the screening of microorganisms Candida rugosa NCIM 3467 and Penicillum citrinum NCIM 765 with different agro residues – rice bran, wheat bran, groundnut oil cake, coconut oil cake and sesame oil cake for maximum production of lipase. Among all the industrial residues, Groundnut oil cake supported the maximum lipase production by C.rugosa NCIM 3467. The physical factors such as fermentation time, temperature, pH, inoculum age, inoculum level, initial moisture content played a vital role in lipase production and further the yield was improved with the supplementation of carbon and organic nitrogen sources to the solid medium. At 5 days of fermentation, 32 °C, pH 6, 5 day old culture, 15% inoculum level and at 60% initial moisture content, lipase activity of 57.25 U/ml was obtained. Further the activity was raised to 63.35 U/ml by supplementing the substrate media with maltose (5%w/w) and peptone (3%w/w).

Automatic load frequency control of two area power system with conventional and fuzzy logic control

Abstract: The paper presents the controllers to regulate the system frequency. The performance of the controller like PI and Fuzzy Logic are proposed and compared on two area of power system. Fuzzy Logic controllers are found better than the conventional method. Simulations have been performed using Matlab.

Thermal analysis of shell and tube heat exchanger using mat lab and floefd software

Abstract: In this paper, a simplified model for the study of thermal analysis [1] of shell-and-tubes heat exchangers of water and oil type is proposed..Shell and Tube heat exchangers are having special importance in boilers, oil coolers, condensers, pre-heaters. They are also widely used in process applications as well as the refrigeration and air conditioning industry. The robustness and medium weighted shape of Shell and Tube heat exchangers make them well suited for high pressure operations. In this paper we have shown how to done the thermal analysis by using theoretical formulae for this we have chosen a practical problem of counter flow shell and tube heat exchanger of water and oil type, by using the data that come from theoretical formulae we have design[2] a model of shell and tube heat exchanger using Pro-e and done the thermal analysis by using Floefd software and comparing the result that obtained from Floefd software and theoretical formulae. For simplification of theoretical calculations we have also done a Matlab code which is useful for calculating the thermal analysis of a counter flow of water-oil type shell and tube heat exchanger.

Secure image encryption using aes

Abstract: Security in transmission of digital images has its importance in today’s image communications, due to the increasing use of images in industrial process, it is essential to protect the confidential image data from unauthorized access, Image security has become a critical issue. The difficulties in ensuring individuals privacy become increasingly challenging. Various methods have been investigated and developed to protect data and personal privacy. Encryption is probably the most obvious one. In order to protect valuable information from undesirable readers, image encryption is essential. This paper presents an application of AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) operations in image encryption and decryption. The encrypted cipher images always display the uniformly distributed RGB pixels.

A system dynamics modeling of municipal solid waste management systems in delhi

Abstract: Municipal solid waste management system (MSWMS) includes MSW generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and disposal The planning of an optimal MSWM strategy requires a reliable tool for predicting the amount of municipal solid waste (MSW) that is likely to be produced The MSWMS is a complex, dynamic and multi-faceted system depending not only on available technology but also upon economic and social factors Computer models are of great value to understand the dynamics of such complex systems Therefore, in this study a system dynamics (SD) computer model has been used to predict MSW generated, collected, disposed, recycled and treated capacities, and to estimate the electricity generated from MSW and to predict the fund required for MSWM in Delhi during 2006 and 2024 It is expected that the per capita generation rate will be 061 kg/day and the compost production rate will be 342 thousands in 2024 The electrical energy generation potential from various MSW treatment methods will be 3022753 Mwh and the projection revenue produced from different facilities will be 20686 (million Rs) and this revenue can cover all the costs required for these facilities in 2024

Features of wsn and various routing techniques for wsn: a survey

Abstract: A Wireless Sensor Network is the collection of large number of sensor nodes, which are technically or economically feasible and measure the ambient condition in the environment surrounding them. The difference between usual wireless networks and WSNs is that sensors are sensitive to energy consumption. Most of the attention is given to routing protocols, for energy awareness, since they might differ depending on the application and network architecture. Routing techniques for WSN are classified into three categories based on network structure: Flat, hierarchical and location-based routing. Furthermore, these protocols can be classified into multipath based, query based, negotiation-based, QoS-based, and coherent–based, depending on the protocol operation. In this paper the survey of routing techniques in WSNs is shown. It is also outlined the design challenges and performance metrics for routing protocols in WSNs. Finally We also highlight the advantages and performance issues of different routing techniques by it’s comparative analysis. Future-directions for routing in sensor network is also described.

Mechanical properties of polymer composite materials

Abstract: In this paper, composite materials and its properties are discussed in detail. It is also discussed their importance and replacement for metals because of their properties like low weight, corrosion resistance etc. Now-a-days, there is a great importance of usage of these materials in various applications in all Engg. Fields. The paper also brings out the manufacturing techniques and costs involved.

Harmonic analysis of composite propeller for marine applications

Abstract: Present work proposes a harmonic analysis to design a propeller with a metal composite material to analyze its displacements and natural frequencies using Ansys software. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of composite over metals, harmonic analysis is performed on both composite and metal propellers using Ansys. Proposed method shows substantial improvements in composite propeller over the metal propellers. From the results of harmonic analysis, it was found that composite propeller is safe against resonance phenomenon. In this paper effort is made to reduce frequency of the composite propeller so that advantage of weight reduction can be obtained. The comparison analysis of metallic and composite propeller has been made for the maximum displacements and the response graphs for the displacements and frequency were plotted.

Corrosion resistance performance of fly ash blended cement concretes

Abstract: Durability of reinforced concrete with respect to corrosion of reinforcement is one of the major aspects to be considered in the management of civil infrastructure systems. An accelerated laboratory test method developed at SERC where the concrete specimen containing rebar is subjected to polarization under a constant voltage in a sodium chloride solution. It is found that the current response with time follows that of a typical service life model indicating depassivation and corrosion propagation.

Neural network based image compression with lifting scheme and rlc

Abstract: Image compression is a process that helps in fast data transfer and effective memory utilization. In effect, the objective is to reduce data redundancy of the image while retaining high image quality. This paper proposes an approach for Wavelet based Image Compression using MLFF Neural Network with Error Back Propagation (EBP) training algorithm for second level approximation component and modified RLC is applied on second level Horizontal and Vertical components with threshold to discard insignificant coefficients. All other sub-bands (i.e. Detail components of 1 st level and Diagonal component of 2 nd level) that do not affect the quality of image (both subjective and objective) are neglected. With the proposed method in this paper CR (27.899), PSNR (70.16 dB) and minimum MSE (0.0063) of still image obtained are better when compared with SOFM, EZW and SPIHT.

Computation of stress intensity factor of brass plate with edge crack using j-integral technique

Abstract: Now a days Brass is using in many industrial components like heat exchangers, bearings, valves etc. The present paper focused the principles of fracture mechanics of brass . The stress intensity factor (SIF) is an important factor in fracture mechanics. J-integral method has been adopted for SIF calculation. The values obtained by using J-Integral technique have been compared with that of displacement extrapolation technique and observed that they are in order. The residual strength of brass at various crack lengths are studied.

Behaviour of mine waste as reinforced soil

Abstract: Mining in Goa is done by open cast method, which gives rise to huge quantity of mining waste that occupies space and forms a source for series of problems. The enomerous amount of mine waste dumped around the regions of mining activity need to be reused constructively. Hence, if the mine waste is studied for its use as a reinforced soil, then burning issue of environmental pollution caused by mining dumps lying unprotected and unstabilized can be tackled to a certain extent. Also, it will be a step towards finding an alternative material for cohesionless soil in reinforced soil construction. In this study an attempt is made to check the suitability of soil from one of the mining dumps in Goa to be used as reinforced soil. The mine waste soil samples are studied for its compressive strength and shear strength behaviour by conducting two types of tests, unconfined compressive strength test and triaxial tests on unreinforced and reinforced soil samples. The reinforcement used in the form of a grid made from natural material bamboo. The bamboo grid reinforcement is placed in one, two and three layers, for studying the effect of reinforcement on compressive strength, shear strength parameters, stiffness and modes of failure of mining waste soil. The results of the tests on mining waste show improvement in strength as a reinforced soil mass.

Finite element simulation of hybrid welding process for welding 304 austenitic stainless steel plate

Abstract: Although autogenous laser welding has many advantages over traditional welding methods in many applications, still the process has a main disadvantage of poor gap bridging capability, which limits its applicability for wider industrial use. Owing to this limiting factor, a great deal of research work was carried out to overcome this disadvantage by using Arc source with laser welding. The combination of laser and Arc (MIG/TIG) welding processes in a same process zone is known as Hybrid Welding. This process involves very high peak temperature and rapid change in thermal cycle both of which are difficult to measure in real time. In this dissertation work, a 3dimensional finite element model was developed for the analysis of hybrid welding process. Ansys Parametric Design language (APDL) code was developed for the same. The FEA results were validated with experimental results showing good agreement. Hybrid welding Simulations were carried out for AISI 304 Austenitic stainless Steel plate. The effects of laser beam power, Arc Welding and torch angle on the weld-bead geometry i.e. penetration (DP), welded zone width (BW) were investigated. The experimental plan was based on three factor 5 level central composite rotatable design. Second order polynomial equations for predicting the weld-bead geometry were developed for bead width and depth of penetration. The results indicate that the effect of arc current (AC) on bead width was more than on depth of penetration. Hence, the proposed models predict the responses adequately within the limits of welding parameters being used.

Isolated word recognition using lpc & vector quantization

Abstract: Speech recognition is always looked upon as a fascinating field in human computer interaction. It is one of the fundamental steps towards understanding human recognition and their behavior. This paper explicates the theory and implementation of Speech recognition. This is a speaker-dependent real time isolated word recognizer. The major logic used was to first obtain the feature vectors using LPC which was followed by vector quantization. The quantized vectors were then recognized by measuring the Minimum average distortion. All Speech Recognition systems contain Two Main Phases, namely Training Phase and Testing Phase. In the Training Phase, the Features of the words are extracted and during the recognition phase feature matching Takes place. The feature or the template thus extracted is stored in the data base, during the recognition phase the extracted features are compared with the template in the database. The features of the words are extracted by using LPC analysis. Vector Quantization is used for generating the code books. Finally the recognition decision is made based on the matching score. MATLAB will be used to implement this concept to achieve further understanding.

Experimental study of weld characteristics during friction stir welding (fsw) of aluminum alloy (aa6061-t6)

Abstract: In this study the weld characteristics of AA6061-T6 Aluminum alloy during Friction Stir Welding (FSW) has been studied experimentally. The work has been carried out to study the tensile properties of the weldments like tensile strength, hardness and measurements of temperature at various distances along the weld zone on the weldments. The exp erimental work has been carried out with different tool shapes like taper threaded tool and half grooved tool at various weld parameters. Index Terms: Friction Stir Welding (FSW), AA6061-T6 Aluminum alloy, Taper threaded tool, Half grooved tool.

Controller design of inverted pendulum using pole placement and lqr

Abstract: In this paper modeling of an inverted pendulum is done using Euler – Lagrange energy equation for stabilization of the pendulum The controller gain is evaluated through state feedback and Linear Quadratic optimal regulator controller techniques and also the results for both the controller are compared The SFB controller is designed by Pole-Placement technique An advantage of Quadratic Control method over the pole-placement techniques is that the former provides a systematic way of computing the state feedback control gain matrixLQR controller is designed by the selection on choosing The proposed system extends classical inverted pendulum by incorporating two moving masses The motion of two masses that slide along the horizontal plane is controllable The results of computer simulation for the system with Linear Quardatic Regulator (LQR) & State Feedback Controllers are shown in section 6 Keyword-Inverted pendulum, Mathematical modeling Linear-quadratic regulator, Response, State Feedback controller,

Mitigation of harmonics using thyristor based 12 pulse voltage source pwm rectifier

Abstract: Three-phase thyristor rectifiers have been used in industries for obtaining a variable dc voltage, but they have a problem of including large lower-order harmonics in the input currents. For high-power applications, a 12-pulse configuration is useful for reducing the harmonics, but it still includes the (12m ± 1) th (m: integer) harmonics. In order to further reduce the harmonics, this paper proposes to supply a ramp wave voltage at the input of a 12-pulse phase-controlled rectifier. Theoretical investigation to reduce harmonics is presented, and a strategy to control the regulated voltage and unity power factor at input side based on 12 pulse modulation technique. This paper discuss the impact of using 3-phase and 12-pulse rectifier circuit commonly found in unity power factor at input ac mains and regulate output voltage. The 12-pulse topology is known to be more expensive, but produce the least input current harmonics. However, the latter statement is completely true under balanced line conditions. In practice, the lines are inherently unbalanced. Hence, the question of whether the 12-pulse rectifier will indeed perform better in terms of the harmonics injected to the line is still under on-going discussions. This presents the modelling and simulation of both rectifier topologies to compare their input current and regulated output voltage harmonics. The rectifiers are modelled using the MATLAB/SIMULINK simulation model and several common cases conditions will be simulated to compare their harmonic levels.

Optimization of cutting parameters on mild steel with hss & cemented carbide tipped tools using ann

Abstract: Optimum Selection of cutting conditions importantly contribute to the increase of productivity and the reduction of cost, therefore utmost attention is paid to this problem in this contribution. In this paper, a neural network based approach to complex optimization of cutting parameters is proposed. To reach higher precision of the predicted results a neural optimization algorithm is developed and presented to ensure simple, fast and efficient optimization of all important turning parameters. The approach is suitable for fast determination of optimum cutting parameters during machining, where there is not enough time for deep analysis. Surface roughness, an indicator of surface quality is one of the most specified customer requirements in a machining process. To predict the surface roughness, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was designed through back propagation network using MATLAB 7.1 software for the data obtained.

Text file encryption using fft technique in lab view 8.6

Abstract: Encryption has always been a very important part of military communications. Here we deal with digital transmission technique. Digital transmission is always much more efficient than analog transmission, and it is much easier for digital encryption techniques to achieve a very high degree of security. Of course, this type of technique is still not quite compatible with today’s technical environment, i.e. most of the telephone systems are still analog instead of digital; most practical digitizers still require a relatively high bit rate which cannot be transmitted via standard analog telephone channels; and low bit rate speech digitizers still imply relatively high complexity and poor quality. Digital transmission adopts “Scrambling” technique. Scrambling methods are considered as important methods that provide the communication systems a specified degree of security, depending on the used technique to implement the scrambling method. There are many traditional scrambling methods used in single dimension such as time or frequency domain scrambling.

Remedy for disease affected iris in iris recognition

Abstract: Every invention has its own drawback likewise iris also having the same problem when the disease affected iris cannot be process. To give better way of processing in iris recognition even though iris is affected, Initially the system will detect the pupil from the eye image after that only identify the outer boundary of iris as well as inner boundary of iris using the Daugman rubber sheet model convert the Cartesian form into polar form. From the iris image the proposed system partition the iris into two, both the iris partitioned image feature extraction like texture and edge should be matched with database. Another important aspect of this system for the system processing own database has been created for this process under the guideless of doctor and image samples taken from the hospital those who are willing to give there eyes for research. Efficiency of this system can be justified by the result.

Experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the performance of plate type fins

Abstract: Heat transfer enhancement devices are widely used in various industrial, transportation, or domestic applications such as thermal power plants, means of transport, heating and air conditioning systems, electronic equipments and space vehicles. In all these applications, improvements in the efficiency of heat exchangers can lead to substantial cost, space and materials savings. The research work summarized in this paper presents an experimental investigation on the effect of fin pitch on the fin performance using plate type fins. The experiments were carried out in the laboratory using a test rig having provisions for attaching plate type fins to a flat base plate. The experiments were conducted for different fin pitch settings. Three plate type fins were used in this study. Three fin pitch settings 1cm, 2cm, 3cm were employed under free and forced heat transfer conditions. The heat transfer area was kept the same. The fin performance parameters heat transfer coefficient, base temperature and temperature profile along the length of the fin were studied and compared for different cases. Experimental results show that the effect of fin pitch on fin performance is significant. The effect is more pronounced at higher air flow velocities over the fin surface. The maximum increase in convection heat transfer coefficient value obtained is about 20 percent. The increase in heat transfer coefficient value is also manifested by a corresponding decrease in the fin base temperature.

A brawny multicolor lane detection method to indian scenarios

Abstract: Lane detection is an essential component of Advanced Driver Assistance System. The cognition on the roads is increasing day by day due to increase in the four wheelers on the road. The cognition coupled with ignorance towards road rules is contributing to road accidents. The lane marking violence is one of the major causes for accidents on highways in India. In this work we have designed and implemented an automatic lane marking violence detection algorithm in real time. The HSV color-segmentation based approach is verified for both white lanes and yellow lanes in Indian context. Various comparative experimental results show that the proposed approach is very effective in the lane detection and can be implemented in real- time. Index Terms: - Color segmentation; HSV; Edge orientation; connected components