Showing papers in "International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences in 2017"

Extracellular secretion recombinant of human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) using pectate lyase B (PelB) signal peptide in escherichia coli BL21(DE3)

Abstract: The extracellular expression of high valued therapeutic proteins such as Human Epidermal Growth Factor (hEGF) from Escherichia coli has become a challenge yet give some advantages. It ensures the correct folding of recombinant hEGF (rhEGF) so the therapeutic activity and immunogenicity profile will be similar with the native hEGF. In addition, extracellular expression eliminates the host cell disruption and simplifies the purification process, although other study has shown the protein yield from E. coli extracellular expression is lower than the intracellular expression. Various factors such as codon usage, inducer concentration, induction time, and harvest time can be optimized to increase the rhEGF secretion. The aim of this research is to express rhEGF extracellularly from E. coli BL21 (DE3). The expression system was supported by optimized codon usage to E. coli codon preference, pectate lyase B (PelB) signal peptide in the pD881-PelB expression vector, and L-rhamnose as an inducer. Growth curve of E. coli was made to determine the L-rhamnose induction time. Induction was performed with 4mM L-Rhamnose at OD600 0.7. rhEGF in the soluble fraction, periplasmic extraction, and culture medium was characterized by tricine SDS-PAGE. Quantification of rhEGF concentration was performed by ELISA. The codon optimization showed that the Codon Adaptive Index (CAI) of rhEGF gene was 1, GC percentage was 50.93% and relative adapts was 100% after codon usage optimization. SDS-PAGE showed 6.2 kDa band of rhEGF band from soluble fraction, periplasmic extraction (after 18 hour induction), and culture medium. The quantification of rhHEGF by ELISA showed the rhEGF concentration was 310.8 µg/mL.

Methanol extracts of four selected marine sponges induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancers among women worldwide. However, due to limited chemotherapeutic efficacy of current anticancer drugs, various natural products have been screened for novel alternative chemotherapeutic agents. Marine environment offers vast diversity of living organisms that provide compounds with impressive structural diversity and drug-like properties. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the cytotoxic effects and mechanisms of cell death exerted by marine sponges on human breast cancer cell line, MCF-7. Four species, namely Aaptos sp., Stryphuous ponderosus, Theonella sp. and Xestospongia sp, were selected for this study. Methanol extracts from three species produced potent cytotoxicity effects with IC50 values at 72hr of less than 30μg/ml in the order of Aaptos sp. > S. ponderosus > Theonella sp. Due to the lack of studies on S. ponderosus, extract from this species was then used to determine its mechanisms of cell death. MCF-7 cell death exerted by the extract was found to be mediated by apoptosis based on the presence of DNA fragmentation in treated cells. Treatment of cells with the extract increased the levels of of caspase 3 suggesting that the protein was responsible in triggering the DNA fragmentation. In addition, the extract also induced the levels of caspases 8 and 9 and the levels of caspase 8 was higher than the latter suggesting that extrinsic was the major pathway that involved in inducing apoptosis. The apoptotic-induced cytototoxicity activity of the methanol extract of S. ponderosus may be due to the presence alkaloid and terpenoid compounds, and thus, may have the potential to be developed further as candidates for chemotherapeutic drugs for the treatment of breast cancer. Keywords: Apoptosis; Breast cancer; Caspases; S. ponderosus; Marine extract.

FPGA based parallel computation techniques for bioinformatics applications

Abstract: NEXT Generation sequencing technology is largely improved the development of molecular biology and genomic research. A huge volume of gene data or protein data can be generated with lesser cost, which leads to the exponential growth of existing gene banks or databases. Thus, it becomes a exciting task for conventional algorithms or tools to extract information with genetic significance among these ever increasing databases. There is an urgent need for advanced methods, algorithms, or tools to accomplish these complicated data analysis tasks on a more computationally powerful platform. After decades of development, the FPGA has proved itself in the field of high performance reconfigurable computation. For each generation, one can expect an immediate performance boost with the help of newer manufacturing technologies and a huge amount of volume resources on a single chip, both of which make it a competitive candidate for application acceleration.

Phytochemical Analysis and Invitro Antioxidant Screening of Sea Grass- Enhalus acoroides

Abstract: The present study was conducted to determine the yield of extract, qualitative, quantitative analysis and antioxidant activity of the crude extracts of leaves of Enhalus acoroides. The extracts were prepared by using Hexane, Chloroform, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate and Water solvents. The yield of extract for all the five solvents was calculated and they were studied for qualitative analysis of phytochemical compounds. The crude extracts were evaluated for total phenolic and total flavonoids contents. The antioxidant activity of crude extract of Enhalus acoroides was assessed by FRAP assay and the scavenging activity towards DPPH radical, H2O2, NO and ABTS. The present study revealed the presence of major phytochemicals like alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins. Quantitative analysis of the total phenols were high in Aqueous which has 78.36 mgGAE/g and total flavonoids were high in Aqueous which has 57.52 mgQU/g. Free radical scavenging activities was found high in Aqueous extract with maximum percentage of inhibition.

Deciphering the Cytotoxic Activity of Annona squamosa Iron Oxide Nanoparticles against selective Cancer Cell Line

Abstract: Annona squamosa is a fruit bearing plant possesses potent bioactive compounds in all its part. In this present investigation, iron oxide nanoparticle was synthesised from a hydroethanolic extract of Annona squamosa leaves at 600 c temperature. Production of iron oxide nanoparticles in extraction is detected by UV–Visible spectrophotometer between 300 to 700 nm. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to analyse the structure of nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis were performed, in order to determine the functional groups on Annona squamosa leaves extract and predict their role in the synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles. Further, synthesised Fe3O4 NPs shows potential cytotoxicity against liver carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and melanoma (A375) cell line. At the same time, Fe3O4 NPs subjected on the normal Chang liver cell line shows no toxicity. Our report confirmed that the Annona squamosa leaf is a very good eco-friendly and nontoxic bio-reductant for the synthesis of Iron oxide nanoparticle and opens up further opportunities for fabrication of drugs towards cancer therapy.

A comprehensive review on the genus: Mussaenda

Abstract: Medicinal plants serve as an integral part in fulfilling the human needs by serving with number of resources. The rubiaceae family is a rich source of medicinal plants with 500 genus and 5300 species it. One of the active members among the genus is Mussaenda. Mussaenda is a genus of flowering plants with numerous ornamental plants. It includes near about 194 species. This present review paper comprises of the importance of the genus Mussaenda including it’s phyto and pharmacological aspects. Keywords: Medicinal plants, Rubiaceae, Mussaenda, phytochemistry and pharmacology.

Effectiveness of stabilization exercises and conventional physiotherapy in subjects with knee osteoarthritis

Abstract: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease, occurring primarily in older person, characterized by erosion of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins. Numerous Physiotherapeutic Interventions are available for degenerative Tibio femoral joint disease based on symptoms. Lack of literature regarding the effect of Stabilization exercises on changes in articular cartilage, and increase in glycoprotein content hence the need of the study arises. The aim of the study was to find out the effectiveness of Stabilization exercises on articular cartilage changes in subjects with Knee Osteoarthritis. Subjects were randomly allocated to either Control Group or Experimental Group of 52 each. Control group was treated with Quadriceps and Hamstring Strengthening and stretching exercises. Experimental Group was treated with Stretching exercises, Isometric Exercises, Multiple angle isometric Exercises, Co-contraction exercises, Active resisted exercises, Proprioception exercises and Neuro muscular Training exercises. Both groups were given hot packs for 10 minutes before the exercise programme. Patients were given exercises thrice a week for eight weeks. Independent student “t” test was performed to assess the statistical significant difference in mean values between the Groups for VAS, KOOS Score and Serum COMP parameters. Paired student “t” test was performed to assess the statistical difference with in the groups for the Serum COMP and Sub Components of KOOS Score (Pain, Symptoms, ADL and QOL) from pre test to post test values. The results of this study have shown that Stabilization exercises of knee joint were shown to be beneficial for improving functional out come scores and there was no effect on Pain and Articular cartilage changes in Knee Osteoarthritis when compared to Conventional Physiotherapy. Keywords: Neuromuscular Training; Osteoarthritis; Serum COMP; Stabilization Exercises.

Lovastatin: history, physicochemistry, pharmacokinetics and enhanced solubility

Abstract: Lovastatin is a statin drug that blocks the body’s synthesis of cholesterol and is administered especially to individuals at risk of heart disease. Categorized as a Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Class II drugs, lovastatin demonstrates low solubility and bioavailability. This review focuses on the importance of lovastatin and the obstacles during its administration. The history of statins from the discovery until they become one of the successful cholesterol-lowering agents to prevent complications and fatality especially related to coronary heart disease has been outlined along with their recent applicability in neurodegenerative diseases. Due to the respective physicochemical characters of the statins, they pose several challenges related to their effective administration to the patients. The aqueous solubility is the main issue related to their poor bioavailability. Besides that, other solubility and bioavailability enhancement approaches were discussed systemically. Finally, this review suggests current advanced technologies employed in order to provide effective and competent utilization of the drug.

Plant growth-promoting and antagonistic endophytic bacteria from the medicinal plant Tinospora cordifolia stem

Abstract: Endophytic bacteria residing within the plant tissues are poorly investigated microorganisms. A total of 35 endophytic bacteria isolated from Tinospora cordifolia stem tissue samples collected from 3 different districts of Punjab, India were screened for multiple plant growth-promoting attributes of phosphate solubilization, IAA-like auxin production, siderophore production, ACC-deaminase activity, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia production. Out of these bacteria, 11 showing multiple plant growth-promoting activities were screened for anatagonism against phytopathogens Fusarium moniliforme, Alternaria alternata and Curvularia lunata. One isolate TCA2 showed broad-spectrum activity with 38% growth inhibition in Alternaria alternata, 35% inhibition in Fusarium moniliforme and 25% inhibition in Curvularia lunata was identified as Pseudomonas sp. based on 16s rRNA gene sequencing. The maize plants inoculated with the bacterial isolate TCA2 showed 33.1%, 31.6%, and 38.4% increase in root length, shoot length and dry weight, respectively, over uninoculated control in pots under natural conditions. This is the first report on the plant growth-promoting endophytic bacteria from Tinospora cordifolia. In the present studies, Pseudomonas sp. TCA2 with multiple plant growth-promoting activities has been selected as a suitable candidate for the development of microbial inoculants.

Pharmacognostical investigation, phytochemical studies of Schleichera oleosa (lour) oken leaves

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the macroscopic, microscopic, physicochemical parameter, fluorescence, phytochemical screening and TLC analysis of the leaves of Schleichera oleosa (lour) Oken. The morphology, phytochemical screening, and fluorescence property of powdered sample were studied. The microscopic evaluation carried out based upon the O’Brien et al method. As per WHO guidelines other physicochemical standard parameters were also identified. The standardization parameters were carried out as per guidelines of Indian pharmacopeia. The ethyl acetate, ethanolic and aqueous extracts were taken for TLC profiling was carried out using a various solvent system of varying polarity. In the microscopic evaluation, leaflet showed an epidermal layer of the midrib comprises plano-convex cells with flat adaxial tangential walls, the vascular bundle is single circular and centrally placed and crystals of druses are abundant in the parenchyma cells. The extractive values, physicochemical limits such as total, acid-insoluble, water-soluble and sulphated ash values and moisture content of the leaf powder of S.oleosa were found to be 9.06 %, 7.16 %, 5.73 %, 13.5% and 5.21% respectively. The fluorescent features of leaf powder with various chemical reagents were analyzed under visible and UV radiation. A significant amount of phenolic and flavonoid content were observed. The phenolic (71.92±0.92 mg GAE/gm), flavonoid (9.69±1.38 mg QE/gm) contents were found rich in leaves. In TLC analysis extracts ensured the existence of high flavonoid content which matched with quercetin. The present data on the pharmacognostic investigation of the S.oleosa conveyed the qualitative and quantitative parameters assist the important info to the individuality and to determine the quality and pureness of the plant in the future. It also indicates the vital evidence of the closely related other species and varieties.

Coenzyme Q10 effects on body weight, serum testosterone level and oxidative stress in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS)

Abstract: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among women. Insulin resistance is found in most women with PCOS. High insulin levels affect the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis causing increased GnRH release with high LH/FSH ratio and excessive ovarian androgen production. The aim of this study is finding the effects of CoQ10 on body weight, serum testosterone level and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. 80 patients assigned into two groups each contain 40 patients (CoQ10-metformin group) and (metformin group). In the first group the patients received CoQ10 soft gel capsules 200 mg once daily and metformin 850 mg twice daily and patients in the second group received metformin 850 mg twice daily. drugs administered for 3 successive months. Body mass index, serum testosterone, and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) level were measured at baseline and at the end of the study. At baseline, the results revealed significant differences in all parameters between the control group and the study group. At the end of the study, there was a significant reduction in the mean serum MDA, mean serum testosterone and mean BMI in both study groups compared to baseline but more significant in the CoQ10-metformin group compared to metformin group. It has been concluded that CoQ10 treatment produces good effects in PCOS patients mainly due to its effects as an antioxidant. Keywords: CoQ10; MDA; Oxidative stress; PCOS

GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and comparative antibacterial potentials of aqueous, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Senna alata L against enteric pathogens

Abstract: In this investigation, aqueous, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Senna alata was analysed for antibacterial property. For this, extracts of Senna alata was studied against selected enteric pathogenic bacteria includes Bacillus subtilis ATCC441, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, E.coli ATCC25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC2785, Enterococcus feacalis ATCC29212 and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC15380 and showed growth inhibition activity. The results of different extracts were compared based on zone of inhibition in mm and it was found that, hydroethanolic extract was found to be most effective. This hydroethanolic was further subjected into GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive compounds present in the plant extract. We have found 7 different compounds are present in the extract.

Development, characterization of Glipizide spherical agglomerates by direct compression method

Abstract: The objective of the research is to prepare glipizide spherical agglomerates with increased solubility, flow and compression properties by novel crystallization technique. Glipizide was dissolved in 30ml dichloromethane (good solvent) and stirred. 100ml of water (poor solvent) was added and continued stirring. 5ml of chloroform (bridging liquid) was added and stirred at 1000rpm for 40minutes to precipitate glipizide. The agglomeration method was optimized for parameters like speed and agitation time and amount of bridging liquid added. The precipitated particles were filtered and dried at 40°C. Spherical agglomerates were characterized by IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, DSC and SEM and its results showed that no physical or chemical interaction existed in the prepared agglomerates. Spherical agglomerates exhibited decreased crystallinity and improved micromeritic properties (bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, angle of repose). The prepared agglomerates of glipizide were spherical in shape and dissolution profile was faster and exhibited improved solubility along with proper micromeritic properties than pure drug. The agglomerates can be made directly into tablets because of their excellent flowability. Directly compressed tablets of the glipizide agglomerates exhibited hardness, friability and weight variation appropriately along with improved drug release characteristics. Among the different control release polymers Caesalpinia spinosa (natural mucoadhesive polymer) showed increased drug release retarding capacity. F2 showed the satisfactory results and have better sustainability. A zero order release rate kinetics is exhibited for the best formulation i.e. because it shows correlation coefficient value of zero order is more when compared to first order. F2 formulation diffusion exponent (n) value is 0.45 0.89 so they follow Anomalous (Non- Fickian) diffusion. Pharmacokinetic evaluation parameters are used for determination of bioavailability, like maximum Cmax, Tmax, AUC, Volume of distribution, half-life (t1/2), clearance(ClT) and mean residence time (MRT). Cmax of Glipizide market and test formulations were 1.285 ± 0.1 µg/mL and 01.48 ± 0.02 µg/mL respectively having significantly no difference (P<0.05). Tmax values of Glipizide market and test were 4.65 ± 0.25 Hours, 10.05 ± 0.80 Hours respectively with significant variance (P<0.05) and a P value 0.0005. ETOVA and test t½ values were 3.77 ± 0.645 hrs, 4.56 ± 1.71hrs respectively, with significant variance (P<0.05) and a P value is 0.0002. AUC0-∞ values were 118.3± 20.04 µg-hr/mL, 536.5 ± 49.44 µg-hr/mL respectively. Elimination rate constant of reference and test were0.83 ± 0.44 hr-1, 6.36 ± 1.586 hr-1 respectively with significantly variant and P value is 0.0001. Keywords: Spherical agglomerates, caesalpinia spinosa, HPMC, ethyl cellulose, sodium alginate, crystallization technique.

Cytotoxic evaluation of entophytic fungal extract obtained through static fermentation against Human Larynx Cancer Cell Line (HEp2)

Abstract: Endophytic fungi isolated from Ficus plant was studied for their cytotoxic effect on human larynx cancer cell line (HEp2) Ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of dominant endophytes such as Phomopsis sp, Curvularia lunata, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum gleosporioids, Aspergillus sp and Dreschlera sp, were tested on human larynx cancer cell line (HEp2) using MTT assay The IC50value of the endophytic fungal extract effect were ranging between 5087 to 9101 and these results demonstrated that ethyl acetate extract of those endophytic fungi may act as a potent anticancer substance for drug development

Pharmacological effects of chlorogenic acid: an overview

Abstract: Chlorogenic acid, the ester of caffeic and quinic acid, has received considerable recent attention due to its multiple biological and pharmacological effects. Chlorogenic acid is found in a number of plants, including Phyllostachys edulis, Calluna vagaries and Hibiscus sabdariffa. It is rich in the eggplant fruits and abundant in coffee beans. Also, its presence is reported in the apple, pears, tomatoes, carrot, potato and blueberries. It is used as an additive in chewing gum, mints and coffee products. The present mini review discusses about its potent pharmacological effects and reported mechanism of action in brief.

Updated Review on Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry & Pharmacological Studies of Coccinia Indica

Abstract: The present review highlights the Pharmacognosy, phytochemistry and pharmacological study of Coccinia indica. There are many patented formulations derived from Coccinia indica are now distributed increasingly all over the world. This has given rise to a concomitant increase in research on the phytochemical constituents and biological activity of Coccinia indica. It is belongs to Cucurbitaceae family and it’s widely used for hypoglycemic and antidiabetic activities in ayurvedic system of medicine. Mainly in its fruit had rich value of antidiabetic properties comparatively other parts of plant of coccinia Indica, but the whole plant of Coccinia indica having pharmacological activities like analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antiulcer, antidiabetic, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, antimalarial, antidyslipidemic, anticancer, antitussive, mutagenic. The purpose of review on particular plant is many traditional medicines in use are obtained from medicinal plants, minerals and organic matter. During the past several years, there has been increasing interest among the uses of various medicinal plants from the traditional system of medicine for the treatment of different ailments. Coccinia indica has been used in traditional medicine as a household remedy for various diseases.

Cancer awareness exposure and attitude towards the common chemical carcinogens

Abstract: This article tries to bring out the awareness about many household products, which are used in our daily life, containing chemicals capable of promoting cancer in human body due to the action of the carcinogen present in the household items causing dangerous changes at the cellular level It discusses various food products in which preservatives are used which contain chemicals which increase the probability of abnormal DNA synthesis It also explains about the danger of exposure to eletrosmog, perfumes, air fresheners, cosmetics, hair dyes, mosquito coils and the toxic chemicals present in these substances accelerating the cellular changes leading to genetic mutations

Preventive effect of Euphorbia Thymifolia Linn against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in male wistar albino rats

Abstract: The effect of the Ethanolic extract of Euphorbia thymifolia Linn (EEET) against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats is summarized in this study. Lithiasis was induced in rats by administrating 0.75% ethylene glycol in drinking water for 28 days and was manifested by high Urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine and low urinary magnesium Content. The EEET was administered in 250 & 500 mg/kg body weight orally for 28 days along with 0.75% ethylene glycol. Results revealed that Urinary calcium, phosphate, oxalate, protein, uric acid, creatinine was reduced and urinary magnesium level was elevated in diseased group. It also increased the urine volume, thereby reducing the tendency for crystallization. The histopathological studies confirmed the induction of lithiasis as microcrystal deposition was observed in section of kidney from animals treated with ethylene glycol. This was reduced, however, after treatment with the extract. These observations enable us to conclude that EEET is effective against ethylene-glycol induced urolithiasis in albino rats. Keywords: Euphorbia thymifolia; Hyperoxaluria; Urolithiasis; Ethylene glycol.

Pharmacognostical and Phytochemical evaluation of new species L. madayiparense whole plant

Abstract: Lindernia madayiparense was recently explored new species under the family Linderniaceae. Meanwhile mostly lindernia species were considered as weeds in many countries but now only their therapeutic value was identified and investigated in last few decades. Lindernia species occupy a most important place in the traditional medicine used worldwide especially in china. So our current investigation was to produce a standard protocol for the new species by using WHO recommended methods. The macroscopy, microscopy, physiochemical analysis, preliminary phytochemical screening of the whole plant L.madayiparense was investigated and reported. Transverse section of leaves confirmed the presence of sunken stomata, poorly developed vascular bundle and parenchyma cells. T. S of quadrangular stem and root showed only few sieve tubes, vessels and trachids in the centre region which is surrounded by large compact aerenchyma cells. Physiochemical constants like ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, behaviour with chemical reagents and its moisture content were studied during the investigation. Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant confirms presence of alkaloids, steroidal glycosides, saponins, Coumarins, terpenoids, poly phenol and tannins.

Influence of egg lecithin composition on physicochemical characteristics of pramipexole liposomes

Abstract: The objective of this investigation was to study the effect of varied concentration and ratio of egg lecithin, cholesterol and drug (Pramipexole) on physico-chemical characteristics of liposomes prepared by thin film hydration method Pramipexole-loaded liposomes of egg lecithin were prepared and characterized for vesicle size, TEM, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency (%EE), phospholipid content, in vitro drug release and drug leakage Liposomes obtained were spherical in shape, 151 to 231 nm in size, and negatively charged (−18 to −32 mV) The %EE of pramipexole in the liposomes ranged from 18 to 61% The effects of variations in cholesterol, egg lecithin and pramipexole contents on the liposomal characteristics were determined It was found that the liposomes prepared with unimolar ratio of cholesterol, egg lecithin and pramipexole exhibited better characteristics than other liposomal formulation

In-silico binding approaches of β-carboline derivatives towards the possible antitumor targets

Abstract: β-Carboline moieties are important structural subunits which occur as components of many biologically interesting molecules for antitumor activity The field of computer aided drug design and discovery (CADD) is a rapidly growing area that has seen many successes in the last few years Through molecular docking, the binding mode and affinity of the protein-inhibitor complex formed is estimated which in turn helps in the discovery of new drug “Leads” The anticancer potential of β-Carboline analogues was proven by various targeted mechanisms In this review, we summarise the binding mode and interactions of β-Carboline derivatives towards the various anticancer targets which advantages the discovery of this scaffold into antitumor therapy

Cissus quadrangularis protects cell surface glycoconjugates during 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene induced oral carcinogenesis

Abstract: Glycoproteins play a pivotal role in the maintenance of cellular integrity and thus alterations in the status of glycoproteins could lead to several pathological conditions including malignant transformation. The aim of the present study is to explore the effect of the ethanolic extract of the Cissus quadrangularis leaves on the plasma and buccal mucosa glycoproteins in 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis. Oral carcinoma was induced in the hamsters’ buccal pouch using the site specific carcinogen, DMBA (3 times a week for 14 weeks, topical application). Plasma and buccal mucosa glycoproteins were found to be enhanced in both the plasma and buccal mucosa of hamsters treated with DMBA alone (tumor bearing hamsters). The status of glycoproteins was found to be reverted in hamsters treated with DMBA + Cissus quadrangularis leaves. The present results thus reveal the defensive role of the Cissus quadrangularis leaves in preserving the cellular integrity during DMBA induced oral carcinogenesis. Keywords: glycoproteins; oral cancer; DMBA; Cissus quadrangularis.

Evaluation of in vitro cholesterol esterase and α-amylase inhibitory activities of purified polyphenols from Nigella sativa seeds

Abstract: α-amylase hydrolyses starch into maltose, and cholesterol esterase hydrolyzes cholesterol ester into cholesterol and fatty acids in the lumen of small intestine. Regulated inhibition of the above cited enzymes can effectively control diabetes mellitus and associated cardiovascular diseases. In the above cited context, Nigella sativa (Black cumin) seeds were investigated for in vitro amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory properties. The amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory activities of hot water extract [HWE] (96.4±1.5% & 90±2.5%, respectively) and organic solvent extract [OSE] (98.1±0.5% & 96.6±1.2%, respectively) were found to be satisfactory. Appreciable amount of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) was observed in both the extracts. The thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis of HWE has recorded an Rf value of 0.94 which established the presence of polyphenols. The purified polyphenol eluate by 3D preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) has recorded a moderate α-amylase (46.7±3.2%) and cholesterol esterase (32.6±1.7%) inhibitory activities. The polyphenols coated with cotton fabric, and stainless steel implant possessed noteworthy α-amylase and cholesterol esterase inhibitory activities has revealed the promising use of Nigella sativa in the healthcare industry to treat diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.

Assessment of medication usage awareness among rural population living in resource limited settings

Abstract: Rational drug use is a practice in which patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate duration, and at the lowest cost to them and their community. Irrational use of medicines results in serious morbidity and mortality. Rational prescription of drugs and rational use of drugs ha s been a concern in both developed and developing countries. The overriding purpose of our study is to evaluate the rural patient’s knowledge about their prescribed drugs and to have an idea about their compliance to their treatment. In this prospective interview based study patient’s medication usage awareness and drug usage problem(s) related to patient therapy was assessed by using a self structured questionnaire. A total of 200 patients living in the rural region of Rajampet, Kadapa District were enrolled. It was found that all 200 (100%) patients were aware about the frequency of their medication and the majority (80%) of the patients knew how they were supposed to administer their medication. It was observed that patients were least aware about the possible side effects (2%) of their medications and the dose of their prescribed medications. Our research study concludes that most of patients lack the knowledge of their medications. So there is a definite need of proper patient counseling by the health care providers like pharmacists to improve knowledge of medication usage among rural patients. Keywords: Rational drug use; Medication usage awareness; Drug usage problems; Patient’s knowledge; Compliance.

Effect of shilajit on acetic acid induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats

Abstract: One of the chronic conditions of intestines is Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).The etiology of IBD is unknown but involves multiple immune, genetic and environmental factors. Mucosal damage in IBD is mainly due to oxidative stress. The main goal is to study the effects of shilajit extract on the ulcerative colitis induced by intrarectal acetic acid administration (2ml of 4% v/v) in Wistar rats. Study comprised of 6 groups (n=6), normal vehicle control, acetic acid induced (2ml of 4% v/v, on eighth day), shilajit alone 50 mg/kg b.w, shilajit treated groups (25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o) and sulfasalazine treated (100 mg/kg, p.o) groups. Drug treatment continued for 11 days and on 12th day scarification was done. The mucosal injury was assessed by macroscopic scoring, biochemical (LDH, MPO, GSH, LPO) tests were performed. Pre-treatment with shilajit showed a decrease in macroscopic scores, LDH, MPO, LPO and elevation levels of GSH when compared to acetic acid group. The present study says that, the protective effect of shilajit in ulcerative colitis induced by acetic acid might be attributed to its neutralising effect on oxygen derived free radicals and may be more useful for patients suffering from inflammatory bowel disease.

Wound healing: In response to natural remedies and phototherapy

Abstract: Insufficient studies had been carried on the effectiveness of (Phoenix dactylifera) Ajwah date in the healing of burns. The aim of the current study was to inspect the role of Ajwah date, honey and low intensity laser therapy in healing of burn as well as antimicrobial activity. Total Flavonoids contents in methanol extract of Ajwah date with an average value of 5.574 mg QE/gram. Quercetin described as the greatest flavonoids contents within the extract (2.438 mg GAE/gram fw). Moreover, quercetin extracted to examine the antimicrobial activity via TLC and recognized by IR, MS, and 1H and 13C NMR. Quercetin of Ajwah date presented different responses through creating numerous inhibition zones against examined microorganisms. Chemical burn was induced to twenty local rabbits that were divided randomly into four groups of equal number received topical application of quercetin (80 %), lime honey, low intensity laser therapy (LILT) and control group. Wound surface area was measured through tracing method and 3D camera while wound swab was used to detect the microbial load. The results revealed that there were significant differences in wound surface area and microbial load for the treatment groups when compared to the control group after 7, 14, and 21 days as p<0.05, while the quercetin group was superior to honey and low intensity laser therapy respectively. This study supported that quercetin extracted from ajwah; honey and LILT are beneficial methods to accelerate the wound healing process as well as decrease the microbial load. Keywords: Antimicrobial; Burn; Honey; Low Intensity Laser Therapy; Phoenix dactylifera; Quercetin.

Antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of Premna latifolia extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Abstract: In this research work, we studied the effect of alcoholic extract of plant Premna latifolia (leaves) on the enzymes associated with metabolism of carbohydrate and lipid in the rats models with induced diabetes employing Streptozotocin. Administration of alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia was made to these diabetic rats at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg once a day for three weeks. Various changes specifically, glucose levels in blood, insulin, total cholesterol content in serum, triglycerides, High Density Lipoprotein levels, Low Density Lipoprotein levels along with variations in the body weight were measured. Numerous enzymes involved in the metabolism of carbohydrate and lipids viz. amylase, lipase, Aldolase, Glucose-6-phosphatase, Phosphogluco isomerase, Fructose-1,6-diphosphatase, and Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase have been evaluated. Further, the histopatholgical changes in pancreas have been studied and reported. This study substantiates that the alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia normalizes the blood glucose, insulin, lipid profile by regulating pancreatic and hepatic enzyme levels in diabetic rats. Alcoholic extract of Premna latifolia lowers glucose and lipid levels in the blood of diabetic rats. Keywords: Antidiabetic; Premna latifolia; Glucose-6-phosphatase; Insulin; streptozotocin; Pancreatic b-cells.

Effect of deferasirox therapy on serum ferritin level and its side effect in Iraqi thalassemia patients

Abstract: Deferasirox is an iron chelating drug of oral intake. It is main use is to decrease iron overload in patients who are receiving blood transfusions for a long time in conditions such as beta-thalassemia and other chronic anemias. This study was aimed to determine the benefit of the oral chelating agent (Deferasirox) and it is a side effect in thalassemia patients. Fifty patients with a provisional diagnosis of thalassemia major and transfusional iron in Aldiwaniya province /Iraq in the period (August 2015 –April 2017). Most of the patients were managed according to the own protocol with the target hemoglobin levels around 9.5-10.5 mg/dl before blood transfusion. Serum ferritin estimation was advised after at least ten packed red cell transfusions. The oral chelating was started to inform of deferasirox oral tablet in doses of 10 to 20 mg per kg per day if ferritin levels in serum reached > 1000 ng per ml and 20-40mg/kg if serum ferritin more than 1500ng/ml. Those patients were switched to deferasirox, as an oral chelating agent without used any other chelator. The patients were classified based on the age groups (less than and above 10 years) and according to gender. The average level of ferritin in the serum of these group at the initiation of the study was 2678.83 ng/ml before treatment and 2255.43ng/ml after deferasirox commenced. The study group recorded a good compliance in 70% and poor in 30%. Patients treated with deferasirox showed some gastrointestinal symptoms like abdominal cramps, vomiting, and diarrhea in 12% of cases and skin rash in 2% and increase in a liver enzyme in 4%. Deferasirox is well affordable with long-term treatment and the adverse effects are minimal with this medication; therefore optimum treatment is needed to produce the good clinical result and decrease or no adverse effects in a good acceptable dose; however the occurrence of therapy-related adverse effect decreases with time and the common therapeutic complications reported are related to gastrointestinal symptoms and skin rash in some patients and increase in liver enzyme .The availability of this therapy (oral iron chelators), like deferasirox, may take part to produce good satisfaction, especially among young child and school-age patients in which the compliance is a very big problem. Keywords: Deferasirox; Ferritin; Oral chelating agent

Evaluation of antidiabetic activity of Miglitol nanoparticles in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorder characterized by a complete lack of insulin, a relative lack of insulin, or insulin resistance In response to the need for better control of diabetes, several new classes antidiabetic drugs were introduced Among these are Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors which are used to treat the Type II Diabetes mellitus by inhibiting the Alpha Glucosidase enzymes in the small intestine The biological half-life of Miglitol is 2 Hrs and by conventional dosage form it requires oral administration of three times daily Hence to overcome this problem, we developed controlled release formulation of Miglitol loaded nanoparticles will help to release the drug in continuously for 12 Hrs The effect of newly formulated Miglitol loaded nanoparticles was studied in diabetic rates Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin in Wistar rats At first, Maltose was administered orally to all the groups Along with maltose, the newly formulated Miglitol loaded nanoparticles and marketed conventional release tablets was administered in diabetic rates and Blood glucose was measured at predefined interval After the initial Maltose load, in the interval of 6 Hrs, Maltose load to the animal was repeated for two more times After administration of the first maltose load, there was steady attenuation in the plasma glucose values after the same time point in the groups treated with Miglitol formulations After initial administration of drug, the pharmacological actions are similar for marketed conventional release dosage form and Nanoparticle However, the conventional release dosage form could not control the peak postprandial plasma glucose after second & third loading of maltose Whereas, the Nanoparticle formulation significantly (P<0001) controlled the peak postprandial plasma glucose after second & third loading of maltose

Yosprala, A new emerging gold standard drug for prevention of secondary cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events-an overview

Abstract: Yosprala, A new emerging gold standard drug for prevention of secondary cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events-an overview