Showing papers in "Journal of International Marketing in 1994"
TL;DR: In this article, consumer attitudes to local and foreign products and the likely "country-of-origin" effect in "Buy Local" and "Made In In …" campaigns are surveyed.
Abstract: Consumer attitudes to local and foreign products and the likely “country-of-origin” effect in “Buy Local” and “Made In …” campaigns are surveyed. First, the importance of country of origin in relat...
325 citations
TL;DR: In this article, it is widely believed that firms choose joint venture forms overseas when confronted with high socio-cultural distance, however, the probability of choosing the joint venture form is expected to be...
Abstract: It is widely believed that firms choose joint venture forms overseas when confronted with high socio-cultural distance. However, the probability of choosing the joint venture form is expected to be...
303 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on the operation method (or entry mode) that a company utilizes in developing its involvement in a foreign market and present an overview and critique of "economics" and "process" approac...
Abstract: This article focuses on the operation method (or entry mode) that a company utilizes in developing its involvement in a foreign market. An overview and critique of ‘economics’ and ‘process’ approac...
241 citations
TL;DR: This article contributes to the existing literature in four ways: it integrates the past research on international market evaluation into a comprehensive framework, it fills a gap in this area, by offering a flexible, cost efficient methodology, and it introduces a multicriteria methodology for solving problems of multiobjective decision models, to the international marketing managers.
Abstract: The authors address the issue of portfolio management in the context of an international marketing problem. Screening, identification, and selection characterize the three stages in the evaluation ...
133 citations
TL;DR: The export sector has been the highlight of recent U.S. economic performance, underscoring the importance of exporting as a strategic choice in the internationalization of the firm as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The export sector has been the highlight of recent U.S. economic performance, underscoring the importance of exporting as a strategic choice in the internationalization of the firm. However, firms ...
122 citations
TL;DR: In a speech delivered by the author to the National Economic Council in Washington, D.C. as discussed by the authors, the White House-based Council is charged with strengthening the competitive performanc...
Abstract: This article is based on a speech delivered by the author to the National Economic Council in Washington, D.C. The White House-based council is charged with strengthening the competitive performanc...
100 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a study of the international advertising practices of a sample of major United States and European multinationals in the EC was conducted, and the objective of the study was to investigate th...
Abstract: This article reports on a study of the international advertising practices of a sample of major United States and European multinationals in the EC. The objective of the study was to investigate th...
94 citations
TL;DR: One barrier to effective exporting may be uncertainty about the foreign environment as discussed by the authors, which is a common barrier for many firms that could export but do not because they are concerned about the economic uncertainty.
Abstract: Exporting is a popular entry strategy into foreign markets, but many firms that could export do not. One barrier to effective exporting may be uncertainty about the foreign environment. This articl...
91 citations
TL;DR: For instance, Osland et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the performance criteria used by various groups of managers and identified critical factors in international joint ventures performance in China, including controlling decision making, establishing a sales network, retaining interpartner learning, and influencing government officials.
Abstract: Evaluations of the performance of international joint ventures (IJVs) in China have produced mixed conclusions. This study sought to uncover performance criteria used by various groups of managers and to identify critical factors in IJV performance in China. Using in-depth case studies, matched data were collected from personal interviews with managers from Chinese and U.S. parent companies, joint venture operating managers from both partners, and government officials from both countries. The perfor mance criteria used by joint venture participants appear to be con verging, with profitability emerging as the dominant element. This exploratory study uncovered four important strategic factors in the performance of large, established U.S.-China manufacturing joint ventures. These are controlling decision making, establishing a sales network, retaining interpartner learning, and influencing gov ernment officials. The results suggest that the importance of deci sion-making control is moderated by size of the venture and nationality Whether the IJV is a part of the government's National Plan also appears to be an important contingency Managerial im plications and directions for future research are provided. Gregory E. Osland China has long fascinated business executives and researchers with the grandeur of its several-millenia-old civilization, the huge size and market potential of its population, and the dra matic changes in its political and economic situation. The previously elusive sales possibilities in the world's most populous nation are now being realized as The People's Re public of China's economy opens up and reaches new heights. The real gross domestic product (GDP) average growth rate of 8 percent per year from 1978 to 1992 out stripped the growth rate of each of the 100 largest economies (The Economist Intelligence Unit 1993). China will be the world's third largest economy by the year 2000, if the present trends continue. Looking at China's 1992 real GDP growth rate of 12 percent, an analyst for the U.S.-China Business Council in Beijing stated, "The official figures do not tell you how strong the demand is now. We're at the leading edge of a consumer boom. It's real." Managers of multinational corporations increasingly view entry and development of China's market as critical to the growth of their firms. In addition, the low cost of labor and certain materials make China an attractive and essential base for resources for certain companies, especially some from Submitted November 1993 Revised March 1994
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors consider the critical role of quality management in the implementation of strategic objectives and propose a framework to consider the role of QA in the QA process.
Abstract: Previous works on the implementation of strategic objectives have neglected to consider the critical role of quality management. Beginning with the assumption that the role of quality is instrument...
45 citations
TL;DR: Many U.S. advertisers have long stressed the need to use the advertising message to differentiate a brand from its major competitors as discussed by the authors, and this conventional wisdom has been supported empirically by Stewart et al.
Abstract: Many U.S. advertisers have long stressed the need to use the advertising message to differentiate a brand from its major competitors. This conventional wisdom has been supported empirically by Stew...
TL;DR: In this paper, the scope for product standardization in the car industry is examined and the authors empirically empirically show that standardizing the marketing mix across different countries is limited by numerous factors.
Abstract: Standardizing the marketing mix across different countries is limited by numerous factors. Focusing specifically on the scope for product standardization in the car industry, this paper empirically...
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of intrachannel communication in marketing channels in the United States and India is presented, and two factors, the cultural environment and the degree of relational-i.i.d.
Abstract: Findings of a comparative study of intrachannel communication in marketing channels in the United States and India are presented. Two factors—the cultural environment and the degree of relational-i...
TL;DR: In this article, a model for predicting export adoption is developed for logical continuation of antecedent structural characteristics and behavior, and the export adoption decision is viewed as a logical continuation.
Abstract: A model is developed for predicting export adoption. The export adoption decision is viewed as a logical continuation of antecedent structural characteristics and behavior. Predictors and measureme...
TL;DR: In this paper, it is believed that joint ventures in these countries suffer more conflicts and perform worse than traditional business formats used by multinational corporations in developing countries, such as India and China.
Abstract: Joint ventures predominate in business formats used by multinational corporations in developing countries. It is believed that joint ventures in these countries suffer more conflicts and performanc...
TL;DR: While much attention in the international advertising field has been given to message standardization-adaptation, the scope of multicountry campaigns has been a neglected area as mentioned in this paper, which is the case in this 15-agency/34-countries case.
Abstract: While much attention in the international advertising field has been given to message standardization-adaptation, the scope of multicountry campaigns has been a neglected area. In this 15-agency/34...
TL;DR: The ISO-9000 international quality standards have become a major force to be reckoned with for U.S. manufacturing as mentioned in this paper, with increasing globalization of trade, and a growing reliance on quality as a competitive weapon.
Abstract: With increasing globalization of trade, and growing reliance on quality as a competitive weapon, the ISO-9000 international quality standards have become a major force to be reckoned with for U.S. ...
TL;DR: Frequent criticism of multinational corporation social responsibility is contrasted with the "Friedman Doctrine" which maintains that the social responsibility of business is to increase profits as mentioned in this paper, which is contrary to the Friedman principle.
Abstract: Frequent criticism of multinational corporation social responsibility is contrasted with the “Friedman Doctrine,” which maintains that the social responsibility of business is to increase profits. ...
TL;DR: In this article, two apparently contradictory trends emerge from recent developments in marketing thinking: global marketing and individual, or one-to-one, marketing relationships, which raise serious questions about possible responses of Western companies to Japanese competition.
Abstract: Two apparently contradictory trends emerge from recent developments in marketing thinking—global marketing, and individual, or one-to-one, marketing relationships. Simultaneously, recent manufacturing developments have enabled firms to provide “mass customization, “ or products tailored to individual customer requirements. This article discusses these two issues, and suggests that they are the same phenomenon, viewed from two distinct disciplines. This raises serious questions about possible responses of Western companies to Japanese competition.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a unique and successful process for ensuring continued success in foreign markets through a program they have developed in partnership with a local utility company, which provides the client companies with a structured approach in an interactive group format, thus allowing much more opportunity to create the culture shift necessary to successfully enter foreign markets.
Abstract: Guiding small and mid-sized companies to internationalization can be problematic due to a number of unique characteristics of these firms. The authors describe a unique and successful process for ensuring continued success in foreign markets through a program they have developed in partnership with a local utility company. The Export Success Program provides the client companies with a structured approach in an interactive group format, thus allowing much more opportunity to create the culture shift necessary to successfully enter foreign markets.
TL;DR: The authors presented an evaluation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) presented as a collection of studies by scholars from the accord's three signatory countries Canada, Mexico, and the United States.
Abstract: This book is an evaluation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) presented as a collection of studies by scholars from the accord's three signatory countriesCanada, Mexico, and the United States. The volume is divided into three well-organized and highly readable sections. Section I consists of three chapters, each an assessment of NAFTA by a leading scholar from one of the member nations. Section II (six chapters) is a comprehensive investigation of the accord and its impact on specific industrial sectors. Section III (four chapters) comprises a selection of studies on issues of particular salience in the negotiations leading up to the agreement's implementation on 1 January 1994.
TL;DR: In this paper, a student is placed in the position of CEO of a large international company and introduced to the complexities of decision making in global marketing, and the last part of the book deals with coordination and control of international marketing programs.
Abstract: The last part of the book deals with coordination and control of international marketing programs. Toward this end, Chapter 18 covers marketing information issues while Chapters 19 and 20 examine, respectively, organizational structures and nature of control in international marketing. The final chapter provides an interesting and realistic end to the book when the student is placed in the position of CEO of a large international company and introduced to the complexities of decision making in global marketing.