Showing papers in "Journal of Social Issues in 1982"
TL;DR: The authors argue that sexual harassment of women at work is often a product of sex-role spillover, defined as the carryover into the workplace of gender-based expectations for behavior that are irrelevant or inappropriate to work.
Abstract: We propose that sexual harassment of women at work is often a product of sex-role spillover, which is defined as the carryover into the workplace of gender-based expectations for behavior that are irrelevant or inappropriate to work. We argue that, when the sex-ratio at work is skewed—in either direction—sex-role spillover occurs. Thus, women in male-dominated work experience one kind of sex-role spillover. They are “role deviates” who are treated differently from other (male) work-role occupants; they are aware of this differential treatment, and they think it is directed at them as individual women rather than as work-role occupants. On the other hand, women in female-dominated work also experience sex-role spillover but of a different kind. Sex-role and work-role are practically identical. These women are treated similarly to other (female) work-role occupants, so are unaware that their treatment is based on sex-role. Because of this, they think the treatment they receive is a function of their job; the job itself is sexualized. Data from a representative sample survey, about sexual harassment of working women in Los Angeles County, provide some support for these ideas.
439 citations
TL;DR: This paper explored three models of sexual harassment derived from previous research, court cases and legal defenses: the Natural/Biological Model, the Organizational Model, and the Sociocultural Model.
Abstract: This article explores three models of sexual harassment derived from previous research, court cases and legal defenses: the Natural/Biological Model, the Organizational Model, and the Sociocultural Model. Data from a large (N=20, 083) stratified random sample of the federal workforce are analyzed in relation to these models. No clear-cut support for any one model emerges, and the picture of sexual harassment painted by these data appears to be more complex and varied than earlier, self-selected samples initially suggested. The results are discussed in light of the difficulties of using large-scale survey techniques to investigate complex cultural phenomena, and suggestions are made for future research approaches that could complement survey techniques.
349 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that women who have traditional sex-role beliefs are more likely to blame themselves and other victims for being sexually harassed than men who do not have such beliefs, and the role of sex role beliefs on assignment of responsibility to self and others.
Abstract: Although research has investigated the extent to which sexual harassment exists and what people are or are not doing about it, little has been written about the personal attributions made for these behaviors by either those who have or those who have not been sexually harassed. Research on rape and the assignment of responsiblity for a rape may be useful as a base from which to generalize about sexual harassment and the various ways in which victims and viewers respond to it. This study consists of data from an initial survey investigating the occurrence of sexual harassment at the workplace and follow-up interviews with female workers who reported in the initial survey having been sexually harassed. The research focused on the application of attribution theory in four areas: 1) sex differences in assignment of responsibility for sexual harassment, 2) effects of having experienced sexual harassment on assignment of responsibility, 3) self-blame in cases of sexual harassment and its affective and work-related effects, 4) the role of sex-role beliefs on assignment of responsibility to self and others. One of the stronger findings of the study concerned the role of sex-role beliefs. Women who have traditional sex-role beliefs are more likely to blame themselves and other victims for being sexually harassed.
239 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the relationship between social class or majority/minority status and residential satisfaction and found that the relationship appears to be mainly a function of the large inequities in housing and neighborhood associated with social inequalities.
Abstract: The residential environment is a particularly important setting for human behavior by virtue of its significance for roles, relationships, and the sense of place in the world. Based on interviews with 2,622 respondents from 42 municipalities in 10 SMSAs across the country, this study tried to clarify some of the dimensions of residential experience that affect residential and community satisfaction. The frequent finding of a strong relationship between social class or majority/minority status and residential satisfaction is examined under controlled conditions. This relationship appears to be mainly a function of the large inequities in housing and neighborhood associated with social inequalities. It is these variations in residential quality that are the direct, primary influences on residential satisfaction. Closer analyses of the specific sources of residential and community satisfaction reveal the prominence of objective features of the residential environment in accounting for such satisfaction. Local social interaction plays a relatively minor part in explaining residential attachment; and its effects are limited to that modest proportion of the population for whom such neighborhood and community relationships are highly valued.
234 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined earlier research on residential mobility and health, and offered a theoretical framework that addressed certain issues neglected in that research, such as the longer-term health consequences of relocation.
Abstract: This article examines earlier research on residential mobility and health, and offers a theoretical framework that addresses certain issues neglected in that research. In general, previous analyses have characterized relocation as an acute and short-term life event that imposes considerable strains on the individual at the time of moving. This perspective minimizes the dynamic quality of mobility and ignores the longer-term health consequences of relocation which unfold gradually as the individual adjusts to the diverse life changes associated with moving. Alternatively, the proposed analysis assumes that the health effects of relocation depend not only on the immediate circumstances surrounding a move, but also on the broader context of the individual's residential history, current life situation, and aspirations for the future. Hypotheses concerning several psychological mediators of mobility and health are derived. These hypotheses are assessed in light of the findings from a longitudinal survey of residential experience and health.
214 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the various forms of response to sexual harassment, including legal redress, establishing employers' responsibilities, and encouraging employees to resist harassment, and support services provided by women's organizations.
Abstract: Remedial actions to curtail and prevent sexual harassment in the workplace have focused on providing victims with legal redress, establishing employers' responsibilities, and encouraging employees to resist harassment. This paper discusses these various forms of response to sexual harassment. First, the development of judicial and legal criteria defining harassment as illegal behavior and establishing parameters of employer responsibilities are reviewed. Then, the discussion examines actions employers have taken to meet their responsibilities (e.g., issuing policy statements). Secondary analyses of data collected from 3139 women who reported experiences of sexual harassment are used to explore individual responses to harassment, and potential determinants of those responses. Finally, support services provided by women's organizations are discussed, and some conclusions are drawn about the impact of remedial actions on the prevention of sexual harassment on the job.
153 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a factorial survey was used to assess perceptions of sexual harassment in the context of faculty-student relations in a university setting and found that judgments of harassment were most influenced by the nature of the behaviors and intentions of the male instructor in the situation.
Abstract: A factorial survey was used to assess perceptions of sexual harassment in the context of faculty-student relations in a university setting. Results of a survey of undergraduate students and faculty at the University of California, Santa Barbara, revealed a high degree of consensus in defining cases of sexual harassment. Across respondent populations, judgments of harassment were most influenced by the nature of the behaviors and intentions of the male instructor in the situation. Results also indicated that information about any past relationship between instructor and student and about suggestive behaviors on the part of the student tended to modify harassment judgments and to introduce disagreement among respondents as to whether an incident constituted a case of sexual harassment.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined sex differences in teenage marijuana, alcohol, and cigarette use among first-graders of Woodlawn (a poor black Chicago neighborhood) who were assessed in first grade in 1966 and reassessed ten years later.
Abstract: This research focuses on sex differences in teenage marijuana, alcohol and cigarette use. The population consisted of the 705 first-graders of Woodlawn (a poor black Chicago neighborhood) who were assessed in first grade in 1966–1967 and reassessed ten years later. Teenage males reported more use of marijuana and alcohol than females but males and females reported similar use of cigarettes. We examined these sex differences from two theoretical perspectives, social adaptation and social bonds. The former refers to the success or failure of an individual in meeting the social task demands in a specific social field at a specific stage of life. The latter is concerned with the attachment or commitment of an individual to social institutions such as family, school, and peers. Since we found important sex differences in the antecedent, concurrent and mediating variables relating to adolescent substance use, we conclude that further study of substance use should focus on male and female differences, and that at least some of the origins of substance use differ for males and females.
124 citations
TL;DR: This article explored the nature of sexual harassment as a subjective and multi-faceted concept, one which challenges the meaning of taken-for-granted behaviors embedded in heterosexual interactions and relationships.
Abstract: This paper explores the nature of sexual harassment as a subjective and multi-faceted concept, one which challenges the meaning of taken-for-granted behaviors embedded in heterosexual interactions and relationships. Drawing on survey samples of 237 lesbian and 144 heterosexual working women, the study discusses the ways in which a woman's sexual identity affects her experiences and interpretation of interactions at work as sexual harassment. Four discrete indicators of consciousness about sexual harassment are employed: experiences and feelings about daily approaches, attitudes about the problem of unwanted sexual approaches at work, and recognition and willingness to utilize the term sexual harassment. The findings show that women have a great many physical and sexual experiences at work most of which they dislike; there is substantial recognition of the problem among working women. However, there is a gap between experiencing and disliking the phenomenon and applying the term sexual harassment in describing it. Further, women vary in the use of the label sexual harassment by the degree of social and economic inequality and powerlessness each experiences at her workplace; as a group, lesbians are more likely than heterosexuals to employ the term. The author suggests that further research concerning sexual harassment move beyond documenting incidents since by themselves they do not establish the basis on which particular situations in the everyday lives of working women come to be labeled sexual harassment.
114 citations
TL;DR: A theoretical model of the treatment utilization process which assumes that individual predisposing factors, perceptions and beliefs, personal enabling traits, social enabling characteristics, and structural features of treatment services all affect the alcoholic's ability to secure and propensity to use services is presented.
Abstract: This article presents a theoretical model of the treatment utilization process which assumes that individual predisposing factors, perceptions and beliefs, personal enabling traits, social enabling characteristics, and structural features of treatment services all affect the alcoholic's ability to secure and propensity to use services. This theoretical model is used to describe characteristics of women alcoholics and the treatment delivery system that may serve as barriers to treatment for women. Results of a study of the structural characteristics of 53 alcoholism treatment facilities in two California counties showed women congregate in agencies that hire more professionals, provide treatment for children, and provide after-care services.
96 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a secondary analysis of national data from approximately 1000 men and 1,000 women was carried out to compare alcohol consumption and problems with alcohol for both men and women.
Abstract: Alcohol consumption and problems with alcohol were compared for men and women in a secondary analysis of national data from approximately 1,000 men and 1,000 women. For both men and women, the divorced and unemployed had the highest rates of consumption and problems, with employed women not far behind. However, employed women who are married showed significantly higher rates than single employed women or married women not employed outside the home. These results were interpreted in terms of sex role stereotyping and discrimination leading to stresses for women in non-traditional roles, and possible role conflict between demands of marriage and employment due to lack of external supports for women in those roles.
TL;DR: In this article, the role of group membership in place meanings is considered, using an environmental perspective that acknowledges the importance of places to an individual's sense of identity, and a small case study of a Hasidic sect with a distinctive life style provides an opportunity to assess the contribution of group affiliation to connections to a neighborhood.
Abstract: The changing nature of cities has raised serious questions concerning the quality of neighborhood and community life. It is essential to reflect on the meaning of neighborhoods and their function for urban dwellers. The role of group membership in place meanings is considered, using an environmental perspective that acknowledges the importance of places to an individual's sense of identity. A small case study of a Hasidic sect with a distinctive life style provides an opportunity to assess the contribution of group affiliation to connections to a neighborhood. Sources of commitment to an area are discussed as are the qualities of group affiliations that affect this commitment. A conception of generic and specific place meanings, based on individual and group experiences, is proposed.
TL;DR: In this article, an historical overview of American mobility is presented, which includes the image of the mobile American throughout history, the stability of high mobility rates, the changing patterns of mobility and the implications of these changes; and, a demographic profile of who moves in America.
Abstract: Traditionally, the high rate of mobility in America has been linked to such negative consequences as disintegrating communities and alienation among the populace. Recent perspectives on mobility present a more complex image of the factors underlying a population “on the move” and a more benign view of the effects of mobility. In this article we provide a backdrop for these more recent perspectives by presenting an historical overview of American mobility which includes: the image of the mobile American throughout history; the stability of high mobility rates; the changing patterns of mobility and the implications of these changes; and, a demographic profile of who moves in America. In addition, we review past theories of why people move and the limited research on the consequences of mobility, especially in terms of community pathology. This historical review “sets the stage” for the current approaches to mobility that are presented within this issue of JSI.
TL;DR: In this article, the utility of applying the social support-stress-coping paradigm to the study of substance abuse, and refinements needed in conceptualization of the coping aspect of the model are discussed.
Abstract: This paper addresses two issues: (a) the utility of applying the social support-stress-coping paradigm to the study of substance abuse, and (b) refinements needed in conceptualization of the coping aspect of the model. A brief review of the more recent theoretical and methodological treatments of social support is followed by an examination of two limitations of current perspectives. The first limitation considered is the failure of previous work to address the behavioral components of the hypothesized connection between social support and stress reduction, and the second is the lack of “bidirectionality” in social support models. Data from a study of heroin addicted women is used to illustrate how refinements in the coping aspect of the model, in particular, may help clarify the role of social support in stress reduction. Findings included the indication that, for heroin addicted women, the absence of social support is associated with the use of non-social, potentially dysfunctional coping strategies. A similar pattern did not exist for men.
TL;DR: The authors explored the political and historical factors contributing to the difference between men and women in the use of drugs for therapeutic or recreational purposes and there seems to be greater social sanction for medicinal use for women.
Abstract: Societies have usually regulated the use of drug substances with differences in rules of usage for men and women. This paper explores the political and historical factors contributing to this difference. Gender is linked to the use of drugs for therapeutic or recreational purposes and there seems to be greater social sanction for medicinal use for women. Women are bigger users of psychoactive drugs. Some possible reasons discussed are women's physiology, the relative health status of men and women, different aspects of sexually assigned role, and socially determined double standards in substances prescribed and proscribed. Women and alcohol in the U.S. history are traced from colonial days through the temperance movement to the present.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present some new directions for mobility research dealing with factors governing housing production and its spatial distribution along with why and where people live where they do, and propose that mobility research change focus from looking at the precipitants of residential moves toward looking at mechanisms that structure the patterning of residential choices within metropolitan areas.
Abstract: Early twentieth century concerns with social problems and pathologies perceived as stemming from rural to urban migration, neighborhood transiency and an absence of spatially stable communities fueled the early study of residential mobility. Knowing why people moved, it seemed, presented a potential for fostering neighborhood stability, place oriented community and a cure for urban ills such as crime, delinquency and other forms of anomic behavior. The finding that residential mobility was neither pathological nor indicative of normlessness but was a normal process through which families improve their housing situations set the tone for later mobility research. The myriad of studies on mobility precipitants and housing adjustment processes have, today, firmly established the finding that residential shifts are driven by family compositional changes accompanying family life cycle stages. Without a problems context, it appears that residential mobility research has little obvious relevance to public policy concerns. To be relevant to public policy, we propose that mobility research change focus from looking at the precipitants of residential moves toward looking at the mechanisms that structure the patterning of residential choices within metropolitan areas. We present some new directions for mobility research dealing with factors governing housing production and its spatial distribution along with why and where people live where they do.
TL;DR: In this paper, women's perceptions of socio-sexual behaviors in the workplace initiated by males with varying degrees of status were investigated using an airline population, female flight attendants were asked to record the incidence of sexual harassment by personnel of higher, equal, and lower status.
Abstract: This study focuses on women's perceptions of socio-sexual behaviors in the workplace initiated by males with varying degrees of status. Using an airline population, female flight attendants were asked to record the incidence of sexual harassment by personnel of higher, equal, and lower status. Subjects then rated their affective responses to hypothetical scenarios involving similar interactions. It was hypothesized that the lower the status of the harasser, the more negative the recipient's affective state. Results show the affective state of the recipient is most negative with lower-status personnel engaging in moderate verbal and physical harassment. With mild harassment, status has no differential effect. Social exchange and habituation explanations are used to account for the data.
TL;DR: A factorial survey, designed to parallel a study conducted at the University of California (Reilly, Carpenter, Dull, & Bartlett, 1982), was used to assess judgments of the nature of sexual harassment among undergraduate students at MIT as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A factorial survey, designed to parallel a study conducted at the University of California (Reilly, Carpenter, Dull, & Bartlett, 1982), was used to assess judgments of the nature of sexual harassment among undergraduate students at the University of Massachusetts. The factors determining ratings of harassment proved to be very consistent across student populations and across different judgment tasks. However, there was some indication that the factors that influence defining an incident as sexual harassment are not entirely the same as the determinants of perceived seriousness of an incident.
TL;DR: The authors compared the mothering attitudes, experiences and self-perceptions of 170 women in treatment for heroin addiction with those of 175 non-addicted women of similar socio-economic status.
Abstract: This study compares the mothering attitudes, experiences and self-perceptions of 170 women in treatment for heroin addiction with those of 175 non-addicted women of similar socio-economic status. The interviews reveal very little difference between addicted mothers and their non-addicted counterparts in their perceptions of how having children changes a woman's life, the nicest and worst things about having children, and good and bad reasons for having children. Addicted and non-addicted mothers do not differ in their feelings toward and perceptions of their own children, nor in most of the activities they engage in with their children. Heroin addicted mothers express more doubts about their adequacy as mothers and their ability to control or influence their children. Concerns about maternal adequacy pervade their responses. Addicted women receive as much social support for childrearing as non-addicted women, but rely more often than non-addicted women on their own mothers for assistance. A significant number of the addicted women bore children before they began using heroin suggesting that researchers and treatment personnel should emphasize needs of older children and their addicted mothers as well as problems of fetuses and neonates exposed to heroin in utero. Suggestions for treatment programs are made.
TL;DR: The authors found that families most susceptible to displacement were those with high housing cost burdens, short durations of occupancy, living in or close to the central city of the SMSA, receiving welfare, and headed by persons who are young and had low levels of eduction.
Abstract: Each year, a small fraction of families move for reasons beyond their control. Among these involuntary movers are the displaced: those who are forced to move due to conditions affecting their dwelling or its immediate environments that make continued occupancy impossible. The average annual rate of displacement moves out of urban areas during the 1970s is estimated at roughly 1.0 percent. Families most susceptible to displacement were those with high housing cost burdens, short durations of occupancy, living in or close to the central city of the SMSA, receiving welfare, and headed by persons who are young and have low levels of eduction. Three findings concerning the effects of displacement are most noteworthy. First, the effects of displacement are not pervasive across three sets of outcomes: housing, income, and employment. Second, displacement appears to have some positive effects on material well-being. Third, where detrimental effects do exist, they do not always support the assumption that the least well-off suffer the greatest decline in material well-being.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reviewed the findings of the studies reported in this paper, with particular attention to conclusions regarding perceptions of the nature of sexual harassment and the possible differential effects of status and power on responses to incidents of social-sexual behavior in the workplace.
Abstract: Some of the findings of the studies reported in this issue are reviewed, with particular attention to conclusions regarding perceptions of the nature of sexual harassment and the possible differential effects of status and power on responses to incidents of social-sexual behavior in the workplace. In addition, some suggestions are made for further research in the area, with emphasis on the dyadic nature of sexual harassment and its relation to differential socialization of males and females.
TL;DR: It was found that old people who were more satisfied with their dwellings were less favorably disposed toward stimulating or novel environments, were happier with their lives, traveled less frequently outside their dwellings, lived longer in their present residences, were home owners, and were less likely to report financial difficulties.
Abstract: Dwelling satisfaction is identified often as a subjective indicator of a population's quality of life and as a predictor of residential relocation plans and preferences. In old age, the dwelling is an especially important part of the individual's total life situation. Because objective indicators of housing quality incompletely and misleadingly explain the variations in older persons' reported dwelling satisfaction, a set of individual characteristics are proposed as antecedents. Structured interview data were collected from a random sample of 400 persons aged 60 and over living in a midwestern, middle class community. It was found that old people who were more satisfied with their dwellings were less favorably disposed toward stimulating or novel environments, were happier with their lives, traveled less frequently outside their dwellings, lived longer in their present residences, were home owners, and were less likely to report financial difficulties. The findings emphasize the difficulties of interpreting subjective indicators of housing quality for policy and planning purposes.
TL;DR: Study of personal characteristics that encourage drug use by adults and how those characteristics help explain women's greater use of legal drugs in metropolitan Detroit shows that morbidity is the strongest predictor of both curative and preventive use for adults.
Abstract: Women use more legal drugs of all types (preventive, curative, prescription, nonprescription) than men do. This paper studies personal characteristics that encourage drug use by adults and how those characteristics help explain women's greater use. Data are from a general population survey of white adults in metropolitan Detroit, which has information on drug use from health interviews and also from health diaries kept for six weeks. Results show that morbidity is the strongest predictor of both curative and preventive use for adults. Age ranks second (older people use more drugs), and inability to ignore symptoms ranks third. Disruptive events, feelings of helplessness about life, poor self-rated health, and recent stress also boost drug use to a smaller extent. Personal characteristics are not only crucial to explaining day-to-day drug use by women and men, but also to accounting for sex differences in use. Detroit women's drug use is 50–80% greater than men's. The women also tend to have personal characteristics that boost drug use. When those characteristics are statistically controlled, the sex differences in drug use diminish. This is especially true for curative use, because it is so strongly affected by morbidity and women report much greater morbidity than men do. Structural characteristics (features of health services, medical care practice, health insurance, drug industry) are not measured in the data, but they are probably important too since people's ability to obtain prescriptions and to purchase drugs ultimately affects their daily drug use.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors summarized legal and institutional definitions as well as policies that have been formulated to address the problem of sexual harassment in academic settings and concluded that sexual harassment is a serious problem in many academic institutions.
Abstract: This paper summarizes legal and institutional definitions as well as policies that have been formulated to address the problem of sexual harassment in academic settings. To determine the level of information regarding the extent and nature of this problem, the paper also reviews and assesses current research on sexual harassment in academic institutions. It is concluded that, although legal, institutional, and operational definitions and conclusions regarding the frequency of this problem vary, there is documentation that sexual harassment is a serious problem in many academic institutions. Further research employing more consistent sampling and definitional procedures is needed to clarify the phenomenon and to provide a more effective framework for evaluating policies and procedures designed to deal with sexual harassment.
TL;DR: In this article, a multi-disciplinary approach that incorporates contributions from sociology, psychology, economics, demography, and social geography, among others, is used to analyze trends in Black residential mobility.
Abstract: This analysis of trends in Black residential mobility uses a multi-disciplinary approach that incorporates contributions from sociology, psychology, economics, demography, and social geography, among others. It examines population migrations from Africa during the slave trade, mobility patterns during the internal slave trade within the United States, and the large population shifts during the industrialization of the urban North and West. Contemporary patterns of segregated urban environments are viewed from the perspective of external constraints on Black residential mobility opportunities. These constraints, operating at both individual and institutional levels, include the actions of individual homeowners, realtors, local and federal legislators, and lending institutions. The attitudes of Blacks are viewed as “internal factors” which also serve to maintain segregated living arrangements. The processes and consequences associated with urban ghettoization are identified. Recent trends of Black suburbanization, “gentrification,” and Latino/Black residential integration, are identified and discussed. The article concludes with an examination of potential future scenarios, provides suggestions for future research, and addresses a number of policy and practical issues.
TL;DR: The authors examined gender differences in socialization experiences and family dynamics of heroin addicted women and men, finding that women who use heroin are more likely to seek out an addict peer group because of poor self-image and as a reaction to an unhappy family situation, while men experienced the greatest difficulty in their early years with extrafamilial forces, such as school, poverty and peers.
Abstract: This article examines gender differences in socialization experiences and family dynamics of heroin addicted women and men. While problems do exist in the families of drug addicts, these data indicate a lack of severe pathology in family functioning. However, the existing familial conflicts suggest important gender differences in retrospective perceptions. Initial drug use for women was more closely related to interpersonal affiliative issues. Women who use heroin are more likely to seek out an addict peer group because of poor self-image and as a reaction to an unhappy family situation. Men, in contrast, experienced the greatest difficulty in their early years with extra-familial forces, such as school, poverty and peers. Peer group activity was a more important influence on the male addicts' initial drug use. Men were also significantly more likely to report using alcohol and illegal drugs for peer acceptance. Both groups described their mothers more positively than their fathers, with men reporting the most postitve attitudes towards mother. Both addicted men and women need assistance in working through early relationships and in developing realistic vocational goals. These results also indicate the need for family members to participate in drug rehabilitation.
TL;DR: This article examined the social and economic underpinnings of desired residential mobility in an ethnic community using interview survey data, using social theories of urban location regarding ethnic settlement and neighborhood homogeneity.
Abstract: This article examines the social and economic underpinnings of desired residential mobility in an ethnic community. Using interview survey data, desired residential mobility in Chinatown was examined using social theories of urban location regarding ethnic settlement and neighborhood homogeneity. Residents want to stay not because it is an ideal place of residence, but because of social, economic, and language disadvantages relative to white American society. Residents who want to leave are those with fewer disadvantages, who thus have the opportunity to search for belter housing and a better life. Although Warner and Srole's thesis of the ethnic settlement process and Burgess and Wirth's theories of neighborhood homogeneity were largely confirmed, the salient environmental stressor of crowding was found to contribute significantly to the desire to move. This points to the importance of social and environmental contributors to the desire to move. This study also offers evidence that desired residential mobility is determined by age as well as by class, perceptions of crowding, and attitudes regarding ethnic homogeneity, and that neighborhood homogeneity occurs along these lines as well. Both class and ethnicity are determinants of residential location. This article highlights the particular conditions of stability and mobility in ethnic immigrant-entry communities.
TL;DR: Lewin was a Lewinian in his early work with his students up to the time of his interest in small group research as discussed by the authors, which was characteristic of Lewin's "Quase1strippe" meetings with his graduate students that began in Berlin.
Abstract: I will talk about matters rooted in Kurt Lewin’s early work with his students up to the time of his interest in small group research. During the ~O’S, I was his student in Germany, and took my Ph.D. with him. My thesis dealt with anger in frustration situations. Later, I was Lewin’s assistant during his stay at Cornell and at the University of Iowa, until he arranged to move to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Ten days before he died, we were discussing psychological matters in Washington. I am a Lewinian in my psychological thinking, emphasizing the structural characteristics of psychological occurrences. When Lewin once asked me, “DO you believe that topological properties actually exist in life?”, I simply said “Yes.” I felt then, as now, that much in life is spatial and structural. Working with Lewin was a cooperative effort. In solving problems, the emphasis was on work rather than on individual performers. This was characteristic of Lewin’s “Quase1strippe”-the weekly meeting with his graduate students that began in Berlin. It characterized his daily-and daylong-meetings with his thesis students, as well as the frequent meetings of Fritz and Grace Heider, Eugenia Hanfmann, Lewin, and myself, in Massachusetts during Lewin’s first years of residence in the United States. The Quaselstrippe meetings continued in the States and by then comprised a sizeable group of people interested in Topological Psychology. Characteristic of Lewin’s approach was a complete involvement in the psychological