Showing papers in "Progress in Neurobiology in 1997"

TL;DR: Evidence is described, showing that some neurons in the macaque temporal cortical visual areas have responses that are invariant with respect to the position, size and view of faces and objects, and that these neurons show rapid processing and rapid learning.

TL;DR: Direct communication between neurons and astrocytes via neurotransmitters could be a widespread form of communication in the brain which may affect many different aspects of brain function, such as glutamate uptake and the modulation of extracellular space.

TL;DR: Accumulating evidence supports an essential role of IL-6 in the development, differentiation, regeneration and degeneration of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system and development of selective IL- 6 agonists and antagonists offers new possibilities for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.

TL;DR: The notions of diffuse transmission and of an ambient level of ACh in the CNS could also be of clinical relevance, in accounting for the production and nature of certain cholinergic deficits and the efficacy of substitution therapies.

TL;DR: It is presumed that, under pathological conditions (hepatic failure, alcoholic intoxication, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase defects), the rate of GHB synthesis or degradation in the peripheral organ is modified and induces increased GHB levels which could interfere with the normal brain mechanisms.

TL;DR: This review will attempt to survey the major achievements reached in the study of the structure and function of NAChRs by examining the molecular basis of their functional diversity viewed mainly from pharmacological and biochemical perspectives.

TL;DR: There is evidence that the most affected areas include the cortex, the entorhinal area, the hippocampus, the ventral striatum and the basal part of the forebrain, while other brain areas are less affected.

TL;DR: In this paper, the primary neurochemical and neuroanatomical systems that underlie the expression of abnormal REM sleep and excessive sleepiness in narcolepsy-cataplexy were identified.

TL;DR: This paper presents navigation strategies within a four-level hierarchical framework based upon levels of complexity of required processing (Guidance, Place recognition-triggered Response, Topological navigation, Metric navigation), and introduces computational models of animal navigation, i.e. of animats.

TL;DR: Metaplasticity may serve several functions including providing a way for synapses to integrate a response across temporally spaced episodes of synaptic activity and keeping synapses within a dynamic functional range, and thus preventing them from entering states of saturated LTP or LTD.

TL;DR: The neural basis of olfactory learning in three specialized contexts that occur during sensitive periods of enhanced neural plasticity are compared, finding that odour learning induces substantial structural and functional changes, including increases in inhibitory neurotransmission.

TL;DR: This review deals with the recent advances in the studies of presence of free D-aspartate and D-serine and their metabolic systems in mammals and shall discuss also the NMDA receptor and uptake system of D-amino acids.

TL;DR: This review is a critical appraisal of the widespread assumption that high extracellular glutamate, resulting from enhanced pre-synaptic release superimposed on deficient uptake and/or cytosolic efflux, is the key to excessive glutamate-mediated excitation in neurological disorders.

TL;DR: The experimental evidence suggests that neuronal morphology and communication are critically modulated by, but not absolutely dependent on, (enhanced) B-50 presence.

TL;DR: It is suggested that a significant role for muscle spindle discharge is to control the gain in Ia pathways from the legs, consequent or prior to their movement.

TL;DR: The combined evidence from comparative studies in patients and from functional neuroimaging studies on Parkinson's disease suggests that altered cortico-striatal interactions may disrupt normal planning function at a number of levels.

TL;DR: Studies indicating co-occurrence of neuronal synchrony of single cells exhibiting rhythmic activity at high frequencies, oscillations in the local field potential and dynamics in high frequencies recorded using high-resolution electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalographic (MEG) are summarized.

TL;DR: The new rat model can be used to identify predictors of intractability during onset of treatment with an antiepileptic drug and is a valuable addendum to the battery of animal models used in preclinical evaluation of novel drugs.

TL;DR: The heterogeneous distribution of the enzyme in the nervous system indicates that ectoADA may be a neuroregulatory molecule, and EctoADA might act as a bridge between two different cells thus raising the possibility that it may be important for the development of the nervous System.

TL;DR: The review makes special emphasis in the available evidence pointing to the role of the motor cortex in co-ordinating the activities of both descending and ascending pathways related to somatomotor integration and control.

TL;DR: By antagonizing the anti-opioid action of cholecystokinin during a placebo procedure, a potentiation of the endogenous opioid systems can be obtained.

TL;DR: In the honeybee, the NO/cGMP system in the antennal lobes is implicated in the processing of adaptive mechanisms during chemosensory processing, and recent findings support a specific role of the NO system in memory formation.

TL;DR: It is likely that EGF is a multi-potent growth factor that acts upon various types of cells including mitotic cells and postmitotic neurons.

TL;DR: Although not yet well understood, potential factors and mechanisms regulating neurochemical events in the nodose ganglion neurons are discussed.

TL;DR: This review focuses on the sprouting of single fibres in the rat hippocampus after entorhinal lesion and the molecular factors which may regulate this process and an involvement of sprouting processes in the formation of neuritic plaques in Alzheimer's disease is reviewed.

TL;DR: The analysis of the eye movement parameters, as well as the investigation of the neuronal activity underlying the execution of slow eye movements, offer an excellent opportunity to study higher brain functions such as motion processing, sensorimotor integration, and predictive mechanisms aswell as neuronal plasticity and motor learning.

TL;DR: An in-depth discussion on how this free radical nitric oxide and its metabolites affect the intra and intercellular physiology of the astrocyte(s) and surrounding neurons and the ways in whichAstrocytes can counteract the production of free radicals in general by using their antioxidant pathways are looked at.

TL;DR: Analysis of the expression patterns of the different neuroregulatory cytokines and their receptors reveals that the receptors are expressed throughout nervous system development and following trauma, whereas the cytokines show temporal and spatial specific expression patterns, consistent with the idea that specific cytokines have specific roles in neural development and repair.

TL;DR: The afferent pathways by which immune cells may affect CNS functions and, conversely, how neural tissues can influence the peripheral immune response are discussed and new directions of future research are proposed.

TL;DR: It is suggested that appropriately chosen fetal neurons (or other cells such as for instance, genetically-modified fibroblasts) implanted into or close to the denervated hippocampus may substitute, at least partially, for missing hippocampal afferents with a neurochemical specificity that closely depends on the neurochemical identity of the grafted neurons.