Showing papers in "Psychological Reports in 1995"
TL;DR: Two global parenting dimensions emerged consistent with Baumrind's authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive typologies and internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach alpha and additional items were deleted.
Abstract: A 133-item parenting questionnaire was completed by 1251 parents of preschool and school-age children. Items in this measure were reduced using principal axes factor analyses followed by varimax ro...
924 citations
TL;DR: The Cognitive Flexibility Scale (CFS) as mentioned in this paper ) is a scale to measure cognitive flexibility, which measures the cognitive flexibility of a person using three scales: cognitive flexibility, communication flexibility, and communication flexibility.
Abstract: This paper contains a description of a scale to measure cognitive flexibility. In Study 1, 247 participants completed the Cognitive Flexibility Scale, the Communication Flexibility Scale, and the R...
630 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that extreme caution is required when cut-off points are used to classify individuals by burnout scores; only nation-specific and clinically derived cut-offs points should be employed.
Abstract: In the present study, burnout scores of three samples, as measured with the Maslach Burnout Inventory, were compared: (1) the normative American sample from the test-manual (N = 10,067), (2) the normative Dutch sample (N = 3,892), and (3) a Dutch outpatient sample (N = 142). Generally, the highest burnout scores were found for the outpatient sample, followed by the American and Dutch normative samples, respectively. Slightly different patterns were noted for each of the three components. Probably sampling bias, i.e., the healthy worker effect, or cultural value patterns, i.e., femininity versus masculinity, might be responsible for the results. It is concluded that extreme caution is required when cut-off points are used to classify individuals by burnout scores; only nation-specific and clinically derived cut-off points should be employed.
215 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a sample of 115 college undergraduates were given the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students and a cheating and plagiarism questionnaire during separate testing sessions, and the results suggest that procrastination may be one of many factors mediating academic dishonesty.
Abstract: A sample of 115 college undergraduates were given the Procrastination Assessment Scale for Students and a cheating and plagiarism questionnaire during separate testing sessions. On these self-report measures, scores for cheating on examinations and for plagiarism were positively correlated with self-ratings of procrastination and negatively correlated with self-reported grade point average. Students who scored high on procrastination had significantly higher scores for plagiarism than those who scored low on procrastination. The results suggest that procrastination may be one of many factors mediating academic dishonesty.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a self-report questionnaire concerning performance anxiety was conducted by 650 professional musicians playing in symphonic orchestras in The Netherlands and the results indicate that performance anxiety is a significant professional problem.
Abstract: 155 of 650 professional musicians playing in symphonic orchestras in The Netherlands completed a self-report questionnaire concerning performance anxiety. 91 of the 155 respondents reported experiencing or having experienced performance anxiety seriously enough to affect their professional or personal lives. There appeared to be no difference in prevalence between men and women. Substantial percentages of the anxious musicians reported considerable anticipation anxiety days (36%), weeks (10%), or even months (5%) prior to a performance. The results indicate that performance anxiety is a significant professional problem. It is suggested that teaching explicit coping strategies should be incorporated in the curricula of schools of music.
136 citations
TL;DR: Machiavellianism scores were positively associated with aspects of narcissism which indicate maladjustment, and inversely associated with adaptive narcissistic tendencies, i.e., self-sufficiency.
Abstract: Associations of Machiavellianism and narcissism were examined in two samples (Ns = 214 and 205) via the Mach-IV and the Narcissistic Personality Inventory. Scores on these self-report measures were correlated. Machiavelianism scores were positively associated with aspects of narcissism which indicate maladjustment, i.e., entitlement and exploitativeness, and inversely associated with adaptive narcissistic tendencies, i.e., self-sufficiency. The discussion focuses on the relative adjustment of those scoring high on Machiavelianism.
118 citations
TL;DR: In this article, data on measures of organizational culture and organizational performance were collected at two different points in time from a sample of 12 organizations of a firm in the electric utility industry.
Abstract: Data on measures of organizational culture and organizational performance were collected at two different points in time from a sample of 12 organizations of a firm in the electric utility industry. Pearson correlations indicated measures of organizational culture were significantly related to objective measures of performance. Teamwork was strongly associated with organizational performance. If measures of organizational culture could be integrated into the reward system, managers might pay more attention to improving organizational culture and thereby improve organizational performance.
116 citations
TL;DR: It is suggested that stress management to reduce arousal of the nervous system and anxiety would be an appropriate component of a treatment regimen for HIV infection.
Abstract: This study evaluated the effects of a behavioral stress-management program on anxiety, mood, self-esteem, and T-cell count in a group of HIV-positive men who were asymptomatic except for T-cell counts below 400. The program consisted of 20 biweekly sessions of progressive muscle relaxation and electromyograph biofeedback-assisted relaxation training, meditation, and hypnosis. Ten subjects were randomly assigned to either a treatment group of a no-treatment control group, and the 2 groups were compared on pre- to posttreatment changes in the dependent measures. Analysis showed that, compared with the no-treatment group, the treatment group showed significant improvement on all the dependent measures, which was maintained at a 1-mo. follow-up. Since stress is known to compromise the immune system, these results suggest that stress management to reduce arousal of the nervous system and anxiety would be an appropriate component of a treatment regimen for HIV infection.
110 citations
TL;DR: The potential for increasing the improvement rate of a treatment by matching patients to treatment modalities that fit their aptitudes, skills, and interests is discussed.
Abstract: A bibliotherapy outcome study was conducted to assess the efficacy of Quality of Life. Therapy for depression. Sixteen clinically depressed community volunteers who showed an aptitude for and interest in bibliotherapy and were not suffering from other disorders met weekly to discuss a manual on Quality of Life Therapy. All subjects who completed treatment were reclassified as nondepressed and showed significant increases in quality of life and self-efficacy at the end of treatment. All but one subject maintained these improvements at a follow-up assessment. The potential for increasing the improvement rate of a treatment by matching patients to treatment modalities that fit their aptitudes, skills, and interests is discussed.
101 citations
TL;DR: Although the police officers perceived less stress from "factors intrinsic to the job,” they expressed greater job-related pressure from "organisational structure and climate" and rated greater the competitiveness and assertiveness in their work behavior.
Abstract: This study assessed responses to the Occupational Stress Indicator in the Naperville Police Department. This 40% sample of 49 police officers were compared against population norms for employed workers in a range of occupations. Although the police officers perceived less stress from “factors intrinsic to the job,” they expressed greater job-related pressure from “organisational structure and climate.” They also rated greater the competitiveness and assertiveness in their work behavior.
97 citations
TL;DR: Relaxation training, a nonpharmacologic, noncognitive treatment, was chosen as a comparison for cognitive behavioral therapy as well as drug therapy, and outcome of depression was superior to that of tricyclic antidepressant medication by endpoint analysis.
Abstract: Outcomes of seven treatment trials comparing cognitive behavioral therapy to treatment with tricyclic antidepressant medication in major depressive disorder have been quite similar to one another. This led us to question whether treatment outcome in time-limited studies reflected a unique effect of cognitive behavioral therapy. To test the uniqueness hypothesis, relaxation training, a nonpharmacologic, noncognitive treatment, was chosen as a comparison for cognitive behavioral therapy as well as drug therapy. Treatment duration was 16 weeks. The sample of 37 patients treated for major depressive disorder was less depressed than those previously studied. For both cognitive behavioral therapy and relaxation training, outcome of depression was superior to that of tricyclic antidepressant medication by endpoint analysis. The posttreatment scores on the Beck Depression Inventory of 82% of the group receiving cognitive behavioral therapy improved to a Beck Depression Inventory score < or = 9 which was not significantly greater than that for the group receiving relaxation training (73%), so a unique effect was not demonstrated for cognitive behavioral therapy. The outcome for tricyclic antidepressant medication (29% improved to criteria) was significantly worse than that for cognitive behavioral therapy. The patient's pretreatment initial expectancy was not predictive.
TL;DR: Except for age, the associations observed between both versions and respondents' demographic characteristics are similar; however, the 29-item version is more strongly associated with health status indexes, suggesting a possible bias attributable to somatic items.
Abstract: In this study we describe the factor structure of the Psychological Distress Index used in the Quebec Health Survey and compare a model that includes psychophysiologic symptoms (29 items) with a model restricted to cognitive and affective symptoms only (18 items). Three samples (n = 2,000) were used to test the likelihood of these two models. Confirmatory factor analyses were carried out using LISREL VII. Logistic regression was then used to examine the association of the two versions with demographic variables and health indicators. Analysis indicates that both versions show satisfactory construct validity. Except for age, the associations observed between both versions and respondents' demographic characteristics are similar; however, the 29-item version is more strongly associated with health status indexes, suggesting a possible bias attributable to somatic items.
TL;DR: In this article, a unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model was tested and found consistent to the data, which is a widely used measure of global self-esteem; however, the uni-dimensional nature of the scale has been questioned.
Abstract: Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale is a widely used measure of global self-esteem; however, the unidimensional nature of the scale has been questioned. A unidimensional confirmatory factor analytic model was tested and found consistent to the data.
TL;DR: The Beck Anxiety Inventory was administered to 105 outpatients between 13 and 17 years old who were diagnosed with various types of psychiatric disorders, and two factors were found representing subjective and somatic symptoms of anxiety.
Abstract: The Beck Anxiety Inventory was administered to 105 outpatients between 13 and 17 years old who were diagnosed with various types of psychiatric disorders. A principal factor analysis was performed, and two factors were found representing subjective and somatic symptoms of anxiety. The item compositions of these factors were comparable to those previously described for adolescent inpatients. The results are discussed as supporting the use of the inventory for evaluating self-reported anxiety in outpatient adolescents.
TL;DR: Although perceived Health Status remained stable for partners, patients' perceptions improved across phases of illness, and performance of life roles in the vocational, domestic, and social environments also improved significantly over time.
Abstract: Present aims were to examine differences in fulfillment of emotional and interactional needs between 128 breast cancer patients and 121 partners and to examine differences in emotional and physical adjustment outcomes using a multivariate model of family adjustment to illness. Intact data series were obtained at 7 to 10 days, at 1, 2, 3, and 6 months, and 1 year postsurgery. The effect of cancer accentuated a complementary pattern for both emotional and interactional needs. The t tests of differences between means were significant at all phases. The main effect of time was statistically significant for scores on Negative Emotions, Psychological Distress, and Psychological Well-being for both partners. Performance of life roles in the vocational, domestic, and social environments also improved significantly over time. Although perceived Health Status remained stable for partners, patients' perceptions improved across phases of illness.
TL;DR: The profiles of the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were obtained for a sample of Brazilian university students and compared with those of other studies and indicated that the Portuguese versions of the questionnaires are equivalent to original versions.
Abstract: The profiles of the Beck Depression Inventory and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores were obtained for a sample of Brazilian university students and compared with those of other studies. Subjects were 270 students from various universities in Sao Paulo, age 23.8 yr. (SD=6.7 yr.). The mean Beck score for the total sample was 8.5 (SD=7.0); according to the cut-off score of 16, 86.9% were considered normal, 7.5% had scores compatible with dysphoria, and 5.6% had scores indicative of depression. The mean State-Trait Anxiety score for the total sample was 40.7 (SD=8.6). Considering one standard deviation as the threshold point, 17.8% published data indicated that the Portugese versions of the questionnaires are equivalent to original versions.
TL;DR: Both versions of the Wender scale manifested significant temporal consistency and good temporal stability in the nonclinical sample of 83 successful young adults most likely to be referred for an evaluation of suspected Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
Abstract: We measured the internal consistency and four-week temporal consistency and temporal stability of the Wender Utah Rating Scale and its 25-item short form. The Wender scale is a rationally construct...
TL;DR: The present study was designed to replicate results of a 1993 study that found that listening to a Mozart sonata temporarily enhanced performance on the spatial reasoning task from the Stanford-Binet scale using the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test.
Abstract: Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky in 1993 found that listening to a Mozart sonata temporarily enhanced performance on the spatial reasoning task from the Stanford-Binet scale. The present study was designed to replicate those results using the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test. 30 women and 21 men were randomly assigned to one of two conditions. In one condition, subjects listened to a Mozart sonata for 10 min., while in the control condition subjects meditated in silence for 10 min. Immediately following these manipulations all subjects worked on the spatial task, the Revised Minnesota Paper Form Board Test, for 10 minutes. After factoring out SAT scores and gender, there was no significant difference in the mean test scores for the two groups. The results are discussed in terms of Gustafsson's 1984 factor analysis of intellectual abilities in which he identified three separate visuospatial factors. The task used here may have had a substantially different factor loading than the dependent variable used by Ra...
TL;DR: Preliminary findings indicate an accurate and reliable test for well-being and the discriminant validity of the MPS was explored using three activity groups nominated as highly physical or highly mental (chess) or highly spiritual (prayer).
Abstract: Due to the growing interest in holistic health and well-being, the Mental, Physical, and Spiritual Well-being Scale was developed. This well-being scale has 30 items and incorporates mental, physical, and spiritual subscales. An initial set of items was developed and 186 university students responded to these. An exploratory factor analysis was conducted using principal components analysis with varimax rotation (N=100) to reduce the number of items in the scale. Three factors were extracted based on the eigenvalues, loading coefficients exceeding 0.3, and the screen test. Ten items from each of the three factors were selected, reducing the number of items from 66 to 30. Another factor analysis, performed on 129 employees of the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and 229 students from Monash University, indicated three factors were representative of the mental, physical, and spiritual subscales. Test-retest reliabilities over 1 mo. ranged from 0.87 to 0.97 for the three subscales whilst internal consistency ranged from 0.75 to 0.85. Concurrent validity was examined using the General Health Questionnaire and the Spiritual Well-being Scale. The discriminant validity of the MPS was also explored using three activity groups nominated as highly physical (weight training) or highly mental (chess) or highly spiritual (prayer). Out of a total of 88 cases, 77.3% of these were correctly classified into their actual activity group based on their scores. Sample sizes were moderate and testing was of limited samples. More psychometric work is needed but preliminary findings indicate an accurate and reliable test.
TL;DR: A questionnaire which measures the extent to which one talks to oneself about oneself and the correlation between inner speech and self-consciousness was significant and a German version of the 1979 self-deception questionnaire correlated negatively with the scores on inner speech, suggesting the validity of the questionnaire.
Abstract: The cognitive processes which mediate self-consciousness are unknown. although Morin and others have suggested that inner speech may mediate self-consciousness. We developed a questionnaire which measures the extent to which one talks to oneself about oneself. As expected, the correlation between inner speech and self-consciousness was significant. A German version of the 1979 self-deception questionnaire by Sackeim and Gur correlated negatively with the scores on inner speech, suggesting the validity of the questionnaire. We also replicated the negative association between depression and self-deception in a different culture.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the cross-validation in Singapore of the Science Laboratory Environment Inventory, which assesses students' perceptions of psychosocial aspects of their science laboratory classes.
Abstract: This paper reports the cross-validation in Singapore of the Science Laboratory Environment Inventory, which assesses students' perceptions of psychosocial aspects of their science laboratory classr...
TL;DR: Mental health professionals (social workers, master's clinical psychologists, nurses' aides, LPNs) held this belief more strongly than other occupational groups.
Abstract: Questionnaires sent to 325 people indicated that 140 people (43%) held the personal belief that lunar phenomena alter individual behavior. Specifically, mental health professionals (social workers, master's clinical psychologists, nurses' aides, LPNs) held this belief more strongly than other occupational groups.
TL;DR: Results suggest that alexithymia, as a personality trait, may help to explain individuals' low social support and poor responses to stress.
Abstract: We examined the relationship between alexithymia and coping with stress among 179 Japanese healthy volunteers. Two correlational analyses indicated that persons scored as alexithymic were more likely to indicate lower social support and poorer responses to stress. Multiple regression analysis also indicated that these lowered coping responses were fully explained by alexithymia scores. These results suggest that alexithymia, as a personality trait, may help to explain these individuals' low social support and poor responses to stress.
TL;DR: This study extended research in training the use of cognitive strategies or planning to mathematical computation for 4 students with specific learning disabilities and found that students would find the instruction differentially effective based upon their initial scores on a measure of planning.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to extend research in training the use of cognitive strategies or planning to mathematical computation for 4 students with specific learning disabilities. A cognitive education method utilized in previous research was duplicated. It was expected that students would find the instruction differentially effective based upon their initial scores on a measure of planning. Using the Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive model as a base, a cognitive instruction which facilitated planning was provided to two students with low scores on planning, obtained using an experimental version of the Das-Naglieri Cognitive Assessment System, and two students with average planning scores. All students completed three sessions of baseline and seven sessions of cognitive instruction in addition and multiplication. During the cognitive instruction phase, 5-min. sessions of self-reflection and verbalization of strategies about the mathematics problems were conducted after each initial 10-mi...
TL;DR: Pilot study in which risk perceptions for developing cancer in samples of American and British adults were compared found that compared to the Americans, British respondents tended to perceive both themselves and the average person to be less likely to develop cancer.
Abstract: Results are presented from a pilot study in which risk perceptions for developing cancer in samples of American and British adults were compared. 61 American and 43 British people estimated the likelihood of cancer happening to themselves and the average person. As a group, participants tended to judge their personal likelihood of developing cancer as less than the average, supporting the presence of an optimistic bias. However, compared to the Americans, British respondents tended to perceive both themselves and the average person to be less likely to develop cancer. There were no gender differences or interactions between the variables. Discussion centered on possible variations between the two countries with respect to perceptions of control and responsibility for one's health status which may account for the findings.
TL;DR: In this article, a sample of 802 16-yr.-olds in the UK completed the Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and found that the scales may assess similar but not identical aspects of self-esteem.
Abstract: A sample of 802 16-yr.-olds in the UK completed the Coopersmith Self-esteem Inventory and the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale. The modest intercorrelation of .52 between the two instruments suggests that the scales may assess similar but not identical aspects of self-esteem.
TL;DR: A total of 20 psychotherapists, randomly selected from a state list, critically examined the 25 items on the Work Addiction Risk Test for content validity.
Abstract: A total of 20 psychotherapists, randomly selected from a state list, critically examined the 25 items on the Work Addiction Risk Test for content validity. Subjects were asked to identify 25 items from a list of 35 which most accurately measured work addiction. Selected test items have generally high content validity for the domain of work addiction.
TL;DR: The effects of four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment and frequency of bankruptcy and the hypothesis that the effects of economic factors would more strongly influence the rates of suicide by men as opposed to women could not be corroborated.
Abstract: The potential consequence of economic stress most frequently cited in the literature of medical sociology is the increase in the rate of suicide, it probably being the most valid and reliable indicator of collective mental health. To assess the probability of such being the consequence of current economic realignment in the Federal Republic of Germany, we deemed it promising to evaluate the extent to and manner in which economic factors have to date affected the frequency of suicide in Germany. The current study analyzed the effects of four economic variables (growth of the economy, average real income, unemployment and frequency of bankruptcy) on the rates of suicide in Germany from 1881 to 1989. We set the commencement date of the period analyzed as early as possible to include long-term developments as well as the effects of different moderator variables. The annual fluctuations of all four variables, in conformity with our hypothesis, correlated both in the period preceding World War II as well as in the postwar period with those in the rates of suicide. The strongest correlations held for the rate of unemployment and for the frequency of bankruptcy in times of obvious social disintegration coupled with diminished state safeguards against unemployment. Our hypothesis that the effects of economic factors would more strongly influence the rates of suicide by men as opposed to women could not be corroborated. Language: en
TL;DR: It is indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feelings of self-blame and embarrassment, which perpetuates a self-fulfilling prophecy that rapes do not occur.
Abstract: The present survey based on 70% returns (N=140) of a random sample of 200 women at one college indicated that, although 5% had been date raped, none reported the rapes to authorities due to feeling...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors sought preliminary information about the relationships among measures of self-efficacy, self-regulation, collaborative learning behavior, and grades, and found that students scoring higher on selfregulation tended to score higher also on the measures of collaborative verbal behavior than did those who scored lower on self-regulated, scores on self regulation rather than on verbal engagement were correlated with grades.
Abstract: In this study, we sought preliminary information about the relationships among measures of self-efficacy, self-regulation, collaborative learning behavior, and grades. The collaborative verbal behavior of 20 students in a computer course was observed. Also, students responded to a questionnaire to assess their academic self-efficacy. A teacher rated each student's self-regulated learning behaviors. The measures were taken at various points throughout the school year, and the data were analyzed using path analysis. Although students scoring higher on self-regulation tended to score higher also on the measures of collaborative verbal behavior than did those who scored lower on self-regulation, scores on self-regulation rather than on verbal engagement were correlated with grades. The findings were discussed in the light of social cognitive theory and recommendations were made for further study.