Showing papers in "Social Cognition in 2002"
TL;DR: This paper examined the effects of memory loss on a patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future and found that episodic and semantic memory for the past also may extend to the ability to anticipate the future.
Abstract: This article examines the effects of memory loss on a patient's ability to remember the past and imagine the future. We present the case of D.B., who, as a result of hypoxic brain damage, suffered severe amnesia for the personally experienced past. By contrast, his knowledge of the nonpersonal past was relatively preserved. A similar pattern was evidenced in his ability to anticipate future events. Although D.B. had great difficulty imagining what his experiences might be like in the future, his capacity to anticipate issues and events in the public domain was comparable to that of neurologically healthy, age-matched controls. These findings suggest that neuropsychological dissociations between episodic and semantic memory for the past also may extend to the ability to anticipate the future.
540 citations
TL;DR: The authors compared implicit and explicit ingroup bias across four minority groups who ranged in status from high (Jews and Asians) to medium (overweight people) to low (poor people).
Abstract: We compared implicit and explicit ingroup bias across four minority groups who ranged in status from high (Jews and Asians) to medium (overweight people) to low (poor people). Minorities relatively high in status showed more implicit ingroup bias than minorities relatively low in status. In fact, overweight and poor people showed automatic preference for the dominant outgroup (i.e., own group devaluation). The relationship between ingroup bias and perceived status was reliably positive whether based on category membership (r = .54) or minority members' own perceptions of their status (r = .36), but only at the implicit level. By contrast, explicit attitudes were negligibly correlated with status differences. In addition, dominant group members showed stronger possession of implicit ingroup bias than did minorities, but particularly as their relative status increased. In concert, the findings support system justification theory (Jost & Banaji, 1994) by showing that minorities with the least status...
256 citations
TL;DR: This article examined the influence of skin color on American Hispanics' and Chileans' attitudes towards their ethnic ingroup and toward subgroups within their ingroup, finding that the desirability of light skin apparently supersedes national boundaries and can reverse the ubiquitious ingroup favoritism effect usually obtained in intergroup research.
Abstract: Two experiments examined the influence of skin color on American Hispanics' and Chileans' attitudes towards their ethnic ingroup and toward subgroups within their ingroup. When implicit attitudes were examined, both American Hispanics and Chileans expressed strong preference for the lighter complexioned subgroup (“Blanco” in Spanish) over the darker complexioned subgroup (“Moreno” in Spanish) within their ethnic ingroup. Implicit preference for Blancos was evident among self-identified Moreno as well as Blanco participants in both countries, suggesting that the desirability of light skin apparently supersedes national boundaries and can reverse the ubiquitious ingroup favoritism effect usually obtained in intergroup research. When participants' implicit attitudes towards Hispanics versus Caucasians were assessed, national differences emerged: Chileans expressed implicit preference for Caucasians over Hispanics whereas American Hispanics did not favor either group. Self-report measures of attitude...
166 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the implicit formation of attitudes via classical conditioning was sought using a recently developed conditioning procedure (Olson & Fazio, 2001) and a subliminal priming technique as the dependent measure.
Abstract: Evidence for the implicit formation of attitudes via classical conditioning was sought using a recently developed conditioning procedure (Olson & Fazio, 2001) and a subliminal priming technique as the dependent measure. Under the guise of an experiment purportedly about attention and vigilance for target events, participants viewed a series of random images and words interspersed with pairings of novel objects (CSs) and valenced words or images (USs). They were then submitted to an evaluative priming procedure in which the CSs were presented as primes for sub-threshold durations. Conditioning was evident in that participants responded more quickly to target words whose valence matched that of the USs that had been earlier paired with the now subliminally-primed CS.
151 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the modality of the primes and the targets was manipulated (words vs. pictures) and replicable affective priming of naming responses can be obtained when pictures are used as primes but not when words were used as primitives.
Abstract: Bargh, Chaiken, Raymond and Hymes (1996) showed that participants need less time to name a target word if that target word is preceded by a prime word with the same valence compared to when that target word is preceded by a prime word with a different valence. However, recent studies raise serious doubts about the robustness and the reliability of the affective priming effect in the word-word naming task. We report three affective priming studies in which the modality of the primes and the targets was manipulated (words vs. pictures). Results show that replicable affective priming of naming responses can be obtained when pictures are used as primes but not when words are used as primes. These findings are interpreted in light of the hypothesis that the primes influence the identity encoding of the targets.
151 citations
TL;DR: This article found that participants who suppressed their emotional reactions to the video showed ego-depletion: their performance at the physical test decreased, however, if their (implicit) expectation that self-control negatively influences subsequent performance was challenged, their performance increased.
Abstract: Research suggests that two, consecutive acts of self-control lead to impaired performance. This phenomenon is termed “ego depletion.” It is assumed that an act of self-control consumes energy from some limited resource leaving less energy available for a subsequent act of self-control. Study 1 tested the alternative hypothesis that people's naive theory or expectancy of the consequences of self-control influences their performance on control-demanding tasks. Participants watched an upsetting video fragment and subsequently performed a physical exercise test demanding self-control. Participants who suppressed their emotional reactions to the video showed ego-depletion: Their performance at the physical test decreased. However, if their (implicit) expectation that self-control negatively influences subsequent performance was challenged, their performance increased. Study 2 showed the existence of a dominant expectation that self-control consumes energy. These results indicate that the occurrence of...
136 citations
TL;DR: This paper found that scores on Implicit Association Test (IAT) are confounded with a general cognitive ability of how quickly one can process information when the IAT categories seem in congruent compared to when they are congruen, indicating that those who lack this skill are biased to ward higher prejudice and lower self-esteem.
Abstract: We hypothesized that scores on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) are confounded with a general cognitive ability of how quickly one can process information when the IAT categories seem in congruent compared to when they are congruent. Across four studies, two IATs on irrelevant dimensions (e.g., delicious-happy) were substantially correlated with IATs assessing prejudice and self-esteem, confirming the general skill confound: Those who lack this skill are biased to ward higher prejudice and lower self-esteem IAT scores. However, IATs with just two exemplars in each category were much less affected by this confound than were those with more exemplars. The cognitive skill was associated specifically with the difficulty in responding when categories were in congruent and to the difficulty of mentally switching sets in the middle of an IAT.
133 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the case of patient D.B., who suffered profound amnesia as a result of anoxia following cardiac arrest, as an example of the way in which the study of neuropsychological syndromes can cast important new light on questions concerning the mental representation of self.
Abstract: Over the last several years, researchers have begun to appreciate the ways in which questions of interest to personality and social psychologists can be addressed with neuropyschological case material (e.g., Klein & Kihlstrom, 1998; Klein, Loftus, & Kihlstrom, 1996; Macrae, Bodenhausen, Schloerscheidt, & Milne, 1998). In this paper we show how a neuropsychological approach can contribute to our understanding of the mental representation of self. We first review some of the limitations of studies of self that rely on findings from normal participants, and show how these can be overcome by examining the performance of patients with neuropsychological impairments. We then present the case of patient D.B., who suffered profound amnesia as a result of anoxia following cardiac arrest, as an example of the way in which the study of neuropsychological syndromes can cast important new light on questions concerning the mental representation of self.
127 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the moderation of behavioral mimicry effects as a function of the to-be-mimicked target and found that stigmatization of the target does inhibit mimicry but only when the nature of the stigmatization is linked to the critical task.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated the moderation of behavioral mimicry effects as a function of the to-be-mimicked target. In each experiment participants completed an ice cream taste test in the presence of a confederate who was instructed to either eat a lot of ice cream (high consumption condition) or very little ice cream (low consumption condition). The extent to which participants mimicked the ice cream consumption of the confederate was recorded. In addition two confederates were employed; one of the confederates in each experiment had a visual stigma. In Experiment 1 the confederate was either obese or not. In Experiment 2 the confederate had, or did not have, a facial birthmark. Results showed mimicry of the confederate's ice cream consumption except for the obese confederate in Experiment 1. Stigmatization of the to-be-mimicked target does inhibit mimicry effects but only when the nature of the stigmatization is linked to the critical task. Results are discussed in terms of non-conscious eli...
119 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that fans of either Notre Dame or University of Miami college football read information about an upcoming game between the two teams and then explained a hypothetical victory either by either team, and the judgments of fans favored their team in every explanation condition.
Abstract: Two studies examined the allegiance bias - the rendering of biased predictions by individuals who are psychologically invested in a desired outcome. In Study 1, fans of either Notre Dame or University of Miami college football read information about an upcoming game between the two teams and then explained a hypothetical victory either by Notre Dame or Miami. Although explaining a hypothetical victory biased the judgments of controls (i.e., fans of neither team) in the direction of the team explained, the judgments of Notre Dame and Miami fans favored their team in every explanation condition. In addition, fans exhibited biased recall for facts favoring their own teams and this biased recall predicted fans' judgments regarding the upcoming game. Study 2 attempted to specify a debiasing technique that might attenuate the allegiance bias. Indiana University basketball fans described what they thought might happen in an upcoming game between Indiana and the University of Michigan while anticipating ...
56 citations
TL;DR: This paper investigated automatic stereotype activation and its correction and found that people high and low in prejudice subsequently formed divergent impressions of the target person and that awareness of a connection between priming and impression formation reversed this pattern.
Abstract: Two experiments investigated automatic stereotype activation and its correction. In Experiment 1 (n = 57) the category “Blacks” was primed using a lexical decision task. People high and low in prejudice subsequently formed divergent impressions of the target person. Replicating previous findings (Lepore & Brown, 1997), high-prejudice participants' judgments were more negative and low-prejudice people's ratings more positive. Awareness of a connection between priming and impression formation reversed this pattern. Experiment 2 (n = 40) revealed that awareness of a connection, irrespective of priming recall, promoted a correction of the judgment. Unaware high- and low-prejudice participants again showed divergent automatic stereotype activation, but aware respondents corrected their judgments in opposite directions. Thus, when automatic stereotype activation is differentiated, implicit correction processes act upon different accessible knowledge, resulting in divergent judgment corrections. Implica...
TL;DR: This paper explored the effects of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure on the acquisition of information and found that ambiguity leads to more informed and slower decision making, but high levels of need for closure impeded this tendency to consult more information.
Abstract: The present research explores the effects of ambiguity and need for cognitive closure on the acquisition of information. Experiments 1 through 3 used various operationalizations of ambiguity. It was shown that ambiguity leads to more informed and slower decision making, but high levels of need for closure impeded this tendency to consult more information. However, Experiment 4 revealed that need for closure intensified the ambiguity effect at some time later in the judgmental process. The role of ambiguity and the operation of pre- and postcrystallization processes are discussed within the theoretical framework of need for closure theory.
TL;DR: For instance, this article investigated whether people's ability to learn new information would be influenced by accessible knowledge representations and found that participants behaved unintelligently under similarity focus and intelligently under a dissimilarity focus.
Abstract: Although research has revealed that the activation of a social category can influence subsequent behavior, a number of unresolved issues remain. In Experiment 1, we investigated whether people's ability to learn new information would be influenced by accessible knowledge representations. Extending previous research, we predicted that behavior would differ as a function of the type and direction of primed information. The results supported the hypothesis: Test performance on a previously unfamiliar topic was enhanced when individuals had previously thought about either a category associated with intelligence or an exemplar from a category associated with unintelligence. In Experiment 2, we investigated whether a common set of priming stimuli can produce both assimilation and contrast effects. Based on Mussweiler's (in press) Selective Accessibility Model, we predicted that having participants focus on the similarities among a set of supermodels would elicit behavioral assimilation, whereas a dissimilarity focus would elicit behavioral contrast. The results supported the hypothesis: Participants behaved unintelligently under a similarity focus and intelligently under a dissimilarity focus. The implications of the findings for perception-behavior effects and the Selective Accessibility Model are discussed.
TL;DR: A power supply capable of maintaining substantially constant output when switching from no load to full load condition using a set of series capacitors which provide the required output voltage during switching.
Abstract: Two experiments examined trait judgments made from behaviors. Results from an initial experiment suggest that the informativeness of the behaviors, and not peoples' affective responses or approach/avoidance tendencies, best account for the impact of inconsistent information on trait judgments. The results of a second experiment yielded additional support for this idea by showing that when a target's behaviors were inconsistent in their trait implications: (1) negativity effects emerged in judgments of the target's honesty; (2) positivity effects emerged in judgments of the target's intelligence; (3) these effects diminished when the targets were groups rather than individuals; and (4) judgments made by entity theorists were less affected by inconsistent behavior than judgments made by incremental theorists. These effects did not emerge when a target's behaviors were consistent in their implications. Collectively, these results suggest that the usefulness of a behavior for a trait judgment depends...
TL;DR: The role of situational stigma saliency on the cognitive processing of stigma-bearing targets and their resulting impressions of others during social interaction was examined by as mentioned in this paper, who found that bearing a concealable stigma increased self-conscious concern and negative attitudinal metaperceptions.
Abstract: The present study examined the role of situational stigma salience on the cognitive processing of stigma-bearing targets and their resulting impressions of others during social interaction. Specifically, this study considered the impact of a just-acquired, concealable stigma and the extent to which the stigma is apparent to others during social interaction on metaperception and self-conscious concern. In two experiments, women role-played a lesbian sexual identity and evidenced reliably greater paranoid social cognition in the form of increased self-conscious concern, sinister attributions, and negative attitudinal metaperceptions. Experiment 1 showed that bearing a concealable stigma increased self-conscious concern and negative attitudinal metaperceptions. Experiment 2 replicated and extended the findings of Experiment 1, yielding evidence that self-conscious concern, negative attitudinal metaperceptions, and sinister attributions increased most when the stigma was disclosed during the social i...
TL;DR: This paper examined how the perceived roles and positions of groups and individuals affect the stereotyping of other groups and found that information about the success of some persons contributed to the stereotypes of others by altering beliefs about opportunity in society, which influenced the attributions that were made for the positions and roles of the target groups.
Abstract: Prior research has shown that the perceived roles and positions of a group affect stereotypes of that group (eg, Eagly & Steffen, 1984) Studies were performed to examine how the perceived roles and positions of groups and individuals affect the stereotyping of other groups Experiment 1 investigated the impact of stories of individual success on stereotypes of African Americans Experiment 2 examined the effect of information about Asian American success on the stereotyping of Mexican Americans In both studies, observations of the attainments of select groups and individuals contributed to the negative stereotyping of disadvantaged groups The studies also examined the processes through which comparative status information affects stereotypes As expected, information about the success of some persons contributed to the stereotyping of others by altering beliefs about opportunity in society, which, in turn, influenced the attributions that were made for the positions and roles of the target g
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined how the interaction goals of cooperation and competition affected social information processing and found that people were inclined to underestimate how good their partners were but to overestimate their opponents.
Abstract: The present experiments examined how the interaction goals of cooperation and competition affected social information processing. Study 1a and 1b evaluated whether people prefer to overestimate or underestimate another person's strengths when assessing a partner or an opponent. The findings indicated that people were inclined to underestimate how good their partners were but to overestimate how good their opponents were. In Study 2, consistent with the strategy selections from Study 1, the results showed that participants anticipating cooperation with another student remembered best information that was diagnostic of negative qualities than positive qualities. In contrast, participants expecting to compete with another student remembered best information that was diagnostic of positive qualities than negative qualities. In Study 3, participants had a chance to actively seek out information about a potential partner or opponent by selecting a subset of their behaviors to verify. The results provid...
TL;DR: This paper investigated hemispheric differences in the "mere exposure" effect, the increase in liking that is typically found with repeated presentations of stimuli, and found that faces were liked better if they had previously been presented to the LVF/right hemisphere, whereas words were liked worse if they were previously presented to either the RVF/left or central (CVF) visual field.
Abstract: This study investigated hemispheric differences in the “mere exposure” effect, the increase in liking that is typically found with repeated presentations of stimuli. Hemispheric dominance models predict that one hemisphere mediates the relationship between exposure and liking regardless of stimulus type, whereas perceptual fluency models predict that liking will be better for stimuli projected to the hemisphere with greater proficiency for processing that stimulus type. Stimuli were presented for 50 ms to the left (LVF), right (RVF), or central (CVF) visual field. The number of stimulus presentations was systematically varied from 1 to 8 exposures. Stimuli were faces in Experiment 1, and words and non-words in Experiment 2. Results revealed that when subsequently rated in free vision, faces were liked better if they had previously been presented to the LVF/right hemisphere, whereas words were liked better if they had previously been presented to the RVF/left hemisphere. Results are interpreted as...
TL;DR: The authors examined the effects of lying about one's attitudes (attitude dissimulation) on various strength-related consequences for weakly held attitudes and found that lying about attitudes increases accessibility of the attitude as well as its persistence and correspondence with behavior.
Abstract: This research examines the effects of lying about one’s attitudes (attitude dissimulation) on various strength–related consequences for weakly held attitudes. Dissimulation for weak attitudes could either produce a strengthening effect on the underlying attitude (if lying involves activation of the true attitude) or a weakening effect (if lying sets up a competing link to the false attitude). Results from three experiments using different dissimulation paradigms support the strengthening hypothesis. Lying about one’s attitudes increases accessibility of the attitude, as well as its persistence and correspondence with behavior. These findings provide evidence for the far–ranging consequences of lying about one’s attitudes. Other implications and opportunities for future research are discussed.