Showing papers in "Structural Engineering International in 1996"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present Roches Reference LMR-ARTICLE-1996-001 Record created on 2006-11-09, modified on 2016-08-08.
Abstract: Note: Roches Reference LMR-ARTICLE-1996-001 Record created on 2006-11-09, modified on 2016-08-08
97 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a self-compacting high performance concrete has been developed that is not affected by workmanship during placing and requires no consolidation afterwards, which can save labor, save energy, and save space.
Abstract: A self-compacting high performance concrete has been developed that is not affected by workmanship during placing and requires no consolidation afterwards. Self-compacting concrete can save labor, ...
62 citations
TL;DR: With his knowledge of spatial geometry, shell theory and manufacturing processes, the structural engineer was able to further develop light and transparent glass roofs as mentioned in this paper, which are attractive from an a...
Abstract: With his knowledge of spatial geometry, shell theory and manufacturing processes, the structural engineer is able to further develop light and transparent glass roofs. They are attractive from an a...
38 citations
TL;DR: The Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong is one of the few multi-span cable-stayed bridges ever built and, with 1,177 m of cable-supported deck, it is the longest cables stayed bridge in the world.
Abstract: The Ting Kau Bridge in Hong Kong is one of the few multi-span cable-stayed bridges ever built and, with 1,177 m of cable-supported deck, it is one of the longest cables stayed bridges in the world....
35 citations
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TL;DR: The structural forms of load-carriers in nature, e.g., trees and bones, have evolved to assure the survival of a species as discussed by the authors, which can provide valuable guidance to engineers designing structures or components.
Abstract: The structural forms of load-carriers in nature, e.g., trees and bones, have evolved to assure the survival of a species. Structural optimization in nature can provide valuable guidance to engineers designing structures or components. Investigations have shown that the axiom of constant stress determines the structural design of biological load-carriers. Based on this axiom and using the finite element method, computer programs have been developed to transfer biological optimization mechanisms to mechanical and structural engineering design tasks.
26 citations
TL;DR: Besides the concrete deck slab, continuous steel composite bridges with double composite action have a concrete bottom chord at the haunches over the main piers as discussed by the authors, which increases the stability of the bridge.
Abstract: Besides the concrete deck slab, continuous steel composite bridges with double composite action have a concrete bottom chord at the haunches over the main piers. This concrete bottom chord increase...
22 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the difference between strong-connection andductile-connection precast design is defined, and a discussion is presented about the design philosophy for ductile precast concrete frames.
Abstract: Seismic design philosophy for ductile precast concrete frames is discussed. The difference between “strong-connection” and “ductile-connection” precast design is defined. A discussion is presented ...
20 citations
TL;DR: Bridges occupy locations of prominence in both natural and man-made landscapes as mentioned in this paper, and their visual prominence has brought many bridges recognition as landmarks in their surroundings, and they are powerful refle...
Abstract: Bridges occupy locations of prominence in both natural and man-made landscapes. Visual prominence has brought many bridges recognition as landmarks in their surroundings. Bridges are powerful refle...
16 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the thermal behavior of the Casilina bridge over a motorway near Rome, Italy, was analyzed based on a three-year monitoring program. But the authors focused on a finite element model for trans...
Abstract: This paper analyzes the thermal behaviour of the prestressed, box girder Casilina Bridge over a motorway near Rome, Italy, based on a three-year monitoring program. A finite element model for trans...
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, recent developments in experimental structural dynamics and Finite Element model updating based on experimental results are briefly described, with state-of-the-art hardware and software.
Abstract: Recent developments in experimental structural dynamics and Finite Element model updating based on experimental results are briefly described. With state-of-the-art hardware and software, it is now...
13 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the development and application of slim floor construction in Sweden and Finland and present the application of thin floor construction for multi-storey office buildings in Sweden.
Abstract: This paper presents the development and application of slim floor construction in Sweden and Finland. Slim floors are most commonly used in multi-storey office buildings. Since the depth of the flo...
TL;DR: In this paper, the partial connection method provides an effective tool for the design of composite slabs with ductile behavior and further investigations are carried out to find out, whether the partial conn...
Abstract: The partial connection method provides an effective tool for the design of composite slabs with ductile behaviour. Further investigations are being carried out to find out, whether the partial conn...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented a method for the identification of the most likely location of the source node of a single node in the ICOM Reference ICOM-ARTICLE-1996-003.
Abstract: Keywords: 320/ICOM Reference ICOM-ARTICLE-1996-003doi:10.2749/101686696780495923 Record created on 2008-01-24, modified on 2016-08-08
TL;DR: In this article, new requirements are proposed for reinforcing steel to be used in seismic regions, particularly with reference to uniform elongation at maximum load, and the ratio between ultimate stress and yield stress.
Abstract: Experimental research is reported in which cyclic tests showed that the currently accepted properties of reinforcing steel do not provide sufficient local ductility for the highest ductility class of structures envisaged by the Eurocodes. New requirements are proposed for reinforcing steel to be used in seismic regions, particularly with reference to uniform elongation at maximum load, and the ratio between ultimate stress and yield stress.
TL;DR: In this paper, results of numerical studies for positive and negative bending and experimental results for negative bending are presented, from these investigations conclusions can be drawn on the possibilities of using plastic analysis for the determination of the bending moments and shear force distribution in a continuous slab.
Abstract: Most current regulations for continuous composite slabs contain rules that limit the application of plastic analysis in the design process. In this paper, results of numerical studies for positive and negative bending and experimental results for negative bending are presented. From these investigations conclusions can be drawn on the possibilities of using plastic analysis for the determination of the bending moments and shear force distribution in a continuous slab. Background information for the rules in Eurocode 4 on the moment resistance of cross sections is also presented.
TL;DR: Shallow floors can be designed using various forms of steel beams comprising either rolled or welded sections and two generic forms of slab construction spanning between the beams as discussed by the authors, which are known as slim floors in UK or integrated beams or poutre a talon' in various other countries.
Abstract: Shallow floors can be designed using various forms of steel beams comprising either rolled or welded sections and two generic forms of slab construction spanning between the beams. The shallow floor beams are known as slim floors in UK or integrated beams or poutre a talon' in various other countries.
TL;DR: In this article, the economic implications of using displacement-based seismic design for structural concrete building structures are presented for moderate and high seismic risk zones for buildings from four to twenty stories tall, with the same plan layout and a series of combinations of column and girder cross sections.
Abstract: The economic implications of using displacement-based seismic design for structural concrete building structures are presented for moderate and high seismic risk zones. Buildings from four to twenty stories tall, with the same plan layout and a series of combinations of column and girder cross sections, were designed by practicing structural engineers with a degree of detail necessary to determine their cost. The capacity of these buildings to meet different story drift requirements was investigated employing economic considerations. The use of structural walls was also evaluated for the eight story building for both seismic risk zones. Cost implications of structural walls were compared with those of frames. The results of the study are discussed from the designer’s and owner’s points of view.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented a method to solve the problem of the lack of data in the ICOM Reference ICOM-ARTICLE-1996-001 (http://www.icom-reference.com/ICOM-Reference-ICOM-Article-1996.html).
Abstract: Keywords: 303/ICOM Reference ICOM-ARTICLE-1996-001doi:10.2749/101686696780495798 Record created on 2008-01-24, modified on 2016-08-08
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural design process that can lead to aesthetically pleasing bridge details is described, and illustrative examples of small and large bridges in France which have been considered aesthetically successful.
Abstract: The article describes the structural design process, that can lead to aesthetically pleasing bridge details, and gives some illustrative examples. Although some major bridges are being designed today by architects for fantasy and provocation, engineers themselves are largely responsible for this situation. For too long, they have been interested only in economy, and have built repetitive, boring, and even ugly structures. They have failed to note the recent shift in society's priorities from pure functionalism to quality. Engineers have been unable to influence the political processes where decisions are taken, and seem unable to attract enough media attention for the important positive impact of their work. They need to understand society's needs better, take their responsibilities more seriously, and communicate much more effectively. This article presents some examples of small and large bridges in France, which have been considered aesthetically successful. In most of these bridges, engineers have collaborated with architects, who have often made significant contributions to the aesthetic quality of the final design. The bridges are: the Champs-sur-Marne footbridge, Bouran Viaduct, the steel arch at Antrenas, the arch bridge at La Roche Bernard, and the Normandie Bridge across the Seine Estuary.
TL;DR: In this article, the concept of a jointless, completely monolithic prestressed concrete stress ribbon bridge is presented, together with some design recommendations, and the design of a bridge with a joint saddle is discussed.
Abstract: Stress ribbon bridges are efficient, "legible" structures whose behaviour corresponds to a cable hanging freely between supports and stabilized by weight. However, as the dead load increases, so does bending stiffness, resulting inevitably in unwelcome bending stresses at the supports. For this reason, stress ribbon bridges have usually been provided with relatively complicated deviation saddles. In this paper, the concept of a jointless, completely monolithic prestressed concrete stress ribbon bridge is presented, together with some design recommendations. (A)
TL;DR: In this paper, the eigenfrequency changes caused by the erection of each segment of a cantilever with a variable depth on the left shore were monitored during the entire erection of the bridge.
Abstract: Full-scale tests not only can verify the numerical model of a structure, but can also serve as an independent control during erection. This was the case for a new bridge in Maribor, Slovenia, where measurements of ambient vibrations were performed throughout the entire erection. Special attention was paid to the eigenfrequency changes caused by the erection of each segment. This monitoring provided useful information to the design engineers during erection and will continue to do so in the future. The paper focuses on measurements made on the balanced cantilever with a variable depth on the left shore.
TL;DR: In this paper, the typical design and construction practices in Russia for the erection of steel bridge superstructures by incremental launching are presented, and these practices have been developed over the...
Abstract: This paper presents some typical design and construction practices in Russia for the erection of steel bridge superstructures by incremental launching. These practices have been developed over the ...
TL;DR: In this article, a procedure to evaluate the structural response induced by ship collision with a bridge is presented, and an approach to formulate the derailment scenario in terms which can be used directly.
Abstract: This paper presents a procedure to evaluate the structural response induced by ship collision with a bridge, and an approach to formulate the derailment scenario in terms which can be used directly...
TL;DR: In the United States, several engineering organizations are currently working to enhance the open discussion of failures in the professional literature with the aim that lessons be more quickly inc... as mentioned in this paper,.
Abstract: In the United States, several engineering organizations are currently working to enhance the open discussion of failures in the professional literature with the aim that lessons be more quickly inc...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present design criteria for a more robust type of bridge, without bearings and joints, to achieve greater efficiency and eliminate service-life problems, and the guidelines of this approach include: (1) use of preventive measures to avoid unfavourable consequence; (2) early recognition of safety-relevant damage, to eliminate unforeseen failures; (3) "friendly" reaction of structures to catastrophes; (4) slight deviations from calculations need not produce disproportionately large damage; and (5) restriction of the extent and intensity of scheduled effects to achieve the planned service
Abstract: This paper presents design criteria for a more robust type of bridge, without bearings and joints. The conceptual design of the structure must be emphasised, to achieve greater efficiency and eliminate service-life problems. The guidelines of this approach include: (1) use of preventive measures to avoid unfavourable consequence; (2) early recognition of safety-relevant damage, to eliminate unforeseen failures; (3) 'friendly' reaction of structures to catastrophes; (4) slight deviations from calculations need not produce disproportionately large damage; and (5) restriction of the extent and intensity of scheduled effects, to achieve the planned service life of the structure and its essential parts with an appropriate amount of maintenance. Bearings and joints were first introduced in the mid-20th century, in reinforced concrete bridges, to reduce constraints and facilitate construction. They also resulted in modern concrete bridges having maintenance-weak points and an often unsatisfactory appearance. In comparison, monolithic structures have several advantages, and can be used as prototypes for robust concrete bridges. Their characteristics include: redundancy, compactness, stress-flow-oriented design, and replaceable elements. They are feasible today, and offer many ways of improving design and aesthetics.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the full-scale destructive test of the span with an analytical analysis of its performance. But the test span was designed according to the 1983 AASHTO Standard Specifications and the 1989 AASHO Guide Specifications for Segmental Bridges.
Abstract: The second State Expressway System (SES) in Bangkok, Thailand includes about 32km of elevated roadway. The precast concrete segmental part of this roadway consists of about 1130 box girder spans of lengths 24.9m to 48.8m. Because of the large investment involved, it was cost-effective to produce a prototype test span, to confirm the adequacy of the design. This paper compares the full-scale destructive test of the span with an analytical analysis of its performance. The test span was designed according to the 1983 AASHTO Standard Specifications and the 1989 AASHTO Guide Specifications for Segmental Bridges. A live load was used, with an overload provision of 27.8t trucks at 11.15m spacing occupying one lane. The span corresponded to the SES standard two-lane ramp; it was 45.25m long, with a 14-segment 10.2m wide deck. Its longitudinal tendons were external, and deviated at three locations within the span. Steel billets were used to induce test loading. Before the test span's ultimate loading, a computer program was run to estimate the span's ultimate behaviour. The paper describes the girder behaviour and the flexural strength analysis. The unbonded computer model adequately predicted the test span's ultimate capacity, and made various other predictions about the span's failure.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the arch, and show how to modify simple forms to produce dramatic forms with a distinct engineering influence in the old days, the arch was a form that united engineering and architecture, and designers and builders were known as architects and were also engineers.
Abstract: The article focuses on the arch, and shows how to modify 'simple' forms to produce dramatic forms with a distinct engineering influence In the old days, the arch was a form that united engineering and architecture, and designers and builders were known as architects and were also engineers Modern science and engineering, helped by the proper use of new materials and new analytical tools, today allow the form and use of the arch to be greatly expanded The article presents, as evidence of this, some examples of arch design and construction, that were engineered by the author and his colleagues It is first shown how different architectural and structural shapes can be obtained by locating arch ties along the bottom, mid-height, or top deck of the bridge Turning a whole arch plane away from its vertical position to lie on a horizontal plane changes an arch into an arc; several examples of this are shown Finally, two examples are shown of extending the arch into the third dimension, so that the arch axis is curved in both horizontal and vertical projections; they are both for large stadia, whose architectural layout demanded such shapes These examples show clearly that the arch is a unique and versatile structural form for expressing force flow and aesthetic appearance
TL;DR: The Kobe earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale, that struck at 5:46 in the morning of January 17, 1995, caused considerable and various types of damage in the Hanshin area around...
Abstract: The Kobe Earthquake, with a magnitude of 7.2 on the Richter scale, that struck at 5:46 in the morning of January 17, 1995, caused considerable and various types of damage in the Hanshin area around...
TL;DR: The impact-echo method of nondestructive testing of concrete and masonry structures is based on the use of impactgenerated stress (sound) waves, propagating through the material and reflected by internal flaws and external surfaces as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The impact-echo method of nondestructive testing of concrete and masonry structures is based on the use of impact-generated stress (sound) waves, propagating through the material and reflected by internal flaws and external surfaces. It can be used to locate and measure the extent of faults such as cracks, delaminations, and voids in a wide variety of plain, reinforced and post-tensioned concrete and masonry structures. These structures include slabs, pavements, walls, decks, concrete with asphalt overlays, pipes, and tunnels. The following case studies, mostly in the USA but one in Denmark, illustrate how the impact-echo method and instrument can be used as a condition-assessment tool for engineers who evaluate concrete structures: (1) detecting delaminations in a concrete bridge deck with an asphalt overlay; (2) detecting cracking in a reinforced concrete railway bridge; (3) locating voids in the grouted ducts of a post-tensioned road bridge; (4) durability of repairs in a precast segmental box-girder rail bridge; (5) detecting cracking in beams and columns of a parking garage; and (6) measuring the thickness of concrete road pavements. Each case presented includes a description of the structure and of the problems to be diagnosed, and discusses the role and summarises the results of impact-echo testing.
TL;DR: The city of Beppu, on the northeast coast of Kyushu Island, Japan, is famous for its hot springs and scenic beauty as mentioned in this paper, and to provide access across a river to a park, the city commissioned a pedestrian br...
Abstract: The city of Beppu, on the northeast coast of Kyushu Island, Japan, is famous for its hot springs and scenic beauty. To provide access across a river to a park, the city commissioned a pedestrian br...