Showing papers in "Tradition in 1993"
TL;DR: In this paper, the identification of multiple etiological sources for infant sleep problems from a systems perspective, the assessment of sleep disturbances, and the applica- tion of intervention methods to the appropriate component of system dysfunction are reviewed by integrating research findings with clinical vignettes from our practice as pediatric sleep clinicians.
Abstract: Infant sleep problems have become prevalent as complaints of parents to clinicians during the first 2 years of the child's life. This paper reviews (1) identification of multiple etiological sources for infant sleep problems from a systems perspective, (2) the assessment of sleep disturbances, and (3) the applica- tion of intervention methods to the appropriate component of system dysfunction. These areas are reviewed by integrating research findings with clinical vignettes from our practice as pediatric sleep clinicians. RgSUME: Les probltmes du sommeil infantile sont parmi des problemes repandus dont les parents font part aux cliniciens durant les deux premieres annees de la vie de l'enfant. Cet article passe en revue (1) I'identification de multiples sources etiologiques pour les problemes du sommeil infantile dans une perspective de systeme; (2) l'evaluation des troubles du sommeil; et (3) l'application de mtthodes d'intervention au composant approprie de disfonction du systeme. Ces domaines sont passes en revue en intkgrant des resultats de recherches avec des vignettes cliniques de notre cabinet de cliniciens pediatres spkcialises dans les troubles du sommeil.
271 citations
TL;DR: The use of an investigator-based interview in the diagnosis of 51 autistic and 43 nonautistic mentally handicapped preschool children of equivalent mental and chronological age is described, and significant differences occurred between the groups on every diagnostic subdomain from the DSM-IV/ICD-10 draft criteria.
Abstract: The use of an investigator-based interview (Autism Diagnostic Interview—Revised; ADI-R) in the diagnosis of 51 autistic and 43 nonautistic mentally handicapped preschool children of equivalent mental and chronological age is described. Significant differences occurred between the groups on every diagnostic subdomain from the DSM-IV/ICD-10 draft criteria, except specific aspects of stereotyped language, still relatively rare in these young children. All but one of the 51 children judged to be autistic by clinical observation and only two of the 30 nonautistic mentally handicapped children with mental ages of 18 months or higher met criteria for autism on an algorithm to DSM-IV/ICD-10 draft criteria. However, discrimination using domain totals between autistic and the 13 nonautistic, nonverbal mentally handicapped children with mental ages under 18 months was poor. Quality of social overtures to adults and peers, play, and unusual sensory behaviors and mannerisms continued to differentiate these two groups. The relevance of these findings to the diagnosis of autism in preschool children is discussed.
204 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study suggest that untreated regulatory disordered infants may not outgrow behavioral difficulties over time.
Abstract: In this prospective descriptive study, the developmental outcomes of 9 untreated infants with moderate to severe regulatory disorders were examined at 8 to 11 months and again at 4 years of age and compared with 13 normal infants. Regulatory disordered infants were defined as being behaviorally difficult, exhibiting disturbances in sleep, feeding, state control, self-calming, and mood regulation and evidencing poor sensory processing. Eight of the nine regulatory disordered children had developmental, sensorimotor, and/or emotional and behavioral deficits at 4 years. Group differences were found in atten tion and activity level, emotional maturity, motor coordination, and tactile sensitivity at 4 years. For normal infants, ratings of difficultness on the Bates Infant Characteristics Questionnaire and higher baseline cardiac vagal tone were related to better developmental outcomes and behavioral organization respectively at 4 years. In contrast, ratings of difficultness and higher baseline cardiac vagal tone in regulatory disordered infants were associated with poorer developmental outcomes and behavioral difficulties at 4 years. At the time the study was conducted, the clinical significance of regulatory problems was not known, therefore treatment was not considered. The results of this study suggest that untreated regulatory disordered infants may not outgrow behavioral difficulties over time.
103 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a study of children in Foster care to determine possible factors affecting permanency planning was conducted. Several issues were determined to be of importance, cultural diversity, economics, and family support services.
Abstract: This is a study of Children in Foster Care to determine possible factors affecting permanency planning. Several issues were determined to be of importance, cultural diversity, economics, and family support services. Areas needing additional study were determined to be the different treatment given to African-American and poor children, and the influence of economic and social problems on placement needs and planning.
73 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used disorganized/disoriented classification of infant-mother attachment (Main & Solomon, 1990) in a study of children with failure to thrive (FTT) and included measures of social processes associated with individual differences in attachment.
Abstract: This study may represent an advance in the study of failure to thrive (FTT), as (1) it is the first to use the disorganized/disoriented classification of infant-mother attachment (Main & Solomon, 1990) in a study of children with FTT, and (2) it includes measures of social processes associated with individual differences in attachment. Twenty-six children with FTT (10 “organic,” 16 “nonorganic”) and 28 normally growing children, ages 12 to 25 months, were seen in Ainsworth's Strange Situation. The FTT and control groups were equivalent on age of mother (28.0 and 28.6 years, respectively), annual family income ($37,700 and $24,100), and mother's marital status (56% and 52% married). The sample included African-American, Caucasian, and Latino families. In addition, measures of mother-child interaction and mothers' reports of social support and life stress were included. Children with FTT were less likely to show secure and more likely to show anxious, disorganized attachments than normally growing controls: Only 35% of FTTs were secure, whereas 46% showed disorganized attachments. In contrast, 64% of controls were secure and 7% were disorganized. Comparisons between FTTs and controls also revealed differences in maternal sensitivity and stressful social environments. There were no differences in patterns of attachment, level of acute malnutrition, maternal sensitivity, social support, or life stress between organic and nonorganic FTT groups, further discrediting this as a meaningful distinction. The organic and nonorganic groups differed only on a measure of chronicity of malnutrition. These results support the notion that disrupted parent-child relationships and stressful social environments are common in FTT, regardless of the etiology of growth failure. The findings suggest that treatments of FTT must address psychological, as well as medical, problems in these families.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the Lausanne triadic play exercise was used as a clinical tool and to analyze thoroughly visible interactions in single cases, leading to the comparison of problematic and nonproblematic families in order to explore and generate hypotheses.
Abstract: Taking on the study of triadic interactions necessitates a dual perspective -one focusing on the triad as a whole and the other on the organization of its parts. Our method associates the framework of systems theory with the ethological-microanalytical approach. We use it both as a clinical tool and to analyze thoroughly visible interactions in single cases, leading to the comparison of problematic and nonproblematic families in order to explore and generate hypotheses. To introduce our methodology, we first present the Lausanne triadic play exercise, which we designed for the observation of the triad as a whole while systematically varying the individual contributions. We then describe our method for analyz- ing the triadic interactions on the upper body, lower body, and gaze levels. We illustrate it through the analysis of two contrasting families with 17-week-old babies which, on clinical grounds, represent key aspects of interaction found in our population.
69 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors suggest that les processus actifs d'attribution de signification and de patterns interactifs concomitants jouent un role important a la fois dans l'etiologie de la depression and dans les effets mediateurs sur l'enfant.
Abstract: L'etude des depressions postpartum est particulierement importante quand on etudie les influences pathogeniques sur le developpement du nourrisson, parce qu'elles se produisent-avec une incidence plutot elevee- au debut du processus d'attachement. Alors que les facteurs mediateurs responsables des effets de depression sur l'enfant ont ete classiquement consideres comme suivant un modele de deficit, nous suggerons que les processus actifs d'attribution de signification et de patterns interactifs concomitants jouent un role important a la fois dans l'etiologie de la depression et dans les effets mediateurs sur l'enfant. Nous utilisons des donnees epidemiologiques, la description clinique d'un cas typique de depression postpartum, et certains resultats d'une etude plus grande des resultats dans la psychotherapie mere-nourrisson, tout ceci pour valider notre principale hypothese: de nombreuses depressions post-partum sont mieux comprises en tant que trouble relationnel
68 citations
TL;DR: A method for classifiying themes identified in the mothers' representations of the baby and of the self-as-mother as wish- organized, defense-organized, fear-organized, or disorganized is described.
Abstract: The aim of this work was to identify ways of objectifying the course of mothers' represen tations of their babies and themselves as mothers during pregnancy and the postpartum period. A sample of 51 women attending a Family Guidance Clinic for psychoprophylaxis courses was studied using semistruc tured interviews that were administered in the 7th month of pregnancy and on the 5th day and in the 4th month postpartum. This paper describes a method for classifiying themes identified in the mothers' representations of the baby and of the self-as-mother as wish-organized, defense-organized, fear-organized, or disorganized. This classification derives from the presumed clinical function of the narrative themes in the mothers' representational world. Themes about the baby and about the self-as-mother were primarily fear-organized at the 7th month of pregnancy. On the 5th day postpartum, there was no prevailing thematic organization. At 4 months postpartum, representations of the baby were primarily fear-organized and almost never disorganized. We speculate that themes about the baby and the self-as-mother that are disorganized may have negative prognostic significance.
65 citations
TL;DR: The authors reviewed the empirical studies in the decision making literature for the purposes of identifying variables workers are using to guide their decisions; identifying major professional concerns and issues with this literature; and suggest questions for further research.
Abstract: The decision to intervene with families has enormous implications for a democratic society. Child protective services must both protect children and families. Practice theory, social policies, and agency procedures have not provided a consensus on the criteria to guide decision making in child welfare. This paper reviews the empirical studies in the decision making literature for the purposes of: identifying variables workers are using to guide their decisions; identifying major professional concerns and issues with this literature; and suggest questions for further research.
58 citations
TL;DR: The Entretien Clinique pour Parents de Nourrissons a Haut Risque (abrege par CLIP, en anglais) as discussed by the authors consists of an entretien clinique semi-structure which peut etre utilise comme une evaluation unique ou bien comme la pierre angulaire d'un travail psychologique en cours avec des parents.
Abstract: La naissance et l'hospitalisation d'un nourrisson premature sont des experiences stressantes et emotionnellement exigeantes pour les parents. L'Entretien Clinique pour Parents de Nourrissons a Haut Risque (abrege par CLIP, en anglais) consiste en un entretien clinique semi-structure qui peut etre utilise comme une evaluation unique ou bien comme la pierre angulaire d'un travail psychologique en cours avec des parents. L'entretien eveille l'attention du clinicien sur des points d'inquietude identifies par les parents. L'entretien permet aux parents de consolider emotionnellement leurs experiences qui se rapportent au statut de haut risque de leur nourrisson. Le CLIP est utile a la fois pour l'organisation des soins psychologiques dans une maternite de soin intensifs et pour la preparation a la sortie de l'hopital
57 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the association between adolescent mothers' knowledge of child development, parental expectations, and child-rearing beliefs to their infants' or toddlers' coping behavior.
Abstract: Developmental researchers have begun to explore parental cognitions in an effort to better understand adolescent parenthood. However, most research on adolescent mothers has failed to relate cognitions of the mother to the child's functioning. To extend the research on adolescent-parent families, we examined the association between adolescent mothers' knowledge of child development, parental expectations, and child-rearing beliefs to their infants' or toddlers' coping behavior. Trained observers rated children on the three subscales of the Early Coping Inventory–Sensorimotor, Reactive Behavior, and Self-Initiated Behavior. The findings indicated that the adolescent mothers' self-reports of their expectations for their own and their children's behaviors and emotions accounted for a significant proportion of the variance in objective ratings of the children's coping behavior in the sensorimotor and reactive behavior domains. Adolescent mothers who reported more positive, more realistic, and more mature expectations about parenting, children, and the parent-child relationship had children who were rated to display more adaptive and effective sensorimotor and reactive behavior coping capacities. An interaction between the adolescent mothers' knowledge and beliefs significantly predicted self-initiated child behaviors. Implications of the findings include the importance of exploring a “good match” in adolescent mother-child relationships.
TL;DR: In this article, a framework for understanding the developmental significance of violence-related trauma in the lives of young children is presented, emphasizing the importance of the distinction between acute and chronic trauma.
Abstract: This article presents a framework for understanding the developmental significance of violence-related trauma in the lives of young children It emphasizes the importance of the distinction between acute and chronic trauma Acute trauma is more readily dealt with through “psychological first aid” and a “therapy of reassurance” Chronic trauma requires a more systematic reconstruction of the child's “social map” of the world The socioeconomic and demographic correlates of violent trauma predict an accumulation of risk factors in the child's life that compounds the problem of developmental disability The problem community violence poses for the child must be understood in the larger context of greater risk for family disruption (including less than secure attachment) as well as domestic violence, poverty, and minority group status The increasing incidence and prevalence of community violence poses a major challenge to the mental health of children
TL;DR: Regression analysis indicated fussy/difficult, POIH, and NBAS autonomic scores explained a significant amount of variance in maternal self-esteem, andceptual variables of temperament and health made a unique contribution to maternalSelf-esteem scores.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether maternal perceptions of infant health and behavior made a unique contribution in understanding maternal self-esteem beyond what could be achieved from objective measures The Perception of Infant Health (POIH) questionnaire and the Bates ICQ captured the perception of infant health and temperament Standard medical variables including the Hobel Medical Risk Summary measured the objective aspect of infant health The Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBAS) measured objective infant behavior The Maternal Self-Report Inventory measured self-esteem Eighty mother-infant dyads, which included healthy, middle socioeconomic class mothers of both full-term, neurologically normal and preterm infants with a range of medical problems were studied Negative maternal perceptions of infant health and behavior as well as poorer objective health status were associated with decreased maternal self-esteem Perceptual variables of temperament and health made a unique contribution to maternal self-esteem scores Regression analysis indicated fussy/difficult, POIH, and NBAS autonomic scores explained a significant amount of variance in maternal self-esteem
TL;DR: Both parents and children felt that pretraining sessions for biological children would help their adjustment to foster care and the majority of the foster parents stated that sharing of parental attention should be discussed with biological children before beginning.
Abstract: This project used questionnaires to investigate the effects of foster care on biological children in the foster home setting. In southeast Iowa, 52 foster parents and 51 biological children voluntarily responded. Approximately 77% of the foster parents were concerned about the effects of foster care on their biological children—in particular, that biological children felt left out of the family unit. The majority of the foster parents stated that sharing of parental attention should be discussed with biological children before beginning, and both parents and children felt that pretraining sessions for biological children would help their adjustment to foster care.
Abstract: Karl Jost le premier a repere l'usage d'un passage d'Atto de Vercelli, «De pressuris ecclesiasticis», dans la composition latine de l'archeveque Wulfstan «De Christianitate». Selon l'A., il est temps d'engager une recherche precise sur le materiel accumule. L'ouvrage d'Atto de Vercelli a joue le role d'un traite pour le compilateur des manuscrits du Commonplace Book de Wulfstan
TL;DR: Olympiodorus of Thebes is an important figure for the history of late antiquity and his history is lost, surviving only as fragments in the narratives of Zosimus, Sozomen, and Philostorgius, and in the rich summary given by the ninth-century Byzantine patriarch Photius as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Olympiodorus of Thebes is an important figure for the history of late antiquity. The few details of his life preserved as anecdotes in his History give glimpses of a career which embraced the skills of poet, philosopher, and diplomat. A native of Egypt, he had influence at the imperial court of Constantinople, among the sophists of Athens, and even outside the borders of the empire. His History (more correctly, his “materials for history”) is lost, surviving only as fragments in the narratives of Zosimus, Sozomen, and Philostorgius, and in the rich summary given by the ninth-century Byzantine patriarch Photius. These remains comprise the most substantial narrative sources for events in the western Roman Empire in the early fifth century. Besides its value as a source, the History is important as a monument to the vitality of the belief in the unity of the Roman Empire under the Theodosian dynasty. Olympiodorus wrote in Greek, and knowledge of his work is attested only in Constantinople, yet his political narrative, from 407 to 425, concerns only events in the western half of the empire. To understand the significance of these facts, it is necessary to set the composition of Olympiodorus's work in its proper context. Clarifying the date of publication is the first step toward this goal. Internal and external evidence suggests that the work was written in 440 or soon after, more than a decade later than the date of composition usually accepted. Taken with thematic emphases evident in the structure of the History , this revised dating explains why an eastern writer should have written a detailed account of western events in the early part of the century. Olympiodorus's account is a characteristic product of the highly literate class of eastern imperial civil servants, and of their genuine preoccupation with the relationship between the eastern and western halves of the Roman Empire at a time when both were threatened by the rise of the new Carthaginian power of the Vandals.
TL;DR: Five psychosoical dimensions of child functioning associated with placement stability and outcome in treatment foster care and current theory and research regarding each dimension are presented along with clinical examples.
Abstract: Research shows increasing numbers of emotionally disturbed children entering foster care nationwide. As a result, there is growing interest in a special form of foster care known as therapeutic or treatment foster care. However, little information is currently available on the kinds of children who can benefit from this form of mental health care or on interactions between child characteristics and placement outcome. This paper begins to address this deficit in the knowledge base by proposing five psychosoical dimensions of child functioning associated with placement stability and outcome in treatment foster care. Current theory and research regarding each dimension are presented along with clinical examples.
TL;DR: Les recherches de John Bowlby sur l'attachement l'ont amene a proposer la construction of modeles de travail internes. as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Les recherches de John Bowlby sur l'attachement l'ont amene a proposer la construction de modeles de travail internes. Les recherches qui ont suivi sur ces modeles ont permis aux chercheurs americains de decrire les processus impliques dans la transmission intergenerationnelle de l'attachement. En France, l'accent a ete mis sur les conflits infantiles des parents avec les grands-parents de leurs nourrissons. Cet accent a conduit a la designation du «mandat transgenerationnel», un concept systemique. Ce mandat est donne a un «nourrisson imaginaire» (ne avec le desir d'une grossesse) et d'un nourrisson fantasmatique (ne du desir de parentage): cet enfant fantasmatique devient ainsi l'enfant du grand-pere maternel. Cet enfant repond a ces representations maternelles et paternelles par un processus de parentification
TL;DR: This article explored the use of allegorical tales in the treatment of children of divorced parents and compared the use with traditional bibliotherapy and with Gardner's Mutual Story Telling, suggesting that myth and metaphor provide a road around resistance by presenting a cognitive bridge between themes common in the stories and the life experiences of the child of divorce.
Abstract: Children of divorce experience a sense of loss of the intact family which had stabilized their lives. Painful thoughts and feelings may result in defensive resistance of treatment techniques which deal too directly with their situation. This paper explores the use of allegorical tales in the treatment of children of divorced parents. It contrasts the use of such tales with traditional bibliotherapy and with Gardner's (1971) Mutual Story Telling, suggesting that myth and metaphor provide a road around resistance by presenting a cognitive bridge between themes common in the stories and the life experiences of the child of divorce.
TL;DR: In this article, foster care maladjustment is defined as the incidence of internal and external maladaptive behaviors reported by the youths' caretakers, and the importance of the foster caretaker as a provider of information and as a participant in the treatment process is highlighted.
Abstract: This exploratory study utilized foster caretakers as the source of information about foster care adolescents' behaviors. Foster care maladjustment was operationalized as the incidence of internal and external maladaptive behaviors reported by the youths' caretakers. Child-related variables and organization-related variables were then used to predict foster care maladjustment. The sample consisted of 152 randomly selected adolescents 16 years old and older in foster care under the supervision of the Los Angeles County Department of Children's Services. White youths and those in group homes/residential settings were more likely to have dysfunction in both areas. In addition, those youths placed at older ages and those who had spent more time in their current placement were more likely to exhibit external maladaptive behaviors. Treatment and service delivery implications are drawn from these findings. The importance of the foster caretaker as a provider of information and as a participant in the treatment process is also highlighted.
TL;DR: The authors examines the applicability of D. W. Winnicott's theoretical concepts to clinical social work practice with clients whose psychosocial well-being has been compromised by environmental deprivation and related developmental vulnerabilities.
Abstract: This article examines the applicability of D. W. Winnicott's theoretical concepts to clinical social work practice with clients whose psychosocial well-being has been compromised by environmental deprivation and related developmental vulnerabilities. This examination is organized around three questions: (1) Why is Winnicott relevant for social work? (2) Which of his concepts are most useful for social workers? (3) How can these concepts be put into practice with social work problems and populations? The translation of theory to practice is illustrated with case material.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Maimonides explains that these three exceptions to the rule of "transgress and do not die" exist because of the duty to sanctify God's name:
Abstract: The talmudic maxim \"to save one life is tantamount to saving a whole world\" (Sanhedrin 37a) indicates that the value of human life is infinite. A fraction of infinity is stil infinity. Nothing in this world is of higher value or greater ethical import than human life. Even Torah commandments of the Holy One, blessed be He, must give way to the higher value of preserving human life. The biblical verse \"You shall study and observe my laws and live thereby\" (Lev. 18:5) is interpreted in the Talmud (Yama 8Sb) to mean that the saving of a life takes precedence over Sabbath observance. By inference, all other Torah laws must also be suspended to save a life since none are more important than the Sabbath laws. One exception exists to this absolute \"vote for life.\" Rav Yohanan (Sanhedrin 84a) taught that the rabbinic consensus is that if someone's life is in danger, he should transgress all Torah laws to save his life. If, however, to save his life, he must transgress the laws of murder, idolatry or forbidden sexual relations such as adultery, he must rather forfeit his life. Maimonides explains that these three exceptions to the rule of \"transgress and do not die\" exist because of the duty to sanctify God's name:
TL;DR: This article examined symptom levels and sexual abuse status of emotionally disturbed girls in residential treatment and found that sexually abused girls had poorer self esteem, higher levels of anxiety, and a trend toward more depression than the nonabused girls on self-report measures.
Abstract: This research study examined symptom levels and sexual abuse status of emotionally disturbed girls in residential treatment. Sexually abused girls had poorer self esteem, higher levels of anxiety, and a trend toward more depression than the nonabused girls on self-report measures. Measures completed by the residents' therapists also found sexually abused girls as being more symptomatic in a number of areas.
TL;DR: In this article, an echantillon de 99 meres adolescentes noires and 63 meres blanches participe a une etude sur les comportements et les opinions en ce qui concerne la maniere d'elever les enfants.
Abstract: Un echantillon de 99 meres adolescentes noires et de 63 meres adolescentes blanches a participe a une etude sur les comportements et les opinions en ce qui concerne la maniere d'elever les enfants Les attitudes envers la facon d'elever les enfants ont ete evaluees en utilisant une echelle developpee pour les meres adolescentes noires a revenus bas La echelle «HOME» a ete utilisee par des observateurs qualifies pour enregistrer le comportement de parentage Les echantillons noirs et blancs etaient comparables pour ce qui est du revenu, du statut de l'emploi, de l'education et de l'âge Les meres noires etaient plus enclines que les meres blanches a faire valoir des techniques plus autoritaires pour ce qui est d'elever les enfants
TL;DR: The adoption of a developmental perspective when considering how family life is related to a youngster's diabetes adjustment is suggested.
Abstract: This study investigated how pubertal development may influence the relation between aspects of the family environment and diabetes adjustment. Subjects were 49 youngsters with newly diagnosed insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and their parents. Pearson correlations between aspects of the family environment and diabetes adjustment revealed many significant findings for the total sample and separately by pubertal development. Tests of differences between these correlations revealed support for our hypotheses in expected directions. These results suggest the adoption of a developmental perspective when considering how family life is related to a youngster's diabetes adjustment.
TL;DR: HIV foster families were compared with other foster families to determine if there were any differences and implications for recruiting foster families for children with HIV are discussed.
Abstract: This is a study to examine the characteristics of families providing foster care for children with HIV. The paper discussed the special problems of children with AIDS. In addition HIV foster families were compared with other foster families to determine if there were any differences. Implications for recruiting foster families for children with HIV are discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, Llull decided to go to Paris, to address the most powerful monarch in Europe and defend his ideas before the most prestigious university in the western world, the University of Paris.
Abstract: At a certain moment in his life Ramon Llull became convinced that if his great projects were ever to be realized, he would have to gain the support of the leading rulers of Christendom. The Crown of Aragon was not enough. God had revealed to him a universal Art for the conversion of infidels, a paradigm of all knowledge, a general method for contemplation, and Llull naturally deemed it vital that this revelation should become known throughout the world. Some thirteen years after his illumination, Llull decided to go to Paris, to address the most powerful monarch in Europe and defend his ideas before the most prestigious university in the western world.
TL;DR: The reader is offered a review of the history of treatment of this symptom and an overview of the competing current paradigms, and a detailed case presentation is offered to demonstrate the efficacy of psychotherapy.
Abstract: Recognition of enuresis, a vexing identified clinical symptom predates modern civilization, and harsh physical procedures were used as the prevalent treatment methods since the 18th and 19th centuries. The account of treatment interventions is replete with documented controversy. Today the conflicting views and approaches center on the work, research and writings of therapists classified as: learning theorists, behaviorists, psychopharmacologists, and psychodynamic, analytically oriented clinicians. The manuscript reviews theories of etiology of Primary Nocturnal Enuresis (PNE), the evaluation process, and the myriad of treatment procedures currently utilized. The reader is offered a review of the history of treatment of this symptom and an overview of the competing current paradigms. A detailed case presentation is offered to demonstrate the efficacy of psychotherapy, i.e., analytically oriented play therapy commonly utilized as the treatment of choice by psychoanalysts, clinical psychologists and clinical social workers.
TL;DR: The authors identify paradigmes and constructions theoriques de base sont identifies au sein de la litterature existante qui peut contribuer utilement a la comprehension de l'effet de la guerre sur les jeunes enfants ainsi que les facteurs de moderation personnels, situationnels, and familiaux.
Abstract: Des paradigmes et constructions theoriques de base sont identifies au sein de la litterature existante qui peut contribuer utilement a la comprehension de l'effet de la guerre sur les jeunes enfants ainsi que les facteurs de moderation personnels, situationnels et familiaux. Ces poles d'interets sont illustres par des donnees empiriques qui concernent les nourrissons et les tres jeunes enfants et leurs reponses a la toute recente Guerre du Golfe. Des applications potentielles de ces modeles heuristiques sont expliquees pour l'etude de la guerre, ainsi que pour le projet d'une programmation preventive et curative