scispace - formally typeset
Open AccessProceedings ArticleDOI

A two level fuzzy PRM for manipulation planning

TLDR
An algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs, made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap.
Abstract
This paper presents an algorithm which extends the probabilistic roadmap (PRM) framework to handle manipulation planning. This is done by using a two level approach, a PRM of PRMs. The first level builds a manipulation graph, whose nodes represent stable placements of the manipulated objects while the edges represent transfer and transit actions. The actual motion planning for the transfer and transit paths is done by PRM planners at the second level. The approach is made possible by the introduction of a new kind of roadmap, called the fuzzy roadmap. The fuzzy roadmap contains edges which are not verified by a local planner during construction. Instead, each edge is assigned a number which represents the probability that it is feasible. Later, if the edge is part of a solution path, the edge is checked for collisions. The overall effect is that our roadmaps evolve iteratively until they contain a solution. The use of fuzzy roadmaps in both levels of our manipulation planner offers many advantages. At the first level, a fuzzy roadmap represents the manipulation graph and addresses the problem of having probabilistically complete planners at the second level. At the second level, fuzzy roadmaps drastically reduce the number of collision checks. The paper contains experimental results demonstrating the feasibility and efficiency of our scheme.

read more

Content maybe subject to copyright    Report


! #"%$'&(*),+.-(/10243'3*3!56+."7&8&
:9<;=?> @!BA?> CEDF4GHCJIKFHLDM;HCEDDF*DN
OQPRTSVUXWYSZK[]\_^a`bSVcedVU%ce[ \gfhSVZjik^almZn1RYZpo1S
qsrptvuxwytXz'{*|~}p{*'.t tXKwyz4t%ygLypt%ze%tXp%t
.tXz'{*.~yarptXz'bt%pwyz'| _XtptXz'{'
yy
t%p{*tk¡tXpwyz'| ¢p{4£Kq7¤ ¥¥
y
K¦§
t%¨.{'tX¡©.:ª«{
:ª
| |Tw6ezwy|,¬©X{%ªz'.%tyªt
®Q¯£°±!²%³,´µ±
¶·6¸º¹(»Y¼»Y½4¾K»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹J¼ÂÀ¼Âà ÄXž¸ÆÁÆ·µÇÉÈ·µ¸ÊË·½ËÌXÁ¬½4ÀyÍ¹ÁÆ·T½
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê1¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÐÏÒÑ¡ÓJÔ7ÕeÖ¾¿¼Çs½HÈ(ž¿×JÁ8Å£·T¼Ày͵ë½:Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀL»yë¼ÂÀTÀT¸ÆÀ6ÄXÛs¶·6¸º¹a¸º¹aÍXÅÀ½EÎHÜLÚ6¹¸ÆÀ%Ä_¼LÁÈ(Åë½4Ý½4Ã
¼»!»y¾ËÅ*¼XÊË·6ÞQ¼ÑKÓaÔßÅVÖÐÑKÓJÔ¹4Ûà¶·T½á(¾¹Áë½4Ý½4ÃLÎ4Úµ¸ÆëÍ¹
¼âÇs¼ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀxÄ!¾¿¼Ë»T·%ÞÈ·YÅ¹4½ÀyÅ'Í!½H¹v¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁs¹Á¬¼XÎHÃã½
»ë¼!Ê½4Ç7½4ÀTÁ.¹LÅÖBÁÆ·T½Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á8½ËÍÅXÎÒä4½Ê4Á¹BÈ·µ¸Æë½LÁÒ·Y½s½Í4Ä%½¹
¾¿½8»y¾Ë½¹4½4ÀTÁÁ.¾¿¼ÂÀY¹ÒÖH½4¾å¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁK¼!Ê4Á¸ÅÀY¹4Û7¶·Y½g¼!Ê4ÁÚT¼ÃYÇsÅØ
Á¸ÅÀa»ë¼ÀÙÀT¸ÆÀ6Ä(ÖHž1ÁÆ·T½Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÒÖH½H¾¼ÀÍgÁ¾¿¼ÀT¹¸ÆÁ6»Y¼ÂÁÆ·6¹1¸º¹ÍXÅÀ½
Î4ÜÑKÓaÔæ»yë¼ÂÀTÀy½4¾¹¦¼ÂÁJÁÒ·Y½¹4½ÊÅÀyÍvë½4Ý½HëÛç¶·Y½¼»!»¾¿Å*¼XÊË·
¸º¹LÇ7¼XÍ!½å»TÅ¹¹¸ÎHÃã½Î4ÜÁÒ·Y½7¸ÆÀÙÁ.¾ËÅ*ÍÂÚTÊHÁ¸ÅÀÅÖs¼¦À½HÈ~×¸ÆÀÍÅÖ
¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»ÙÞÊ¼ÃÆÃã½ËÍJÁÒ·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Û7¶·Y½ÖÚXèè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»
ÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀY¹½Í4Ä%½¹:È·6¸Ê·_¼Â¾¿½1ÀÅÁeÝ½4¾¸ áé½ÍEÎ4Üg¼gëÅ*Ê¼ÂÃ»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾
ÍÂÚµ¾¸ÆÀ%ÄÊÅÀT¹Á.¾ÚTÊ4Á.¸ÅÂÀyÛLêÀT¹Á8½¼!ÍÞ½¼XÊË·k½Í4Ä%½s¸º¹s¼¹¹¸ÄÂÀ½Í¼
ÀÙÚµÇ7Î½4¾gÈ·6¸Ê·v¾¿½¬»¾¿½H¹H½4ÀTÁ.¹gÁÆ·T½»y¾¿ÅXÎ˼XÎH¸ÆÃ¸ÆÁ.ÜÁÒ·Y¼Á:¸ÆÁ:¸º¹(ÖH½¼Ø
¹¸Î4ë½*Ûìëe¼ÂÁ¬½4¾Þ_¸ ÖvÁÆ·T½½ËÍ*ÄX½¸º¹s»Y¼Â¾ÁÅÖk¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀ»T¼ÁÒ·%Þ
ÁÒ·Y½½ËÍ*ÄX½E¸º¹gÊ·Y½Ê×!½ÍÖHÅ¾EÊÅÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀT¹4Û¶·Y½BÅÂÝ½4¾¿¼ÂÃÆÃ½.í½ÊHÁ¡¸º¹
ÁÒ·Y¼ÂÁ(ÅÚµ¾¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹E½HÝÅÃÝ½a¸ÆÁ8½4¾¿¼Á¸ÆÝ½4Ã#ÜLÚµÀTÁ¸ÆÃTÁÒ·Y½4ÜLÊÅÀÙÁ¬¼Â¸ÆÀ
¼¹4ÅÃ#ÚµÁ¸ÅÀÛî¶y·T½Ú6¹H½¦ÅÖÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å'¼!ÍÂÇ7¼»Ù¹¸ÆÀïÎÅÁÒ·kë½4Ý½4Ãð¹
ÅVÖÅÚµ¾BÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ¦»yÃã¼ÀTÀ½H¾LÅí½4¾¹BÇs¼ÀTܦ¼!ÍÝ¼ÀÙÁ¬¼*ÄX½H¹4Û
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½£á¡¾¹Á:ë½4Ý½4ÃðÞ¼åÖÚXèè4Ü¾ËÅ*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»¾¿½8»y¾¿½H¹4½HÀÙÁ¹EÁÒ·Y½Çs¼Ø
ÀÙ¸ »yڵë¼ÂÁ.¸ÅÂÀÄ!¾¿¼»Y·k¼ÀÍ¼!Í!;¿½H¹Ë¹4½H¹ÁÒ·Y½»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4ÇòÅÖa·Y¼Ý'¸ÆÀ%Ä
»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸º¹Á¸Ê˼ÂÃÆÃ#ÜÊËÅÂÇ»ë½4Á¬½1»yë¼ÂÀTÀ½H¾¹B¼ÁéÁÆ·T½a¹4½ÊÅÀyÍ_ë½4Ý½4ëÛ
ñ
Á:ÁÒ·Y½B¹4½ËÊÅÂÀyÍë½4Ý½4ÃðÞÖÚXèËè4Ü¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»y¹7Í¾Ë¼¹Á.¸Ê¼ÂÃÆÃ#Ü¾¿½ÍÚTÊ½
ÁÒ·Y½vÀTÚµÇsÎ½H¾QÅÖvÊÅÂÃÆÃ#¸º¹¸ÅÀjÊ·Y½ÊË×¹4Ûó¶y·T½»Y¼»Y½4¾QÊÅÂÀTÁ8¼¸ÆÀY¹
½ËÌH»Y½4¾¸ÆÇ7½4ÀTÁ8¼Ãp¾¿½H¹ÚµÃ#Á.¹LÍ!½4Ç7ÅÂÀY¹Á¾¿¼Á¸ÆÀ%ÄÁÒ·Y½ÖH½Ë¼¹¸ÎH¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜмÀÍ
½.ôâÊ4¸½4ÀyÊ4ÜÅÖBÅÂÚµ¾J¹HÊ·Y½4Çs½*Û
õ ö
[éWµRY÷1høåùyWµSV÷([
úaûüÙýþ.ÿ

¦ÿ

ü

¶·Y½KÄ%½4Ày½4¾¿¼Ã%Ç7¼ÂÀT¸ »ڵë¼Á¸ÅÀå»yÃã¼ÀTØ
ÀÙ¸ÆÀ%Äå»¾¿Å!Î4ë½4Ç
 !"#$&%#%#%#')(*+,+*.- */01&2
%##3#$!/%4'05*!6!-#7*.-89:;/<01*%#'=/!/:>*-4=/.:;?<@A#
'.*.&$7/*B-#+/%#'C/#D01*!6!&-#*-#89:EFG(+/*0HC'.6.I%J=/&+
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%L*MN'.6.I%O'*&>:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%P?@A#Q*.-2
89:E/R&+/S*.%#T"&-#C*101*!6U#I%V/#ITV&+/S'.+/.="-WT
1+/*-*&?XS-89:EFD#$:FMJ&+/B%#*&S'+F 0Y349S- 5!
Q=/-#B *=*%Z.? ' ?[ +9/%#'Q'.%4=4\*-4=/.:;*.+
*#+U=/-#5*-#89:EFI?B]4*+BQ01*+/Y#;/L/:;+/*%
*(^/#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0IQ_ `bac?
@A#*3*%Y*U/#A01%##3#$!*%5#$&%#%4%#'C#+/*-40
4.14Z(*+/0d*(\
ïÇ7¼ÂÀT¸ »yÚµÃã¼Á¸ÅÀ»Y¼ÂÁÆ·
e#$:Ff"g=I2
h
3#%4:;\*(
Á.¾Ë¼ÀY¹¸ÆÁ
D%4
Á¾¿¼ÀT¹ÆÖH½4¾1»T¼ÁÒ·%¹
E?Uij+F&% 9(+R4&
$Qg3#-#4&k*(S/#l'.*.-4&#$&%k4I+/N#L*-89:EQ$
'.+/.=N&% N05*!6.V-WT/#)+/*-*&?im+F&%4R4!/ZS
3#-#4&n#+Q#V*-89:E)$\;(o1%pM=/&-4Q*.*%
#D4S+/*-*&:F &%#'.>'.+/.=P?q'+F#%#'B*I+F!/*.%4
+A#$&%#%4J&3#*0J&$:I&T)-WT5C0J%#43#&*%J#$&%4%#I+?
r;gs
(üTû
bt#^u
Xÿ
vM%#43#&*%j#$&%4%#%4'k4l+=$9/
IwJ:I%C*3*% S*Q(x+?C@A#$S$U%#*&B3#+4+$=%#'Q'.6.I%
/#":I*01#;yz9T{*&(A/#"01# !n4%#%#%#'l#+/*-40
_|}a&%4S4~##z/*.%4&#zwQ:;34z/<05*.U-WTD/#>#$&%#2
%#%#'1*&(G'+F#%#'1&%4V+/I'+F#%#'5*I+F!*% I?G%N% 34=2
/+$&~=3 \0J&%4#34&*%n$C(+
h
3#I%T{'.%#*+/?N]#*.+
Iy01#.[4%M/=0)-#T0J%/% &-#9T"=3 I[*-#89:EF
+Z/3#01f:I4&-#N*&(C01*!6%#'O-WTg/#I0JI6RQ$
:I*01#3F!*% &Tf%(.=-#l/*f:I*%4$I+V- *#O*.-2
89:E/B%4Z/#5*W*$E!&+/0JR%4I#l*N0J&%##3#$!/Y/#I0
4l:;3#+/+/I%Q9F!I2c*(o2/#;2&+J0J&%##3#$!/*.%4%2
%#%#' ?k#*.3U#*3#-U1+$&-#B0J&%##3#$!/*.%Z#$&%#%#+
  +01~(3#+4I+>/=%#'\*(;/3#4&%41#+/*34:;/~%4
/#\I6.I*#01%.*(^+/&$9/:C0Y3#&*%4,(*.+% 34=+/
;%#'.?"R*!6I&##$:I!/*.%n*0J&%4\34:Fg.\=34+'.:&
0Y3#$!*% ^%4)%#0J&*%)W*R-I%4;K#G(+/*0S01&2
%##3#$!/*.%"4%#%#I+\_||;ac?
ÿ%þ
t
*ÿ
WH
jüÙû
 S+%.J&'*.+401Y=*.6W%#'l6!+2
&*%4U*&(#J'.I%#+/G01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'N#+/*-40
4b6.Z- I%k#+/**.f%f4lz/I+F!34+.?m@A4L*3*%
*(,C*'"%4{P!/*0Y- Z_|[>|.|Ea>$C*VK4+F9B#$&%nV4&
(*.+#)*-89:E[&%4V/#I%NK %4MJ
h
3#I% :;B*&(>:I*%#%#:E/
/+/%49(+%41+F&% =4&4[4&,0J/#S*.-89:;~/+/.:;
/#R4!/<?AiD%#*#+D01;4*WN4+*. *="-WTV]#I+/-4.:FN%4
A&+/+F
h
34&% p_a$\-4.={*%O6!&+/&*%4>TW%4&01$:1#+*2
'.+/0501%#'4?<@A4&3##*.+/K +/=<#$&%\0J&%4#34&*%B4&
%#n3#% :;*% 9/+/%#m:;*01*.z/n:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%4.:;
*(/#Q+/*-*&/)&%4{*-#89:EFI?V@A#I%O/#IT{I+F!/6.ITMI%#2
(*.+/:IN#M0J%#43#&*%e:I*%4=+F&%/1-WT0J%#'g0J&
I+3#+/-4&*%4N/*k4p4&j/*e01%#01k'.+/.34T
01*+/Z&%401*+/Z9/+$:EQI% &9Tp(3#% :E*%P[,34%./R#NK42
%4^ !LC:I*$=*%M(+5%4M01II/S4Y0J&%4#34&*%

:I*%4=+F&%/? iDW34:;%<[
3#Ff&%4vM&I+O_ }!a\4b6
#+/**.{V01;4*WL(*.+B01%##3#$!*%{#$&%#%4%#'Z4:F
$B&%L;yW%4=*%L*&(#
ñ
Í¾¸¼!ÍÂÀy½

¹

Ãã½HÈ
ñ
à Ä%Å¾¸ÆÁÒ·6Ç
_
ba
-4.=f*%k'.I%#I$:Z&'*+/#0J?miR01[D^&3#01*% k&%4
01I*.%P_ `!a4+=%./JY:;&+,&%4Q'I%4I+F& #/:;+//*.%J*&(
/#Y0J%#43#&*%M4%#%#%#'#+/*-40V?U@A#ITN'b6\*32
/*.%4B(*.+\- *n/#:Q*&(D$:I+IJ#$:II01I%F\*&(A/#
*.-89:;A%4J/#B:IU*&(^%%K4%#B;A*&(^'.+/.= I?%Q/#
:*&(U/:;+/;/"4.:;I01%.F5*&(D/#"*.-89:;[~#V-#3#2
%#'Q*(7#Y01%##3#$!*%Z'.+/#N;:;6ITN:I*01 *=
/#D#+/*-#I0 %./*\\;~*(*%=2c*&2 *%.4!/J#%#%#%#'
#+/*-401?

ÿ%û
ÿ

ü


û

Qss
ûü
t#u

%J*+F+7*5/:;+/-
*.3#+G*.+C,~K4+F=G'.6.,
h
3#$:FB*!6I+/6Wn*&(

qDv _
[|

!a ?
qDv -#3#4lk+/*..0J&*&(J%#*l%m/#p:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%p= :;

~2= :;

B*(#V+*.- *?{@P*{:;*% 9/+34:;)/#
+/*..0J&<["%340)-I+B*&(+/%4*0 :I*%K '3#+F!/*.%4R+1=I2
:;)%Y4(+/I

~2=4.:;,&%4Y&+/~34Y%#*?

*.
%#*J&+//=p(*.+Q:;*.%#%#:;*%z/*:I#%#%#+/?
:FO01VL*W:&,#$&%#%#+Y34:I:II#I[G/#N:;*+/+/ *.%4W2
%#'p'{$%4I+e% #{+*0J<? @A4"+/%4*.0
IyW4*.+/&*%N*&(G4
~2=4.:;B$D*(oI%L:I:I*014%#V-TN
#3#+/=$:54&Y4#\Iy/+/V%#*\%
"!
wQ:;3#
$#
N+/I'.*.%4
*(,/#
%
~24:I[^*l01#+/*!614Q +=(*.+0J%4:;Q%p:
#+,/#R*3*%54!/1'*W/#+*.3#'1%4++/*!g4./&'.
_
4[
&
[,|
'
!a ?l%4#6W$34&,#$&%#%4%#'
h
3#I+/)+*6O-WT
.#%#'{#l=/+=Q%4'*.:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%.J%#*1%
/#Z+*0Jp&%4/#I%34%#'O'.+/#+/:Fp*{K4%4f
4&Z:;*.%#%#:E%#'54U%4*W#?
@A#D##:!/*.%5*(#
(
qDv (+/01I,*+/B*\0J%#432
$!/*.%Z#%#%#%#'AR *-#)- :I&3 =\*(7#Y%/+*34:;2
/*.%*(S(34IIT+*0J4I?k]43#ITp+/*.#0145#+/*!6$Z
01#C,bT5/*1#&"#C#+/*-401A.*:;$!J
34%#'Y4+*.-4&-#=$:D*%=2c*&2 *%.A4&4%#%#I+FA*2
:&#%#%#+/[%4l*Q#+/*!6W#\;wQ:;I%C *.%2/*&2  *.%
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#S]#3#IT
)
qDv %./+*3 :;1%
:E*%}U*(#$>4&2
I+[b-#3##G
¡ÖÚXèè4ÜJ¾¿Å*¼XÍÇs¼Ë»
Q#*=>'P+~%#%#*/!/
-WT\U#+/*-4-#9T?^@A4#+/*-4-#9TBG%Y9/0J!/*(4/#
:F4%4:;)4&S/#5'.Y$S.:E/34&TV(-#5? ?B:;*.$=*%
(+/I.?"@A#Q4%#%#I+\#+/.9/:&TM+/#34:;{#J%W3#0Y- +\*&(
:I*$=*%g:F4:F\-WTO01%#01%4'M4"%W3#0Y- +Y*(R:F#:F
#$:Fk&+/N34=3 &TgA=#Z6+(TW%4'{'54&
+C%#*A &+A*(^/#CK4%4<=*.3#*%V4!/<?
+*
%
:E*%n`N,Q=4*! #*!H*Z3414Q]#3#IT
,
~qDv
/*)I6.I*JC0J&%##3#$!/*.%J#$&%#%#+?>XS3#+>0J%#43#&*%
#$&%4%#I+^PzF=z(#D]43#IT
-
qDv #$&%#%#+P#$:FB34(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.

qDv 4%#%#I+F
!
*:&#$&%#%4I+F
.#
4?
%
:;*%
/
L,"4+=%.1*34+5Iy +01I%/,+/3#/?
02143657598;:$5<5987-=;>@?2?BACED4FHGI7.:6J9KL:MK959J3ON@PQJ97RK7RS<GTU:6N@V27L593
W
:6?BAXCED4FZY7B[\7RT]3O^_7RY`Ka]S+>T 5b:6N@723O>@KT AX:6N@YXa]NY7R^I72N@Y7RN'59T A`G'A
c
3O8T]a]Nd:6NYfeg:2[Jb:6h'ai j$kml
{\:;*.%4:;34CZ1/:;3 *.%"%
:;*%

?
n o
ø
pqp
f
srutwv
%\,+F#z/*.%4&!+/*..0J&C&%C'.7- I9I%U9,*%#*
+/I#+/I%F74D(x:;/4!A\4+=/:I3#$&+~*:I #$&%4%#I+,,.
-#R*5:;*%4%#:;~4R9,*\%#*-WTJB(-4S4!/<?7@A#
-4=%4:;J*(A%n'.J01&% C4&\4:;*.%#%#:;*%{(x&
*.+UAC%4I6+CI6%{+/
x
x- :I&3 =54J%#*B,I+/Y*W*
(x+)&4+=
O
E?N{:;*.3#n/bTM/4!Yz(/#I+/Q;y$95&%n#'
-;9,I%Z9*"%#*[#%Z4Y')(*3#%4l-WT"/#5*:I
#$&%4%#I+C$C(.=-#5{#+/*-4-#9Tg|[^&%4Lz(A%#*N#'
IyW$=/#I%"#B4+*.-4&-#z9T1$#?7@A#C#Y- #% (34IIT
+/*..0J&4^/*U%#%#*/!/,'*&(4/#A+*0J)
34:F)#+*.-4&-4z9T.[:&14
L½Í4Ä%½£»¾¿Å!Î¼!Î4¸ÆÃ#¸ÆÁÜ
!?>%4=
*(D+9/+$:E/%#'l#"#+/*-4-#9TL/*
zy
b
|{
I|
_}
,;1z5/
%TJ6!3#B%n_
~{
I|Iac#%4:;U/#B%4&01
!
=(3#IT
#
Y+/*.#01<?
@A#Q'1#+/*- &-#9Tl$\%{9/0J&J*&(,4:F4&% :;
/4!RJ !N^&+D- \(*3#%4N-WTV1*:I<#$&%#%4I+?~%
/#,:;*.%;yW,U&+/D(+/ID/*)34C\W% J*&(P*:I #$&%4%#I+[
#$:F"#*Y%#*,%4:;/&+/T1'3 &+F&%#U(-#z9TJ*(^
'.6.I%V4!/<[4-#3#D#:FZ$D-#C/*J0J&B5(x.9D9/0J!/
*(P4B#+*.-4&-4z9T*&(^/D;y=%4:;.?
.349B.5#J'.I%#+/

qDvn[4Q]#3#IT
u
qDv  C
+%#%#'M44"%4g
h
3#+TO# [7-#31%n#N]#34IIT
qDv ,,=/+=G-WT\I%/I+/%#'S4
h
3#+TC# [%4\*.%#T)z(
/#R+/*..0J&

%#$&TJ:;*.%4=%#'\*(*.%#T)/#S=/+=%4
'.*.&%4*W#
@
Q#*g%#*&V:;*%F&%fg *-4M*3*%k !P[
/#I%5893#01f/*L/#Z&+/%#%#'{#4V*O054+*!6./#
+/*..0J&<?Z]'.3#+/M|#*!D\

*! :F &+\*3/%#%#'M/#
'.*+/z/#0N?\%l/#J]#3#IT
u
qDv ,J*V%#*&B+/3#%l/#1*2
:&P4%#%#I+R*Q6.I+/z(TV#'S##Z3#+/%#'J4)&+/%#%#'
# ?>%4=V*&(76.I+/z(TW%#'5#\'I[,\/'.%"/#I0
%p%#z/'.N#+*.-4&-4z9T.?p@A#%$!/I+1%/#
h
34I+/T
# [P(R&%O'J$\4+=\*(DN *-4*3/*.%{ !P[
,B&##TJ/#B*:&#$&%#%4I+A*J34#'+FU/#+/*- &-#9T?
ÿ

ÿ%û

s

t
|
'ÿ
@A#
h
3#I+/Tg#4.=N$Q#Q%./*
/#+9/I4

^%Y3##&[WC=&+F:F<[&&% Y%Y3#4'+F=IP?
%{#13##&Q=IO,J#L%#*C+/I4+=%./%4'/#
=/+=Y%4O'*&~:I*%K '3#+F!/*.%

xz(/#ITn+J%#*5+/.T
/#I+/
@
,&% V:I*%#%4:EA/#C*54B+*0J&P?
%M/#Y+/:FM=M,\K4%4M#501*.=S#+/*- &-#\4&
(+/*0 9F&+\*l'*.74+*.3#'O/#+/*..0J&<?Z@A#Q4+*.-2
-#9Tg*&(BO4!/

$QIK4%#k54M#+/*W#34:EQ*(S/#
#+/*- &-#U*(~45'
f
*
{._{'{$@
l&*%#'"#J !
4
~
*

E?
{NK4%4#$14&-T=I=%#'O/#N'.V,I'F)/*
9;9@E
9.
&% N#%Z-WTV3 =%#'S 89=+F
R'.*&2
+/z/#0H*\K %414R4&QJ/#R01%#0)3#0 3#0 *&(<#'
,I'/?k (C%#*n4!/f;y=Q,V+/;/3#+/%(x3#+/[,I$=N,
#+/*:;"z/"/#B3##'.+/.C9/I<?
@A#O3##'.+/.L= 4%4"4O.:E/34&U6+K :I&*%
*(/#Q4&<?Z]+F=\Q%4I+)&~'B%/*MN#+*+/9T

Return path
NO
YES
Query phase
Update step
Upgrade step
Remove
edge
Path probability?
Search step
Path found?
Construction step
Expansion step
Learning phase



0
]'3#+/)|
G]*!e:F4&+V&%Q*!6.I+/6W*(<(3#IT

~qRvn?
h
3#3#Cz/"/#I+#'C#+/*-4-#9TQ#+.IT?G@A4I%
,>+/I!P#~(**!%#'**.B3#%.z/#I+&'<+/:F
#+/*- &-#9TQ|*.+>3#%#/#*:&##$&%4%#I+~#/:;*!6.I+FB:I*2
*%M&*%4'1#\ !
4<
>y/+/.:E/#)'BZ/#\*!A2
9\#+/*- &-#9TZ(+/*0 #
h
3#3#[^0J&1/#J*W:&>4%2
%#+7 +=(*.+0H#*% &:;*.*%1:F#:FG&*%#'S4, !P[
%4n/='%L4#'QZ%# #+*.-4&-4z9TLII%4#%#'L*%
/#D%#e:;**.%J:F#:FY+=*.3/*.%<? (/#R*:I##$&%#%#+
$/:;*!6+/7Y:;*.*%<[.R#I;R#U:;*.++/ *.%4%#'B#'
(+/*0 #)+*0J&Z%4N+I3#+/%N*Q#)+/:FZ=<[ 
,)+/I%4I+D#Y'.)%*Q/#)4+*+/z9T
h
3#I34Y&% M:;*.%2
/%W3##"3##'+F#Q*W*.<?M (4#+/*-4-#9TL*(R&>/#
'&*%#'1/#B4!/ZD3##'+F#*Z|C4I%N4
h
34I+/T
$=*.6.V&%4",B+I3#+/%/#B4&<?
k#%n%#I{*M3#4'+FQZ !n,:&7#(*2
*!%4'5*:I#%#%#+


! "$#&%')(+*
[
 -,!./'10*2,
E[

3

465
-,!./'10*2,

7 "$#&%8'9(+*
:;
<:=5
}
?>
*+@*
>BA
*
C
5


þ.ÿ
CED
:-;
F:
;E5
"$#&%8'9(+*HG
'
)I9"2,!*KJ-"
G
'
"2,!*KJ-"
C

L
;M
NPORQ
')*$*
ûÿ

û
!
t
9
*ÿ
C
5
C
G
e|
ûÿ

û
!k
ÿ
@A#Y*:&#%#%#+UI+(*+/0JR:I*$=*%L:F#:FS*%Z/#
=+F&'%#C- I9I%Q/#B=*.3#+F:;C&%4Q/&+/'I,:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%l*&(~#14&l.? c?C45%#+S%I+/*$!*%l- I9I%
"$#1%8')(+*
&% 
S ,!.'10*2,
E?>@A#SK4+F9,01S,U%#IJ*53##'.+/.
V4&OJ:&7#J*:I7#%#%#+Bz/
,9
3
<
|[P%4
/#1*:I7#$&%#%#+B +=(*.+0JBV=%#'.J:;*.$=*%O:F#:FM&
/#R01$#R*&(/#R4&<[.4I+/I-WT5#6W$%4'\4R4&J%./*
9,*n3#%4:F#:F:;*%4?jDIy05Ll%#I*g3##2
'.+/.\/#J4!/L,5%4:I+
9
3

>-WTM*.%#1&%4{:IG/#
*:I&~#%#%#+Y&'&%<?N@A#Q+/3#zYC/4!5J &6J/#
$=/&% :;C- I9I%Z34:I:I/=6C:;*.*%N:F#:FA&*%#'5/#
%4U:F"01BB3#4'+FS#B'.?
{~4b6.>:F#*.I%C/*D0J&>#,=01#(TW%4'S/3#01*%
/4!,#C%W3#0Y- +*(P01AY'6I%
%
~2 4:IR4&"4/=
/#J- *.3#%4#+TL*&(,#
%
~2c*.-49F:I1*%4T{II%44\*%{/#
I%#'*&(U#Z !P?kLM0J"#$Q/3#01*%fI6.I%
/#*3#'.CzP%#*&</+34G(*+P01*9^=+/34:;3#+/UI%W6W+*.%#01I%/[
-:&34lM&*!D34"*f:F#*W*.l054{#+/*-4-#9T
01*Ic[+&%#'J4)I%#'Z*&(7/#) !M*J/#)%W3#0Y- +
*(*.-49F:I7-*3#% #&+/TRI%#I+F!/*.%4I[%405TS4

G*$*%
$=+/-#3#*%
7T
y
U
z99
WV
}x
AYX>?Z
X>\[^]
`_
[R#I+/
B$
/#"I%4'&p*&(D/#" !P[
aU
z
B$1l=*:F4=$:Q6!+$&-#
+/I#+/I%/%#'\#U%W3#0)-I+,*&(/01/#S !V:;+/*./=7/#
~2 *-4=/.:;7- *.3#%4#+T.[!&%4
Lb

#$P#05&%\6!3#*&(
U
z99
;?
( R4!/\*&(#I%#'
Q
44^-II%Y=34::;=(3#TB:F#:FB&
I6.I
~9
3

-WT)/#R*:I&4#%#%#+~*3#%#J&-*!6.[&4I%Q
4.- I%16W$Y%./*\}
?>
*+@*
>
3#-4:;*%4[!.:F)*( I%#'
>
)cd!e&dfc
?GT)34=%#'S#

G*./*%B#+/*-4-#9TB01*W#I#&% \/#
W%#*!'.B !
gU
0)3 9C- 5I6.I%
`
x- :I34=Y45:I*%K4'2
3#+F!/*.%g%:Fp%4*&(D/#N4!/$1:;**.%g(+/I

\,
:&%l34:I\4)(*.*!%4';y#+//*.%N(*+D/#5#+*.-4&-42
9TJ !R54!/N,(-#Q_|`ba
b
;
R{$
3
@
ih
_
j
'
:k
fb
>
)cd!e1dKc
a
A
cdfe1dfc
>
)cd!e1dKcml
<:
|
>
cd!e1dKcmn
<:
{
9|

#+

F:
$J/#O=0J&="$9F&%4:I[De4:Fk,
A&%1*nI+(*+/0 :;*.$=*%f:F#:FJ*.%#'O4!/4I?D*&/
/4!BC$C*./=-#Y/*V:F4*.

<:
6I+/TZ=0Jc[P%4:I1zB$
3#%4TV !U#1I% =5+=*.3#*%ZG-Y+/.:F#N(*.+
%TJ !NIy:II/#\*3*%V4!/<?
b
f:I%p-N=01&g;yI+/01%.F&Tn3 =%#'L#V(x:;
/4!
mo
Q_
U
z99
a
q
pb

9?>,T":F &%#'.%#'Y4
Lb
Z4+/05I+,D$
*./=-#,*\:;*.%+/*W4#%#%#+/G#+/;(+%4:;A/*!,+/\(x=
#$&%4%#%4'"6?\=#*.+=C=*.3#*%l ! I[-#3#U/#$R(!/3#+5$
-IT.*%4#\/:;*. C*(^/#A &I+?
q
éÿ
t
bx
r
1s

^t
|
'ÿ
ig:;*.%49/+3 :E*%B=B%4I+/
U
+/%2
*.01TU:F#*.I%C:;*.*%U(+7+*.- *P:;*.%K4'34+/&*%4<%#*
%*A47(3#ITS+/*..0J&<?P <#%\:;*.%#%#:;/:FC*&(W/#
aU
%#n%#*^/*R/
Hs
:;*.=^%#'.W- *.+/Pz/)#'?
:F
*(,/#Q'B+#+/I%/BZ !n-;9,I%O9*Z%4*W#?
t
R%#A%5#'.I%#+/

qDv *C%#*>+34%5U*W:&#4%2
%#+U*N6+(TN#J'.[% 9/L,1.'%l\&%{%4z/
#+/*- &-#9TJ'6%"-WTQ
h
34!/*.%

=|
@
,

3
@
e#?
iD%1IyW &%4*.%5=

x01+7%1%4&3#+/,*Q_
ba
m
>:F#*W*.
u
%#*\&% O +=(*.+0J\N+F&%4#*0 A&L=/+=/%4'"(+/*0

Goal
Start
]'3#+/S}
Gi01%##3#$!*%J'.+/#<?
*$J%#~+/I#+/I%
/+/%4=P4&4&% B*&\%#^+/I#+/I%+F&% 9(+P4&4?
:FZ*&(G/#)%#*I?

:FN*&(7/#
u
%#*S&+/\:F#*.I%
+F&%4#*01Tz/N5#+/*- &-#9T
!3


h
34&/*
~
^3

C

:
!3

}

;
;

C
9
:
{
}
#I+/
C

:
^3
VN/#g%W3#0Y- +M*&(1'.M=/+=/%4'e!
%#*
m3
\ !~,I+/AK4+F9.#5*B/#D+/*.#015%41$!+
Il3#+/%#'Q/#
h
34I+/TV44?
;
;

C

:
$S#Y*2
F&#%W3#0Y- +>*&(I;/5#'?%1:
;
;

C

:
>C,
W"#BIy4&%4*%N9/I<?
o
ø
pqp
f
rutwv
÷¡R
wv
óZK[åS

åøådZWYS÷([
XS3#+"&##+/*..:Fp/*g0J&%##3#$!/*.%k#$&%#%#%#'g${9,*
I6.I&01;/#*?P%C/#7K4+F=<6I74b6.7,(3#ITR+/*.#01
#$:F4bT~#C+/*R*&()0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#l_ `!a ?7@A#
#34+*.7*&(W4>0J&%##3#$!/*.%B'+F&#C$*R#:;*.01 *=G/#
0J&%4#34&*%k#$&%#%4%#'p#+*.-#I0 %*p0)3##l*%.2
/*&2  *.%A4!/"#$&%4%#%4'54+*.-#0JI[W#$:FV+C*6-WT
(3#ITU *.%2/*&2  *.%
4
~qRvH4%#%#I+F<&<#=:;*% SI6.Ic?
:FZ%#*Y%Z/#501%##3#$!*%l'+F&#Z+/I#+/I%FR
$&%4#01+N:;*.%4=%#'J*&(~J+/#Y:I*%/%4%#'"1+F&%4=(*+2
0J!/*.%0J&+/zy

#

[B'+F %W3#0Y- +
PV
0)')."fJ
[B&%4
+/*-*&1:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%n6:E*.+
'9#

?

#

 :;K45l=/&2
-#N#$:;01I%5*(R/#N01%##3#$!g*.-89:;[~4I+//#
*.-89:;):I&%{-JI(o)3#%#'.+/.=L-WTM4J+*.- *?
V
0/'9.-"fJ
$
/#B%W3#0)-I+*(G5'+F+/I$!/*.%*(^/#B*-89:E?Gim'.+/.=
+/I$!/*.%e=:IzK4nI'&S *=*% %4f*+/I%/&*%f*&(
/#5*W*Gl+/:EU*"454.:;I01%.C*&(~#1*-#89:E[
&Q#:F/#N*W*RQ-#N*n'+Fp*.-89:;?
p '9#

1$Q
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*%56:E/*+G(*+>#D+/*-*&[!(*+~#:F5/#D+/*-*&
/**.$)-#Q*L'+F{#"*-89:EY4.:;p!

#

3 =%#'
/#\'+F":;K4N-T"'+F"+/I$!/*.%
VY0/')."fJ
#?@A4B01&2
%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#p')+/I#+/I%F\/+/%4=J&%4p+F&%4=2
(+S:;*%4?AP&% 0J&+/WD#*.B'+F"+/I$!/*.%4D+C/#
/&01Z&+/V:I*%#%4:E/-WTpL+F&%4=(I+1#'?k^&%40J+
#*=U*-#89:EA*.z/*.%4A&+/R/#B05C&+/S:I*%#%4:E/"-WT
Y+F&% ='.?
]'3#+/1}"#*!DSN0J&0J%#43#&*%L'+F&#<?YD*&/
/4!19,*L*(R4V$&% 0J&+/W1+V:;*%4%#:;-WTg-*&f
/+/%49(+\&%4OV/+/%4=B'.?@A4B$B-:&341#19,*
$&%4#01+>4+-*&/J#U01D*-89:E+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
%4Q/#\/&01C'+F%W3#0)-I+?
(#,74B:I*01#;~4!/\#$&%#%#+/P!</#~:;*.%4CI6
,%O_ `!a

E[,S,*3#$"- B&-4S*16+(T14UIy=%4:;U*&(
:FN*&(G4B+F&%4S&%4V/+/%4=(I+D4&4R%N/#\0J&%4#3#2
$!/*.%M'+F&#M#3#+%#'V:;+/!/*.%<?UL1:;*.3#Z#1=*.6.\/#
0J&%4#34&*%M#$&%4%#%4'"#+/*-40 -WTM.#%#'V.#*%4
$&%4#01+U+/I#+/I%%#'#Q=/+=\&% l'.*.&7:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%4*&(4~=T=0V[!%4C=&+F:FR/#>0J&%##3#$!/*.%C'+F&#
(*.+YZ4&p:I*%#%4:E/%4'Z#V9F&+Y&% n'*&>$&%4#01+?
]%4&TO,:;*.3#$g:;*.%4:I&I% !Q#V% 6W$34~/+/%49(+
%4Y+F&%4z'.>*.%#'C#R4!/J%*\#R*3/*.%J01&2
%##3#$!/*.%" !P?
i wJ:I3#C4+*.-#0 S !B534Y*.%#TV4+*.-4&-#=2
/:&Tn:;*.01#I"#%#%#+/Y!)/#":I*%4g6Ic?
~+*.-2
-#$9/:&Tk:;*.01#IO#$&%#%4I+F"+{3#%4-#L*f:;$
#I#+\N'6%
h
3#+TM$B3#% =*.6!&-4
C#Tl>%4I6+
/I+/05%4&~(
h
3#+U(*.+%\3#%4*6!&-#~4&<?G@^*R34>/#
- *!6.\&'*+/#0 ,\%#IZ/*":;$)*.%l=*.01)0J!y01
+/:F1/01[#34:FJ/4!A(P4U:I*%4JI6.I#$&%#%#+3 =
01*+/Q/4&%p#$1&01*34%.5*&(D/01"#%p,V#:;$"4&
/#
h
3#+T3#%4*6!&-#?,3NpI2cI:E":I*3#$k-
/4!~wQ:;3#~'G#:FJ+A%#:;//&+/T\%5/#R*3*%
4&N&+/C+*.%#'&(3#TI;/"(+/*0 /#B+*0J<?
{)4b6.):F#*.I%ZQ#zI+/I%U##+/*..:FN%4N,\34)
(3#ITL+*0J&{/*Z+#+=%B#Q0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4<?
{>;P/#~'~#+*.-4&-4z9TS*&(#'.6.I%C'.

,II%4\*%
#*!n0Y34:FB/01#A:;*.++/ *.%4%#'R:I*%4BI6.I#$&%#%#+
4.=I%R+/:F#%#')(*+A4B4!/V+/I4+=%./-T

9;
m|
L
;
C

;
;
;

;
C

{
x`

#I+/
;
C

;
RU/#101Q=I%B-WTZ#Q:I*%4LI6
qDv +/:F#%#'n(*.+V#{4!/+/I4+=%./k-WT
[S%4
;
;

;
C

JB#1/*&/G01Q=I%)-WTl>:I*%4{I6
#$&%4%#I+FI?
@A#V0J&%##3#$!/*.%g#$&%#%#+Y$5&'.%6W$g%*{
+%#%#'Y#4C&%4"
h
3#I+/TJ#4.=.[W#:FV&+/U#'.%#
-WTZ&%4*.'T"*"#1:;*.++/*%4%#'Q44U*&(
:;*%L}#[
Iy:II^4&P/#0J%#43#&*%B'.+/#B^-#3#$)3#+/%#'D/#
%"%#$&<+/3#%V*&(#B+%#%#'5#4.=.?
ÿþ.ÿ
t
bx
r
{s

t
|
'ÿ
%"/#\:;34++/I%6+/*.%*(^/#
#$&%4%#I+U453 =+B*+U#J:II%\=*(o9,+54.R/*Z=3#4#T
-*&/

#

[
VY0)')."fJ
C&%4
-')#

G(*+G.:FY*(44%40J&+/^%
/#Y0J%#43#&*%{'+F&#P?B U$C *-#Y*V+/34:I)/#$
+/
h
3#+01I%*B893 9

#

B-WTN&3/*0J!/:&TV:I:I3#&%#'
'9#

%4
V
0/'9."KJ
3 =%#'D%W6I+F7%#01&$:IP*+^D%#01&$:
+/*..0J&_|Ea ?
#*W*.%4'"/#Q=/&-41*-#89:EB*.z/*.%4C$
"4&+FM4+*.-#0%{/I(9?Y{J:;3#+/+%TV+/ITl*ITN*%
/#S3 =+/*5.#3wQ:;I%9F&-#U *=*%4~*50J&.R/#
#+/*-40=*.6!-#.?
@A#"%40J&+/B*&(*34+)+/*.#01n&+/Q#O*%#-T
*.%#[)%4j:Fj$&%40J+{:;*.%#%#:;*e/#p*#+

$&%4#01+J%e/#l+/*..0J&<?j (B9,*g$&%4#01+4b6
/#Q015*.-89:;\:;*%#K4'3#+F!/*.%M/#IT{&+/5:I*%#%#:E/{-WT
N/+/%4z\'.?V (A/#IT{4b61/#"/&01J'.+/.={+&*%
/#ITM+5:;*%4%#:;l-WTN+F&% 9(+S'.?
M
~[%#*V#'
$S.#?DiRS%M#5]#3#IT

~qDv ,)*"%#*&S6I+/(T/#
(-#z9TJ*(<#C'4I%Q/#IT"&+/S:;+/&[W%4=
%#'G&+/,.'.%#5&%5#'A#+/*-4-#9TB*&(
~ _
=%4:;J|
Y01%4A !A#B !N4.A- I%V(*34%4
~
E?
%e:V*(\O+'.Z%340)-I+Q*(C$&% 0J&+/W1"01'
-\%#:;//&+/T1*J*%4TV:;*%4%#:;D:FN$&%4#01+Q*J/
s
:I*=9%#'.-*+F[W:F4*.I%V-T"=*.05B$=/&% :;C01;+/$:&?
ÿ
ÿ%û

s

^t
|
'ÿ
{l=/+=J/#
h
3#I+/Tp44Z-WT
3##&%#'N#J0J%#43#&*%O'+F&4L{4Q9F&+)&%4
'.*.&G:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%Z*(>#1TW=0N?U (#5*-#89:EC$R3#%#2
'.+/.=O%pz/#I+Y#N=/&+Y*.+Y'.*.:;*.%K4'.3#+/&*%O/#
:I*+/+=*%4#%#'Y%40J&+/QP4b6C&%V3#%4IK4%#"'.+/.=
%W3#0Y- +?%N#$D:I.=C/#\%#*BP*%4T"- ):I*%#%4:E/
/*L*#+Y%#*5z/p/#V/&01"*-89:E5+F&%4=(*+/0J!*%
-WTJ/+/%4=D4&4?
@A#R*:I 4%#%#I+F>3 =J3#+/%#')#S3##'.+/.R=IQ*
K4% M(-#\/+/%4zC*+S+F&%4=(I+U4&4S(*+U/#Y%46W2
34<#'*.%#'1101%##3#$!*%N4&<[ &+/C#zI+/I%D%2
=/%4:;7*&(#D(3#IT)*%.2/*&2  *.%

qDv #%#%#+#XS%#
%4=/&% :;Y(*+U:FL *-#Y'+FM*&(~#1*-#89:E?\@A#
#$&%4%#I+FC&+/)34M*N#$&%M/#5+F&%4=(I+U4&4?)@^*"3##2
'.+/.)1/+/%49(+S')z/LQ &+$:;3#$&+S'+F<[4,)34
/#\]#3#IT
~qDv /=*:I&z/V#$'+F<?
{l:;*.3#$ b6N% :;34k%k% 9F&%4:IZ*&(U#Z(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
g
~qRv #$&%#%4I+(*+G.:FY=/-#,#$:II01I%
*(<#C*.-89:;[&%44I%V34=S4S#$&%4%#I+F*5#%Q/#
/+/%4=\4&4?
% :;J/#Q%W3#0)-I+Y*&(D=/&-4Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!2
/*.%$534=3 &Tn$&+/'

$&+/'I+Y4I%#N%W3#0)-I+1*(S(o2
(+%.\'.+/.= 
$
;[P&%4n%4:;J\)3434&Tl0)34:Fn+C*
#$&%nV/+/%4=\4&{4%{*Z#$&%nV+F&% 9(+B4!/<[^,
4b6.:F#*.I%1B+%.,=*.3/*.%<?L34RC%#'.A(34IIT
*%=2c*&2 *%.
(
qDv *Q*6B&/+/%4=D4&4?>{)*
/#D-T"/=*:;$!/%4'51=*&(G#+/*-4-#[*%#U(*+:F
=/-#)*-89:ER*.z/*.%<[z/Z#)'.[4%49/.Z*&(8934=
*.%#\#+/*-4-#9T?A{Y:F#*W*.C4)+/'..SI%+/T"%N4)=
 %4%#'Z*%L4Q9F&-#1*-89:E\#$:II01I%\/=*:I&
V4C+F&%4z4&N,C+B:I*%4#I+/%#' ?
'#$:Fl&+/\/='%4V#+/*-4-#9TV1(*.+SJ'.6.I%
*.-89:;M#.:;05%Z+V8934=l#$#%m#I%m,n01n
h
3#+TO(*.+14&14.:;I01%.?@A4"'J&+/"#*!,I6.I+
.I%Q4U+/*..0J&"3#%#T&+/S.'.%##+/*-4-#2
9TJB(*+A& *-4S*-89:E4.:;I01%.FI?G@A#U#+/*-4-#2
9TJ*&(</#C'.%"4S0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#Q$,'6I%"-WT
h
3 !*%
z
`
;?A]4+*.0/4!U
h
34&*%NzC:I%Z- )I%N4&
%B'.>%#I6.I+P-.'%#S4+*.-4&-#z9TC#?@A#I+/;(*.+
,%#6+5IV'.)(+*.0 #V0J&%##3#$!/*.%p'.+/#<?
34# *=A/4!7/#34I+7*.+G#D:II%~*&(o9A&+/4.>4
3wQ:;I%L%4*W#l#3#+%#'k/#p+%4%#'e= 34:Fm4&
/#I+/Q;y$95M4&
4

$
B(+*.0 =/+=\/*M'*&,&%4n&)=
*.%#S*(<4S4&4,$:;34T5(-#.?>@A#I%"*3#+'.*&2
+/z/#0 *.%4:;C%
h
3#+T#4[DP=/bT1/#I+/B3#%/#
0J&%4#34&*%V#+*.-#I0 $D*6<?
i

gceRTS

ce[éWµZKd
t
ïceU6ødWµU
@A#~'.*+/z/#0eA01#01I%C%
)
GgG
n*%\
<
..v

R
G%./340=A+/3#%#%#%#'Qk%4*!DSR@C?XS3#+D#+/*'.+/0 34
|

`l:I*%44Y*.%g/#Zb6I+F&'.
u
9|l3#-4
h
3#%.J+/3#%4
6
B/*
*6O/#p0J&%4#34&*%j#+/*-#I0 #+/*-#I0 #*!%m*%
]'3#+/Q`#?V@A#)#+/*-#I0 %W6*.6.B%O<2 4 L*.-89:;
%45D%#$&T54.C9F&-##$:II01I%/~*&(4D*-89:E?
@A#U0J&%##3#$!/*.%"'.+/#":I*%/%4)*/*&(|

Y$&% W2
0J&+/I?
Rb
ZA9/0J&V/*
|
}}#?@A#)'*.D*Q-4+%#'
/#*.-89:;)(+/*0 #V*.z/*.%p=4*!%g!5%44=4*&

;[
#+5/#J*-89:EB$C- #% {#J+/'.U*.-49F:I.[*N/#
K4% & *=*%N#*!%"&%44=4*&
f

m
E[##+S4U*.-89:;
$B-;9,II%{/#J9,*Z*-4=/.:;C*%O/#J;(o?Z,:&341*&(
/#S$&+/'S=IU&%4Q#C9/+/%#'S=4 S*&(</#U*-89:E[/#
+/*-*&14Y/*{431#N*-#89:EQ*!%&%4p+'+Fg5/*
:I*01#;U/#C/.=?
SVU6ùøåU%U6SV÷([
{S4b6.R34:I:I/9(3#T5='%4Q%4J05405%&%
'.*+/z/#0:I4&-4B*(G &%4%#'J0J&%##3#$!/*.%V4%#%#%#'
(*.+PDTW=0:I*%4$9/%#'*(#D=%#'.>+/#3#%4#%.<+/*-*&&+/0
0J&%4#34&%#'Y5=%#'.S05*!6!-#S*-89:EAz/")K4%#C=I
*(P9F&-#S4.:;I01%.FI?7@A#$,,.#*%#S-TJIyWI% %4')/#
qDv (+F&01*.+Nn&%{'.Y4+*.-4&-#z9Tl%#%#*/!/
+/*..0J&<[:IVY(3#IT+/*..0J&<?
ûÿ
)ns
ûü
ÿ
W
ÿ
W

S3#+/%4'#A6I*405%P*&(
/#):;34++/I%S##+/*.:FP[\ b6\$:I34/=V#Y *-42
9T1*&(P01*!6W%4'\4S/+/%4=(I+,4!/4>(+/*0 /#C=:;*% QI6
qDvM~*Y#SK4+F9A6 0J&%4#34&*%'.+/#<?G@A#$
+/I01*!6)#1/011*.=C4I%
h
34I+/T%#'V41:I*%4LI6
qDv (*+5/+/%49(+Y ! )/4!J*{%#*&1;y$9?p]#34+=/#I+2
01*+/[G%:Q",%)*L'%#I+F!/J#V9F&-#*.-89:;
:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% ~&3#*0J&$:I&T[zA- U*./=-#R/*YI2
3 :;B%(*+/0J!*%V(+/*0#\0J%#43#&*%N'+F&4V- *.3
#+1%l/#J,*+/W4.:;)\,*3#$l-Q#6b%/&'.I*.34D/*
'.I%#+/&Y#=Q:I*%K4'.3#+F!*% I?J@A#$C#N$C3#%4+\%#2
6.='.!/*.%<?
®Q´

±X°
 
% #&
"!
p4
$#%!'&
4&
)(
µ¿8)º*
$*
g
%!
%
,+
#
.-/
X #&
10
2&
*"
43
£ #
5+
#&8"
46
 #&
17
80

90$
Xa
:<;
!&8 #
=&>+ -

?*@(AB0
 #"X$
DC&>E
µ*
&F0
*
G;&>0
-( Ë
IH
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;KJ L
¦*
$#
B'"
D0$
% #&
(M&?(
µ¿
NEK;OCP;
XX
2&IQ"&=6

&?#
Â
&
*&
E
µ"s&
GA(R7
(
µ*
G0
 #"
%(&
4
G0"EK;S3
10
RTU- V
é-
WW
,-
XV!'&
HV+.-é+
Y7Z[
*3'2'2
?\O&
*"6
3
10
RT.-
+¬0
BW
s0
RV^]=[
'2
?\F7
2
<]]
2'2
F3)J? 
%
_&?AR0$
%4&
P!

A+

`+
#
,#

a0

0$M&
*"
B#
0$
%K&
10
K4)
b0$
X£
:K;
!&8 
5&?+P-

*@(BAB0
 #"%$
^c
é
?A(.&>0
-é #
H
£"X
26
'Ë
G7
&8
80;
5
ed
é"X
,#fc
£*V!'"E
g0
Ë&8Ë"Ù5
RC&
H&p/
N6
'Ë$
e&?&
4V
@&
*"%
@h
L*
G0
Ë"
C
Ù #"6å
g0
Ë&8"
I&>0_H
£"X
26
'Ë&8
80;
*)Ù0Â
AR0$
%Ë"
^i
:"
B*j&
4
$#
:)º4
0$
X ð

*@*
gË"
<0
&
&
*"6B&
GA(B(
µ*
G0=J

Citations
More filters
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Sampling-Based Motion Planning Using Predictive Models

TL;DR: Experimental results show that the exploitation of the information obtained through sampling and represented in a predictive model results in a significant decrease in the computational cost of motion planning.

A Machine Learning Approach for Feature-Sensitive Motion Planning.

TL;DR: This paper uses a machine learning approach to characterize and partition C-space into regions that are well suited to one of the methods in the authors' library of roadmapbased motion planners, and demonstrates that the simple prototype system reliably outperforms any of the planners on their own.
Journal ArticleDOI

Multi-modal Motion Planning in Non-expansive Spaces

TL;DR: In this paper, a probabilistic roadmap (PRM) based multi-modal planning algorithm for problems where the number of intersecting manifolds is finite is presented. But this algorithm does not consider the submanifolds that are individually expansive, a property that characterizes whether planning queries can be solved efficiently.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Rapidly-exploring roadmaps: Weighing exploration vs. refinement in optimal motion planning

TL;DR: The rapidly-exploring roadmap (RRM), a new method for single-query optimal motion planning that allows the user to explicitly consider the trade-off between exploration and refinement, is presented.
Proceedings ArticleDOI

Probabilistic roadmap motion planning for deformable objects

TL;DR: This paper proposes and analyzes two methods for motion planning for deformable robots, based on a probabilistic roadmap planner, that are more efficient than completely, physically correct methods.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI

Probabilistic roadmaps for path planning in high-dimensional configuration spaces

TL;DR: Experimental results show that path planning can be done in a fraction of a second on a contemporary workstation (/spl ap/150 MIPS), after learning for relatively short periods of time (a few dozen seconds).
Proceedings Article

OBPRM: an obstacle-based PRM for 3D workspaces

TL;DR: This paper presents a new class of randomized path planning methods, known as Probabilistic Roadmap Methods (prms), which use randomization to construct a graph of representative paths in C-space whose vertices correspond to collision-free con gurations of the robot.
Proceedings Article

On finding narrow passages with probabilistic roadmap planners

TL;DR: Y@lBEDGF HEIKJ L„DzMPORQSIUT MV@CW2X >A@CBEDGF HeIKJRX\[^]\X,L>z]  ~Uw ’Nw2x  “eUfa3Vx=
Proceedings Article

Two manipulation planning algorithms

TL;DR: This paper addresses the motion planning problem for a robot in presence of movable objects with an overview of a general approach which consists in building a manipulation graph whose connected components characterize the existence of solutions.