Journal ArticleDOI
Adaptive thermogenesis with weight loss in humans.
TLDR
Adaptive thermogenesis with weight loss refers to underfeeding‐associated fall in resting and non‐resting energy expenditure (REE, non‐REE); this is independent of body weight and body composition.Abstract:
Adaptive thermogenesis (AT) with weight loss refers to underfeeding-associated fall in resting and non-resting energy expenditure (REE, non-REE); this is independent of body weight and body composition. In humans, the existence of AT was inconsistently shown and its clinical significance has been questioned.
Objectives:
Discrepant findings are mainly due to different definitions of AT, the use of various and nonstandardized study protocols, and the limits of accuracy of methods to assess energy expenditure. With controlled underfeeding, AT takes more than 2 wk to develop. AT accounts to an average of 0.5 MJ (or 120 kcal) with a considerable between subject variance.
Design and Methods:
Low-sympathetic nervous system activity, 3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) and leptin are likely to add to AT; however, the kinetic changes of their plasma levels with underfeeding differ from the time course of AT and controlled intervention studies substituting and titrating these hormones are rare in humans. AT in response to underfeeding is independent of thermogenesis in response to either diet or cold. Although fat-free mass (FFM) and, thus, liver, and skeletal muscle are considered as major sites of AT, cold-induced nonshivering thermogenesis relates to the metabolism of brown adipose tissue (BAT). In humans, diet-induced thermogenesis is related to postprandial substrate metabolism of FFM with a questionable role of BAT. Obviously, the REE component of AT differs from and its non-REE component with respect to organ contribution as well as mechanisms. Thus, AT cannot be considered as unique.
Conclusions:
AT should be characterized based on individual components of daily energy expenditure, detailed body composition analyses, and mathematical modeling. The biological basis of AT as well as the influences of age, sex, obesity, stress, and inflammation remain to be established in humans.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Persistent metabolic adaptation 6 years after “The Biggest Loser” competition
Erin Fothergill,Juen Guo,Lilian Howard,Jennifer C. Kerns,Nicolas D. Knuth,Robert J. Brychta,Kong Y. Chen,Monica C. Skarulis,Mary Walter,Peter Walter,Kevin D. Hall +10 more
TL;DR: To measure long‐term changes in resting metabolic rate (RMR) and body composition in participants of “The Biggest Loser” competition, data are collected over a 12-month period in order to establish a baseline for future studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Human Microbiome and Obesity: Moving beyond Associations
TL;DR: The current status of microbiome research as it relates to understanding obesity from the perspective of both communities is discussed, the underlying research challenges are outlined, and directions to advance the obesity-microbiome field as a whole are suggested.
Journal ArticleDOI
Obesity Energetics: Body Weight Regulation and the Effects of Diet Composition.
Kevin D. Hall,Juen Guo +1 more
TL;DR: A meta-analysis of 32 controlled feeding studies with isocaloric substitution of carbohydrate for fat found that both energy expenditure and fat loss were greater with lower fat diets, with the set-point model being most commensurate with current data.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metabolic adaptation to caloric restriction and subsequent refeeding: the Minnesota Starvation Experiment revisited
Manfred J. Müller,Janna Enderle,Maryam Pourhassan,Wiebke Braun,B. Eggeling,M. Lagerpusch,Claus-Christian Glüer,Joseph J. Kehayias,Dieter Kiosz,Anja Bosy-Westphal +9 more
TL;DR: During early weight loss, Adaptive thermogenesis is associated with a fall in insulin secretion and body fluid balance, and its effect on weight regain is identified.
Journal ArticleDOI
Changes in Energy Expenditure with Weight Gain and Weight Loss in Humans
TL;DR: Innovative topics of Adaptive thermogenesis in humans are on its definition and assessment, its dynamics related to weight loss and its constitutional and neuro-endocrine determinants.
References
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