Journal ArticleDOI
Age and inhibition
TLDR
Two experiments assess adult age differences in the extent of inhibition or negative priming generated in a selective-attention task within the Hasher-Zacks (1988) framework, which proposes inhibition as a central mechanism determining the contents of working memory and consequently influencing a wide array of cognitive functions.Abstract:
Two experiments assess adult age differences in the extent of inhibition or negative priming generated in a selective-attention task. Younger adults consistently demonstrated negative priming effects; they were slower to name a letter on a current trial that had served as a distractor on the previous trial relative to one that had not occurred on the previous trial. Whether or not inhibition dissipated when the response to stimulus interval was lengthened from 500 ms in Experiment 1 to 1,200 ms in Experiment 2 depended upon whether young subjects were aware of the patterns across trial types. Older adults did not show inhibition at either interval. The age effects are interpreted within the Hasher-Zacks (1988) framework, which proposes inhibition as a central mechanism determining the contents of working memory and consequently influencing a wide array of cognitive functions. Language: enread more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Cognition and Depression: Current Status and Future Directions
Ian H. Gotlib,Jutta Joormann +1 more
TL;DR: It is argued that the study of cognitive aspects of depression must be broadened by investigating neural and genetic factors that are related to cognitive dysfunction in this disorder via integrative investigations to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how cognitive and biological factors interact to affect the onset, maintenance, and course of depression.
Journal ArticleDOI
Development of cognitive control and executive functions from 4 to 13 years: Evidence from manipulations of memory, inhibition, and task switching
TL;DR: This is one of the first studies, in children or adults, to explore: (a) how memory requirements interact with spatial compatibility and (b) spatial incompatibility effects both with stimulus-specific rules (Simon task) and with higher-level, conceptual rules.
Journal ArticleDOI
Aging and Inhibition: Beyond a Unitary View of Inhibitory Processing in Attention
TL;DR: Old adults had more difficulty than young adults in stopping an overt response and adopting new rules in a categorization task, however, elderly and young adults produced equivalent negative priming effects, response compatibility effects, spatial precuing effects, and self-reported cognitive failures.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Motivated Action Theory Account of Goal Orientation.
TL;DR: A dynamic self-regulation model of goal orientation, termed motivated action theory, is presented to integrate the various conceptual perspectives and to provide guidelines for future goal orientation research.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mediators of long-term memory performance across the life span.
Denise C. Park,Anderson D. Smith,Gary J. Lautenschlager,Julie L. Earles,David Frieske,Melissa D. Zwahr,Christine L. Gaines +6 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that both speed and working memory are fundamental to explaining age-related changes in cognitive aging but that the relative contributions of these constructs vary as a function of the type of memory task.
References
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Book ChapterDOI
Working Memory, Comprehension, and Aging: A Review and a New View
Lynn Hasher,Rose T. Zacks +1 more
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the theoretical and empirical literature that addresses aging and discourse comprehension and a series of five studies guided by a particular working memory viewpoint regarding the formation of inferences during discourse processing are described.
Journal ArticleDOI
Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information-processing system.
TL;DR: The purpose of this review is to formulate a revised model of information processing that takes into account recent research on memory storage, selective attention, effortful versus automatic processing, and the mutual constraints that these areas place on one another.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Negative Priming Effect: Inhibitory Priming by Ignored Objects:
TL;DR: Positive priming was demonstrated with categorically related objects, which suggests that ignored objects achieve categorical levels of representation, and that the inhibition may be at this level.
Book
Practical aspects of memory : current research and issues
Abstract: RESPONSE BIAS WITH PROTOTYPIC FACES Kennech R. Laughery and Dean G. Jensen Department of Psychology, Rice University Houston, Texas, U.S.A. Michael S. Wogalcer Department of Psychology, University of Richmond Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A. Three experiments employed a facial recognition task where target faces did not appear in a five or six-item test sec. The test set consisted of a prototype face that differed by one feature from each of the distractors, which in turn differed by two features from each other. Subjects ranked the faces on the likelihood they were a target face. Results showed the prototype was ranked significantly above chance, indicating the procedure resulted in a response bias. The findings have implications for lineup and photospread construction. This paper presents the results of three experiments that addressed the issue of response bias in a facial recognition task. This issue concerns the situation in which the recognition test set contains a face that is a prototype of the others in the set. For example, suppose the set is made up of faces each of which is a variation on one particular face, the prototype, that is also included in the set. One might expect that such a set would result in a response bias favoring the identification of the prototype face. There is some support for this prototype notion in a study by Solso and McCarthy (1981). Using a recognition memory paradigm, they constructed distractor faces from the features of faces that hed been presented. Their subjects were more confident in recognizing (incorrectly} the distractor faces than the faces they had seen. Additionally, Wogalter and Jensen (1986) have demonstrated a bias towards a prototype in a recognition task using nonfacial stimuli. The practical issue with which this work is concerned is fairness, or its opposite -bias, in law enforcement lineups and photospreads. A biased lineup is one where persons who were not witnesses to a crime are IIIOre likely than chance to pick the suspect, Malpass and Devine (1983) and Wells (1978) have discussed lineup bias and have noted that the suspect must not be distinctive in comparison with other members (the distractors). Malpass and Devine (1983) reported an experiment in which similarity between a suspect photograph and the other photospread members was manipulated. Their results showed an increase in fairness with increasing suspect-distractor similarity. Hence, in constructing lineups or photospreads, law enforcement agencies would be advised : o s~iec c ii neup ~r pno cospread d i scractors who are similar co the susp ect. But such an a ppro ach creates th e possibilit y of bias due to th~ suspect bei ng a pr ot otype of the lineu p or phocospread faces. That is, che suspect may have more features in common with th e di s cr ac tors chan the di stract o rs 9hare with each other. In this reg ar d the suspect may be distinctive, and in situation s where the sus pec c i s not the target per son (criminal ) , th e Lineup or phocos pread may fail a cru c ial cr it erion in that the likelihood of the suspecc being chose n is greater than chance. The · pr es en t experiments employ a recognition paradigm. In Experiment l subjects saw a s ingle target face before examining a gr oup of photographs -a photospread. ln Experiments 2 and 3, sub je ct s saw a large number of faces, and then examined a series of phoco spre ads. ln Experiment l the target face appeared in some of the photospre ads, wher eas in Experiments 2 and 3 it did not. Each of che phot ospreads was made up of a prototype face (not the targ~t ) and dist r actors that were more similar to th e prototype face than th e y were to each othe r . The hypothesis is that the likelihood is greater than chance that the prototype will be identified as a target fa ce. In additi on t o differences in some procedural details, th e experiments al so differed in the stimulus materials used: identi-Kit faces, Mac -a-Mug Pro faces and photographs of real faces. A sample Mac-a-Mug photospread is shown in Figure l.