Journal ArticleDOI
Alphavirus infections in salmonids – a review
M F McLoughlin,David Graham +1 more
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TLDR
This paper aims to draw together both historical and current knowledge of the diseases caused by SAVs, the viruses, their diagnosis and control, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of similar pathologies seen in cardiomyopathy syndrome and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of Atlantic salmon.Abstract:
The first alphavirus to be isolated from fish was recorded in 1995 with the isolation of salmon pancreas disease virus from Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Ireland. Subsequently, the closely related sleeping disease virus was isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), in France. More recently Norwegian salmonid alphavirus (SAV) has been isolated from marine phase production of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Norway. These three viruses are closely related and are now considered to represent three subtypes of SAV, a new member of the genus Alphavirus within the family Togaviridae. SAVs are recognized as serious pathogens of farmed Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout in Europe. This paper aims to draw together both historical and current knowledge of the diseases caused by SAVs, the viruses, their diagnosis and control, and to discuss the differential diagnosis of similar pathologies seen in cardiomyopathy syndrome and heart and skeletal muscle inflammation of Atlantic salmon.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
The current status and future focus of probiotic and prebiotic applications for salmonids
Daniel L. Merrifield,Arkadios Dimitroglou,Andrew D. Foey,Simon J. Davies,R.T.M. Baker,Jarl Bøgwald,Mathieu Castex,Einar Ringø +7 more
TL;DR: The application of probiotics and prebiotics may result in elevated health status, improved disease resistance, growth performance, body composition, reduced malformations and improved gut morphology and microbial balance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Environmental drivers of Atlantic salmon behaviour in sea-cages: A review
TL;DR: Understanding the spatial and temporal variability of key environmental variables within sea-cages and how salmon respond to them may enable modifications to sea- cage environments to improve welfare outcomes, feeding regimes, artificial light management strategies and the efficacy of sea-lice treatments.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Antiviral Innate Immune Response in Fish: Evolution and Conservation of the IFN System
Christelle Langevin,Elina Aleksejeva,Gabriella Passoni,Nuno Palha,Nuno Palha,Nuno Palha,Jean-Pierre Levraud,Jean-Pierre Levraud,Pierre Boudinot +8 more
TL;DR: By comparing the IFN system between teleosts and mammals, this review will focus on its evolution in vertebrates, suggesting that it originated in early vertebrates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses
TL;DR: In this review, aspects of the agent and diseases caused by ranaviruses are contrasted with those due to megalocytiviruses to promote accurate diagnosis and characterization of the agents responsible.
Journal ArticleDOI
Viruses of Fish: An Overview of Significant Pathogens
Mark St. J. Crane,Alex D. Hyatt +1 more
TL;DR: A review of the more significant viral pathogens of finfish, including aquabirnaviruses and infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus which have been known since the first half of the 20th century, and more recent viral pathogens that have emerged as aquaculture has undergone a dramatic expansion in the past few decades.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Evolutionary Relationships and Systematics of the Alphaviruses
Ann M. Powers,Aaron C. Brault,Yukio Shirako,Ellen G. Strauss,Wenli Kang,James H. Strauss,Scott C. Weaver +6 more
TL;DR: Tree topologies indicated that the mosquito-borne alphaviruses could have arisen in either the Old or the New World, with at least two transoceanic introductions to account for their current distribution.
Journal ArticleDOI
Vitamin E and selenium interrelations in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): gross, histological and biochemical deficiency signs
TL;DR: Either simultaneous or separate dietary deficiencies of vitamin E and selenium in Atlantic salmon during first 4 weeks of feeding caused twice the mortality shown in fish fed both supplemental vitamin E (0.5 IU/g dry diet) and seenium (01 mug/g).
Journal ArticleDOI
Infectious pancreatic necrosis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Ronald J. Roberts,M D Pearson +1 more
TL;DR: A distinctive syndrome was evident in both post-smolts in sea water and fry in fresh water, where liver lesions became a consistent finding in addition to the more typical pancreatic and intestinal changes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fish immunoglobulins and the genes that encode them
Melanie Wilson,Gregory W. Warr +1 more
TL;DR: Evidence supports a conclusion that fish lack the typical secondary antibody response seen in mammals, and possess antibodies of limited heterogeneity, and the genetic basis for fish antibodies is presented.
Journal ArticleDOI
Comparison of Two Aquatic Alphaviruses, Salmon Pancreas Disease Virus and Sleeping Disease Virus, by Using Genome Sequence Analysis, Monoclonal Reactivity, and Cross-Infection
Jonathan Weston,Stephane Villoing,Michel Brémont,Jeanette Castric,Martin Pfeffer,Victoria Jewhurst,Marian F. McLoughlin,OddMagne Rødseth,Karen Elina Christie,Joseph Koumans,Daniel Todd +10 more
TL;DR: It is concluded on the basis of the close genetic similarity that SPDV and SDV are closely related isolates of the same virus species for which the name Salmonid alphavirus is proposed.