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Ambulatory diagnosis and treatment of nonmalignant pain in the united states, 2000-2010

TLDR
Increased opioid prescribing has not been accompanied by similar increases in nonopioid analgesics or the proportion of ambulatory pain patients receiving pharmacologic treatment, suggesting clinical alternatives to prescription opioids may be underutilized as a means of treating ambulatory nonmalignant pain.
Abstract
Background:Escalating rates of prescription opioid use and abuse have occurred in the context of efforts to improve the treatment of nonmalignant pain.Objective:The aim of the study was to characterize the diagnosis and management of nonmalignant pain in ambulatory, office-based settings in the Unit

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Prescription Opioid Exposures Among Children and Adolescents in the United States: 2000–2015

TL;DR: Prescription opioid–related HCF admissions and serious medical outcomes were higher among teenagers, and exposures to buprenorphine have increased in recent years; children aged 0 to 5 years accounted for almost 90% of bupenorphine exposures.
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An epidemic of the use, misuse and overdose of opioids and deaths due to overdose, in the United States and Canada: is Europe next?

TL;DR: Evidence is mounting that the best pain relief is obtained through resilience, and opioids are often prescribed when treatments to increase resilience would be more effective.
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Patterns of Opioid Use and Risk of Opioid Overdose Death Among Medicaid Patients.

TL;DR: The findings support Federal guideline-recommended dosing thresholds in opioid prescribing and suggest concurrent sedative-hypnotic use even at low opioid doses poses substantially greater risk of opioid overdose.
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Impact of prescription drug monitoring programs and pill mill laws on high-risk opioid prescribers: A comparative interrupted time series analysis.

TL;DR: High-risk prescribers are disproportionately responsive to state policies, however, opioids-prescribing remains highly concentrated among high-risk providers, and policy effects on clinical practices and monthly prescribing measures for low-risk/high-risk doctors are evaluated.
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Trends in opioid prescribing and co-prescribing of sedative hypnotics for acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain: 2001-2010.

TL;DR: Characterize trends in opioid prescribing and co‐prescribing of sedative hypnotics at acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain visits from 2001 to 2010.
References
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Vital Signs: Overdoses of Prescription Opioid Pain Relievers - United States, 1999-2008

TL;DR: Wide variation among states in the nonmedical use of OPR and overdose rates cannot be explained by underlying demographic differences in state populations but is related to wide variations in OPR prescribing.
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Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects

TL;DR: Weak and strong opioids outperformed placebo for pain and function in all types of CNCP and were significantly superior to naproxen and nortriptyline, and only for pain relief.
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Systematic review: opioid treatment for chronic back pain: prevalence, efficacy, and association with addiction.

TL;DR: This systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the following questions: Are opioid medications effective in treating chronic back pain?
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Treatment of chronic non-cancer pain

TL;DR: A general overview of empirical evidence for the most commonly used interventions in the management of chronic non-cancer pain, including pharmacological, interventional, physical, psychological, rehabilitative, and alternative modalities is provided.
Journal ArticleDOI

Therapeutic opioids: a ten-year perspective on the complexities and complications of the escalating use, abuse, and nonmedical use of opioids.

TL;DR: Therapeutic opioid use has increased substantially, specifically of Schedule II drugs, and patients on long-term opioid use have been shown to increase the overall cost of healthcare, disability, rates of surgery, and late opioid use.
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