Bites by the Saw-scaled or Carpet Viper (Echis carinatus): Trial of Two Specific Antivenoms
TLDR
Echis carinatus is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality from snake bite in Nigeria and in many other parts of the world, and patients with systemic poisoning by this snake were given echis antivenom made either by the South African Institute for Medical Research (S.A.M.I.R.R.) or by Behringwerke (North and West African polyvalent antivenoms).Abstract:
Echis carinatus is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality from snake bite in Nigeria and in many other parts of the world. Forty-six patients with systemic poisoning by this snake were given echis antivenom made either by the South African Institute for Medical Research (S.A.I.M.R.) or by Behringwerke (North and West African polyvalent antivenom). A simple test of blood coagulability was used to assess whether an adequate neutralizing dose of antivenom had been given. An average of 15·2 ml S.A.I.M.R. antivenom restored normal coagulability permanently in all 23 patients in one group, but in the other group receiving an average dose of 37·9 ml Behringwerke antivenom normal clotting resulted in only 18 out of 23 patients. Local tissue swelling was similar in both groups, but local necrosis occurred in three patients treated with Behringwerke antivenom and in none given S.A.I.M.R. antivenom.read more
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TL;DR: The goal of this review is to place the exciting advances that have occurred in understanding of the molecular biology of the types 1, 2, and 3 (D1, D2, and D3, respectively) iodothyronine deiodinases into a biochemical and physiological context.
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Development of simple standard assay procedures for the characterization of snake venom.
R. D. G. Theakston,H. A. Reid +1 more
TL;DR: Methods have been developed for the assessment of lethal, defibrinogenating, procoagulant, haemorrhagic, and necrotizing properties of venoms, and used to study 53 venoms from 30 different species of snakes of medical importance throughout the world, which should result in the production of more potent antivenoms for use in both developing and developed countries.
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Estimate of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa: a meta-analytic approach.
TL;DR: The incidences and mortalities reported here reflect the number of patients who attend modern health facilities, giving underestimated figures of the burden of snakebites in sub-Saharan Africa but realistic current requirements for antivenoms.
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Ending the drought: New strategies for improving the flow of affordable, effective antivenoms in Asia and Africa
David J. Williams,José María Gutiérrez,Juan J. Calvete,Wolfgang Wüster,Kavi Ratanabanangkoon,Owen Paiva,Owen Paiva,Nicholas Brown,Nicholas R. Casewell,Robert A. Harrison,Paul D. Rowley,Mark O’Shea,S. Jensen,S. Jensen,Kenneth D. Winkel,David A. Warrell,David A. Warrell +16 more
TL;DR: Two mechanisms through which the Global Snakebite Initiative might seek to end the antivenom drought in Africa and Asia are proposed: first by establishing a multidisciplinary, multicentre, international collaboration to evaluate currently available antivenoms against the venoms of medically important snakes from specific nations in Asia using a combination of proteomic, antivenomic and WHO-endorsed preclinical assessment protocols, to provide a validated evidence base for either recommending or rejecting individual products.
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Snake-bite-induced acute renal failure in India
TL;DR: An overview of the clinical and basic-science aspects of snake-bite-induced acute renal failure is provided to prompt investigators to further define the pathogenetic mechanisms involved.
References
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