Childhood and Adolescent Obesity: A Review.
TLDR
The most common cause of obesity throughout childhood and adolescence is an inequity in energy balance; that is, excess caloric intake without appropriate caloric expenditure, which is a risk factor for obesity in adolescence and adulthood as mentioned in this paper.Abstract:
Obesity is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors; it is a significant public health problem. The most common cause of obesity throughout childhood and adolescence is an inequity in energy balance; that is, excess caloric intake without appropriate caloric expenditure. Adiposity rebound (AR) in early childhood is a risk factor for obesity in adolescence and adulthood. The increasing prevalence of childhood and adolescent obesity is associated with a rise in comorbidities previously identified in the adult population, such as Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver disease (NAFLD), Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), and Dyslipidemia. Due to the lack of a single treatment option to address obesity, clinicians have generally relied on counseling dietary changes and exercise. Due to psychosocial issues that may accompany adolescence regarding body habitus, this approach can have negative results. Teens can develop unhealthy eating habits that result in Bulimia Nervosa (BN), Binge- Eating Disorder (BED), or Night eating syndrome (NES). Others can develop Anorexia Nervosa (AN) as they attempt to restrict their diet and overshoot their goal of "being healthy." To date, lifestyle interventions have shown only modest effects on weight loss. Emerging findings from basic science as well as interventional drug trials utilizing GLP-1 agonists have demonstrated success in effective weight loss in obese adults, adolescents, and pediatric patients. However, there is limited data on the efficacy and safety of other weight-loss medications in children and adolescents. Nearly 6% of adolescents in the United States are severely obese and bariatric surgery as a treatment consideration will be discussed. In summary, this paper will overview the pathophysiology, clinical, and psychological implications, and treatment options available for obese pediatric and adolescent patients.read more
Citations
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Reassessing Human Adipose Tissue
TL;DR: The functional roles of human white and brown adipose tissue and its excess in obesity, as well as its far-reaching, complementary physiological roles in the endocrine system are discussed in this article .
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Obesity and Eating Disorders in Children and Adolescents: The Bidirectional Link
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present evidence that eating disorders and obesity can be managed or prevented using the same interventions in the pediatric age using behavioral psychotherapy, nutritional management and lifestyle modification.
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"Fitness and Fatness" in Children and Adolescents: An Italian Cross-Sectional Study.
Matteo Vandoni,Valeria Calcaterra,Vittoria Carnevale Pellino,Annalisa De Silvestri,Luca Marin,Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti,Valeria Tranfaglia,Matteo Giuriato,Roberto Codella,Nicola Lovecchio +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated several components of fitness and their relationship with the degree of fatness in children and found that children with obesity tend to have lower level of physical activity compared to non-obese peers.
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Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents: To Do or Not to Do?
Valeria Calcaterra,Hellas Cena,Gloria Pelizzo,Debora Porri,Corrado Regalbuto,Federica Vinci,Francesca Destro,Elettra Vestri,Elvira Verduci,Elvira Verduci,Alessandra Bosetti,Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti,Gian Vincenzo Zuccotti,Fatima Cody Stanford +13 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the rationale behind surgical treatment options, outcomes, and clinical indications in adolescents with severe obesity, focusing on LSG, nutritional management, and resolution of metabolic comorbidities.
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School-Based Nutrition Interventions in Children Aged 6 to 18 Years: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews
Kate O'Brien,Courtney Barnes,Serene Yoong,Elizabeth Campbell,Rebecca Wyse,Tessa Delaney,Alison Brown,Fiona Stacey,Lynda Davies,Sasha Lorien,Rebecca K Hodder +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, an umbrella review synthesised evidence from systematic reviews of school-based nutrition interventions designed to improve dietary intake outcomes in children aged 6 to 18 years, including fruit, fruit and vegetables combined, and fat intake.
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