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Journal ArticleDOI

Conservation and Management of Anacapa Island Deer Mice

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TLDR
A novel type of population viability analysis was used to develop a captive breeding and reintroduction plan for Anacapa deer mice should they be eradicated along with the rats.
Abstract
We investigated the genetic and morphological status of an endemic subspecies of deer mice (  Peromyscus maniculatus anacapae) on Anacapa Island of California through mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analysis, morphometric discriminant function analysis, and population viability analysis. We sought to assist the development of a management plan that may include captive breeding, reintroduction, or translocation of mice following eradication of introduced rats. The genetic and morphological data were used to investigate whether the subspecies or populations on each of the three islets of Anacapa represent evolutionarily significant units for conservation. The status of the East Anacapa population was of particular concern because deer mice have recently been caught there following more than 15 years of no records of deer mice. Sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase c subunit II gene (COII ) indicated that the Anacapa subspecies had unique haplotypes not found on neighboring islands or the mainland and thus represents a distinct unit for conservation. Further, one of these haplotypes was shared among the islets, including most of the East Anacapa mice, suggesting that the East Anacapa population had either recovered from a severe bottleneck or had been recolonized by P. m. anacapae, but that it was not derived from other subspecies. Discriminant function analysis of morphological data also supported classification of the East Anacapa mice as P. m. anacapae. The mitochondrial mtDNA sequence data yielded estimates of two to seven migrants per generation among the Anacapa islets, suggesting a functioning metapopulation. Incorporating these data and information available on the life history and demographics of deer mice, we used a novel type of population viability analysis to develop a captive breeding and reintroduction plan for Anacapa deer mice should they be eradicated along with the rats. A sine wave was incorporated into the population viability analysis to simulate population size cyclicity. Our study provides baseline information needed for developing a comprehensive conservation and management plan for a threatened island endemic. Resumen: Investigamos el estado genetico y morfologico del raton Peromyscus maniculatus anacapae de la isla Anacapa en California mediante un analisis del ADN mitocondrial, un analisis de funcion discriminante de los datos morfometricos y un analisis de viabilidad poblacional. Pretendimos colaborar con el desarrollo de un plan de manejo que podria incluir la reproduccion en cautiverio, la reintroduccion o el desplazamiento de ratones despues de la erradicacion de ratas introducidas. Los datos geneticos y morfologicos fueron utilizados para investigar si las subespecies o las poblaciones en cada una de las tres isletas de Anacapa representan unidades evolutivas significativas para la conservacion. El estado de la poblacion de Anacapa del Este fue de interes particular debido a la captura reciente de ratones, despues de 15 anos sin registros de esta especie. Las secuencias del gen citocromo oxidasa c subunidad II del ADNmt (COII ) indicaron que la subespecie de Anacapa tiene haplotipos unicos, que no se encuentran en las islas vecinas ni en tierra firme y, por lo tanto, representa una unidad unica para la conservacion. Mas aun, uno de estos haplotipos fue compartido entre las isletas, incluyendo la mayoria de los ratones de Anacapa del Este, lo que sugiere que la isla ha sido recolonizada por P. m. anacapae o que la poblacion de Anacapa del Este se ha recuperado de un cuello de botella severo pero que no ha derivado de otras subespecies. El analisis de funcion discriminante de los datos morfometricos tambien respalda la clasificacion de los ratones de Anacapa del Este como P. m. Anacapae. Los datos de secuencias del ADNmt proveen estimaciones de 2 a 7 migrantes por generacion entre las isletas Anacapa, lo que sugiere la presencia de una metapoblacion en funcionamiento. Con la incorporacion de estos datos y la informacion disponible sobre los antecedentes biologicos y la demografia del raton, se utilizo un nuevo tipo de analisis de viabilidad poblacional para desarrollar un plan de reproduccion en cautiverio y de reintroduccion del raton de Anacapa en caso de que los ratones sean exterminados junto con las ratas. Se incorporo una funcion seno al analisis de viabilidad poblacional para simular los ciclos del tamano poblacional. Nuestro estudio provee la informacion basica necesaria para desarrollar un plan de conservacion y de manejo integral para una especie endemica insular amenazada.

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Invasive rodent eradication on islands.

TL;DR: To be successful, large-scale rodent campaigns should be integrated with programs to improve the livelihoods of residents, island biosecurity, and reinvasion response programs, and applied research can further aid in minimizing impacts.
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Have the Harmful Effects of Introduced Rats on Islands been Exaggerated

TL;DR: New Zealand is used as a case study because of its four-decade history of rat eradications and many detailed and innovative studies of how rats affect native species, including use of exclosures, local manipulations of rat populations, video surveillance, and measurements of responses following eradications.
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Microevolution in island rodents.

TL;DR: It is argued that selection, rather than founder events, is largely responsible for the substantial shifts in morphology seen among insular rodent populations, and microevolution of rodents is greater on smaller and more remote islands.
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Eradication of black rats Rattus rattus from Anacapa Island.

TL;DR: The eradication of black rats Rattus rattus from Anacapa Island, California, in 2001–2002 was the first-ever invasive rodent eradication from an entire island where an endemic rodent was present and the first aerial application of a rodenticide in North America.
References
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Book

Molecular Evolutionary Genetics

Masatoshi Nei
TL;DR: Recent developments of statistical methods in molecular phylogenetics are reviewed and it is shown that the mathematical foundations of these methods are not well established, but computer simulations and empirical data indicate that currently used methods produce reasonably good phylogenetic trees when a sufficiently large number of nucleotides or amino acids are used.
Journal ArticleDOI

Defining ‘Evolutionarily Significant Units’ for conservation

TL;DR: With the explicit recognition of the genetic component of biodiversity in conservation legislation of many countries and in the Convention on Biological Diversity, the ESU concept is set to become increasingly significant for conservation of natural as well as captive populations.
Journal ArticleDOI

Evolutionary relationship of dna sequences in finite populations

TL;DR: These studies indicate that the estimates of the average number of nucleotide differences and nucleon diversity have a large variance, and a large part of this variance is due to stochastic factors.
Journal ArticleDOI

Computer-Aided Multivariate Analysis.

TL;DR: This third edition of Afifi and Clark's Computer-Aided Multivariate Analysis will be useful to professionals, researchers and students in a wide range of fields ranging from psychology, sociology and physical sciences to public health and biomedical science.
Journal ArticleDOI

Estimation of levels of gene flow from DNA sequence data.

TL;DR: It is found that in general when there is no recombination, the cladistic method performed better than FST while the reverse was true for rates of recombination similar to those found in eukaryotic nuclear genes, although FST performed better for all recombination rates for very low levels of migration.
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