Design and fabrication of highly efficient fan-out elements
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In this article, the authors reported the calculation and fabrication of periodic phase structures for fan-out elements with a theoretical conversion efficiency close to 100% and perfect uniformity, and measured an efficiency of 92% for a smooth kinoform structure fabricated in photoresist by laser beam writing lithography.Abstract:
This paper reports the calculation and fabrication of periodic phase structures for fan-out elements with a theoretical conversion efficiency close to 100% and perfect uniformity. We have measured an efficiency of 92% for a smooth kinoform structure fabricated in photoresist by laser beam writing lithography.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Binary surface-relief gratings for array illumination in digital optics.
Antti Vasara,Mohammad R. Taghizadeh,Jari Turunen,Jan Westerholm,Eero Noponen,Hiroyuki Ichikawa,J. M. Miller,Tommi Jaakkola,Sirpa Kuisma +8 more
TL;DR: A rigorous electromagnetic diffraction theory is used to evaluate the range of validity of the scalar designs, to analyze fabrication errors, and to design binary resonance-domain one-dimensional array generators with 90%-100% efficiency.
Journal ArticleDOI
Digital holography as part of diffractive optics
Frank Wyrowski,Olof Bryngdahl +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the inverse problem of how to proceed from the desired wavefield in space to the design of a diffractive element that is able to form this field is treated by considering various approximations that define digital holography as a subset of diffractive optics.
Journal ArticleDOI
Optimized kinoform structures for highly efficient fan-out elements
TL;DR: Only a small number of parameters in the object plane are necessary for determining the kinoform, which simplifies the calculation of M x N arrays also for large M and N.
Journal ArticleDOI
Continuous-relief diffractive optical elements for two-dimensional array generation.
TL;DR: In this article, a continuous surface-relief diffractive optical element for two-dimensional array generation (fan-out) is designed and fabricated, and the phase-grating microstructures are generated by laser-beam writing lithography in a single exposure step and converted to nickel shims by electroplating.
Journal ArticleDOI
Upper bound on the diffraction efficiency of phase-only fanout elements
TL;DR: The upper bound on diffraction efficiency for continuous phase fanouts ranges between 97 and 98%; for (0, pi)-binary-phase fanouts the upper bound ranges between 83 and 84%; and for ( 0, non-pi)- binary-phase, between 87 and 88%.
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