Journal ArticleDOI
Effect of iodine intake on thyroid diseases in China.
Weiping Teng,Zhongyan Shan,Xiao-chun Teng,Haixia Guan,Yushu Li,Di Teng,Ying Jin,Xiaohui Yu,Chenling Fan,Wei Chong,Fan Yang,Hong Dai,Yang Yu,Jia Li,Yanyan Chen,Dong Zhao,Xiao-guang Shi,Fengnan Hu,Jinyuan Mao,Xiaolan Gu,Rong Yang,Ya-jie Tong,Wei-bo Wang,Tian-shu Gao,Chenyang Li +24 more
TLDR
More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake.Abstract:
Background Iodine is an essential component of thyroid hormones; either low or high intake may lead to thyroid disease. We observed an increase in the prevalence of overt hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and autoimmune thyroiditis with increasing iodine intake in China in cohorts from three regions with different levels of iodine intake: mildly deficient (median urinary iodine excretion, 84 μg per liter), more than adequate (median, 243 μg per liter), and excessive (median, 651 μg per liter). Participants enrolled in a baseline study in 1999, and during the five-year follow-up through 2004, we examined the effect of regional differences in iodine intake on the incidence of thyroid disease. Methods Of the 3761 unselected subjects who were enrolled at baseline, 3018 (80.2 percent) participated in this follow-up study. Levels of thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies in serum, and iodine in urine, were measured and B-mode ultrasonography of the thyroid was performed at baseline and follow-up. Results Among subjects with mildly deficient iodine intake, those with more than adequate intake, and those with excessive intake, the cumulative incidence of overt hypothyroidism was 0.2 percent, 0.5 percent, and 0.3 percent, respectively; that of subclinical hypothyroidism, 0.2 percent, 2.6 percent, and 2.9 percent, respectively; and that of autoimmune thyroiditis, 0.2 percent, 1.0 percent, and 1.3 percent, respectively. Among subjects with euthyroidism and antithyroid antibodies at baseline, the five-year incidence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels was greater among those with more than adequate or excessive iodine intake than among those with mildly deficient iodine intake. A baseline serum thyrotropin level of 1.0 to 1.9 mIU per liter was associated with the lowest subsequent incidence of abnormal thyroid function. Conclusions More than adequate or excessive iodine intake may lead to hypothyroidism and autoimmune thyroiditis.read more
Citations
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The clinical significance of subclinical thyroid dysfunction.
TL;DR: The mechanisms underlying tissue alterations in SCTD and the effects of replacement therapy on progression and tissue parameters are examined, and the issue of the need to treat slight thyroid hormone deficiency or excess in relation to the patient's age is addressed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Subclinical thyroid disease
TL;DR: The definition, epidemiology, differential diagnoses, risks of progression to overt thyroid disease, potential effects on various health outcomes, and management of subclinical hyperthyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism are discussed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Iodine-deficiency disorders
TL;DR: Introduction of iodised salt to regions of chronic iodine-deficiency disorders might transiently increase the proportion of thyroid disorders, but overall the small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risk of iodine deficiency.
Journal ArticleDOI
Very high prevalence of thyroid nodules detected by high frequency (13 MHz) ultrasound examination.
TL;DR: The prevalence of thyroid nodules in a healthy population is high: in the German Papillon study, nationwide ultrasound screening of more than 90 000 people using 7·5 MHz scanners revealed the presence of thyroid nodsules in 33% of the normal population.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hashimoto thyroiditis: clinical and diagnostic criteria.
TL;DR: Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT), now considered the most common autoimmune disease, was described over a century ago as a pronounced lymphoid goiter affecting predominantly women, and several other clinico-pathologic entities are now included under the term HT.
References
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Iodine Intake and the Pattern of Thyroid Disorders: A Comparative Epidemiological Study of Thyroid Abnormalities in the Elderly in Iceland and in Jutland, Denmark
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Journal ArticleDOI
The evidence for a narrower thyrotropin reference range is compelling.
TL;DR: The definition of the normal reference range for TSH has become a hot topic in the literature as discussed by the authors as a result of both the development of more highly sensitive TSH assays and the appreciation that reference populations previously considered normal were contaminated with individuals with various degrees of thyroid dysfunction that served to increase mean TSH levels for the group.