Two forms of cooperation in distributed problem solving are considered: task-sharing and result-sharing, and the basic methodology is presented and systems in which it has been used are described.
Abstract:
Two forms of cooperation in distributed problem solving are considered: task-sharing and result-sharing. In the former, nodes assist each other by sharing the computational load for the execution of subtasks of the overall problem. In the latter, nodes assist each other by sharing partial results which are based on somewhat different perspectives on the overall problem. Different perspectives arise because the nodes use different knowledge sources (KS's) (e.g., syntax versus acoustics in the case of a speech-understanding system) or different data (e.g., data that is sensed at different locations in the case of a distributed sensing system). Particular attention is given to control and to internode communication for the two forms of cooperation. For each, the basic methodology is presented and systems in which it has been used are described. The two forms are then compared and the types of applications for which they are suitable are considered.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors classified and uniformly presented the challenges of large scale systems, and the untidy situation of the control problem for such systems due to these characteristics is demonstrated. And the concept of cooperation between subsystems is considered and two main unresolved problems for it are briefly discussed.
TL;DR: The major requirement areas identified in the study for building generic AI decision support development tools for battle management are described.
TL;DR: A strategy that combines four techniques to solve real-world problem-solving problems, including an architecture for coarse-grained agents (CGAs), a communication protocol that enables CGAs to interact, an intermediate query language (IQL), designed around user-level concepts, and a query translation mechanism that transforms IQL requests into database-specific queries.
TL;DR: A distributed problem solving approach to control asynchronous and concurrent processes based on a parallel object oriented model called Po-PS is presented to demonstrate how automation systems are modelled and specified.
TL;DR: In this paper, a task allocation protocol for loosely coupled distributed environments is proposed, which takes the structure of agent organizations into account during task allocation processes, and allows not only neighboring agents but also indirectly linked agents in an organization to help with a task if needed.
TL;DR: In this article, the contract net protocol has been developed to specify problem-solving communication and control for nodes in a distributed problem solver, where task distribution is affected by a negotiation process, a discussion carried on between nodes with tasks to be executed and nodes that may be able to execute those tasks.
TL;DR: The purpose of this paper is to explain why task uncertainty is related to organizational form, and why the cognitive limits theory of Herbert Simon was the guiding influence.
TL;DR: A framework called the contract net is presented that specifies communication and control in a distributed problem solver, and comparisons with planner, conniver, hearsay-ii, and pup 6 are used to demonstrate that negotiation is a natural extension to the transfer of control mechanisms used in earlier problem-solving systems.
TL;DR: A light sensing apparatus is described which employs a GaAsP MOS light-receiving element to which a potential is applied for creating a depletion region.
Q1. What have the authors contributed in "Frameworks for cooperation in distributed problem solving" ?
For each, the basic methodology is presented and systems in which it has been used are described.
Q2. What is the purpose of the answer synthesis?
Answer synthesis is performed in the third phase; that is, integration of subproblem results to achieve a solution to the overall problem.
Q3. How do the authors use negotiation to solve the connection problem?
In order to maximize system concurrency, both nodes with tasks to be executed and nodes ready to execute tasks can proceed simultaneously, engaging each other in a process that resembles contract negotiation to solve the connection problem.
Q4. How many bits must be communicated by each node?
Assume that each of the nodes operates at 108 instructions per second; the computation and communication load is shared equally by all nodes, and the problem-solving architecture is such that one bit must be communicated by each node for every ten instructions that it executes.
Q5. What is the common metaphor for a problem solver?
A familiar metaphor for a problem solver operating in a distributed processor is a group of human experts experienced at working together, trying to complete a large task.
Q6. What is the purpose of the contract net protocol?
The connection that is effected with the contract net protocol is an extension to the pattern-directed invocation used in many AI programming languages (see [5] for anin-depth discussion).
Q7. What is the definition of a block world image?
A blocks world image is a line drawing that shows the edges of a collection of simple objects (e.g., cubes, wedges, and pyramids) in a scene.
Q8. What is the key to achieving consistent image labeling?
Thus the key to achieving consistent image labeling is to compare the label set of each vertex with those of its neighbors and discard inconsistent labels.