Health warning messages on tobacco products: a review
TLDR
The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and design: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation.Abstract:
Objective To review evidence on the impact of health warning messages on tobacco packages. Data sources Articles were identified through electronic databases of published articles, as well as relevant ‘grey’ literature using the following keywords: health warning, health message, health communication, label and labelling in conjunction with at least one of the following terms: smoking, tobacco, cigarette, product, package and pack. Study selection and data extraction: Relevant articles available prior to January 2011 were screened for six methodological criteria. A total of 94 original original articles met inclusion criteria, including 72 quantitative studies, 16 qualitative studies, 5 studies with both qualitative and qualitative components, and 1 review paper: Canada (n¼35), USA (n¼29) Australia (n¼16), UK (n¼13), The Netherlands (n¼3), France (n¼3), New Zealand (n¼3), Mexico (n¼3), Brazil (n¼2), Belgium (n¼1), other European countries (n¼10), Norway (n¼1), Malaysia (n¼1) and China (n¼1). Results The evidence indicates that the impact of health warnings depends upon their size and design: whereas obscure text-only warnings appear to have little impact, prominent health warnings on the face of packages serve as a prominent source of health information for smokers and non-smokers, can increase health knowledge and perceptions of risk and can promote smoking cessation. The evidence also indicates that comprehensive warnings are effective among youth and may help to prevent smoking initiation. Pictorial health warnings that elicit strongemotionalreactionsaresignificantlymoreeffective. Conclusions Health warnings on packages are among the most direct and prominent means of communicating with smokers. Larger warnings with pictures are significantly more effective than smaller, text-only messages.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review
TL;DR: To tackle the high prevalence of smoking among disadvantaged groups, a combination of tobacco control measures is required, and these should be delivered in conjunction with wider attempts to address inequalities in health.
Journal ArticleDOI
Pictorial cigarette pack warnings: a meta-analysis of experimental studies
Seth M. Noar,Marissa G. Hall,Diane B. Francis,Kurt M. Ribisl,Jessica K. Pepper,Noel T. Brewer +5 more
TL;DR: The evidence from this international body of literature supports pictorial cigarette pack warnings as more effective than text-only warnings.
Journal ArticleDOI
Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Marissa B Reitsma,Parkes J Kendrick,Emad Ababneh,Cristiana Abbafati,Mohsen Abbasi-Kangevari,Amir Abdoli,Aidin Abedi,E S Abhilash,Derrick Bary Abila,Victor Aboyans,Niveen M E Abu-Rmeileh,Oladimeji Adebayo,Shailesh Advani,Mohammad Aghaali,Bright Opoku Ahinkorah,Sohail Ahmad,Keivan Ahmadi,Haroon Ahmed,Budi Aji,Chisom Joyqueenet Akunna,Ziyad Al-Aly,Turki Alanzi,Khalid F. AlHabib,Liaqat Ali,Sheikh M. Alif,Vahid Alipour,Syed Mohamed Aljunid,François Alla,Peter Allebeck,Nelson Alvis-Guzman,Tarek Tawfik Amin,Saeed Amini,Hubert Amu,Gianna Gayle Herrera Amul,Robert Ancuceanu,Jason A. Anderson,Alireza Ansari-Moghaddam,Carl Abelardo T. Antonio,Benny Antony,Davood Anvari,Jalal Arabloo,Nicholas Arian,Monika Arora,Malke Asaad,Marcel Ausloos,Asma Tahir Awan,Getinet Ayano,Getie Lake Aynalem,Samad Azari,Darshan B B,Ashish Badiye,Atif Amin Baig,Mohammad Hossein Bakhshaei,Maciej Banach,Palash Chandra Banik,Suzanne Barker-Collo,Till Bärnighausen,Hiba Jawdat Barqawi,Sanjay Basu,Mohsen Bayati,Shahrzad Bazargan-Hejazi,Masoud Behzadifar,Tariku Tesfaye Bekuma,Derrick A Bennett,Isabela M. Benseñor,Kathleen S Sachiko Berfield,Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula,Nikha Bhardwaj,Pankaj Bhardwaj,Krittika Bhattacharyya,Sadia Bibi,Ali Bijani,Bagas Suryo Bintoro,Antonio Biondi,Setognal Birara,Dejana Braithwaite,Hermann Brenner,Andre R. Brunoni,Katrin Burkart,Zahid A Butt,Florentino Luciano Caetano dos Santos,Luis Camera,Josip Car,Rosario Cárdenas,Giulia Carreras,Juan Jesus Carrero,João Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia,Maria Sofia Sofia Cattaruzza,Jung-Chen Chang,Simiao Chen,Dinh-Toi Chu,Sheng-Chia Chung,Massimo Cirillo,Vera Marisa Costa,Rosa A. S. Couto,Omid Dadras,Xiaochen Dai,Albertino Damasceno,Giovanni Damiani,Lalit Dandona,Rakhi Dandona,Parnaz Daneshpajouhnejad,Jiregna Darega Gela,Kairat Davletov,Meseret Derbew Molla,Getenet Dessie,Abebaw Alemayehu Desta,Samath D Dharmaratne,Mostafa Dianatinasab,Daniel Diaz,Hoa Thi Do,Abdel Douiri,Bruce Bartholow Duncan,Andre Rodrigues Duraes,Arielle Wilder Eagan,Mohammad Ebrahimi Kalan,Kristina Edvardsson,Iffat Elbarazi,Maha El Tantawi,Saman Esmaeilnejad,Ibtihal Fadhil,Emerito Jose A. Faraon,Carla Sofia e Sa Farinha,Medhat Farwati,Farshad Farzadfar,Mehdi Fazlzadeh,Valery L. Feigin,Rachel Feldman,Carlota Fernandez Prendes,Pietro Ferrara,Irina Filip,Filippos T. Filippidis,Florian Fischer,Luisa Sorio Flor,Nataliya Foigt,Morenike Oluwatoyin Folayan,Masoud Foroutan,Mohamed M. Gad,Abhay Gaidhane,Silvano Gallus,Biniyam Sahiledengle Geberemariyam,Mansour Ghafourifard,Alireza Ghajar,Ahmad Ghashghaee,Simona Giampaoli,Paramjit Gill,Franklin N Glozah,Elena V. Gnedovskaya,Mahaveer Golechha,Sameer Vali Gopalani,Giuseppe Gorini,Houman Goudarzi,Alessandra C. Goulart,Felix Greaves,Avirup Guha,Yuming Guo,Bhawna Gupta,Rajat Gupta,Rajeev Gupta,Tarun Gupta,Vin Gupta,Nima Hafezi-Nejad,Mohammad Rifat Haider,Randah R. Hamadeh,Graeme J. Hankey,Arief Hargono,Risky Kusuma Hartono,Hadi Hassankhani,Simon I. Hay,Golnaz Heidari,Claudiu Herteliu,Kamal Hezam,Thomas R. Hird,Michael K. Hole,Ramesh Holla,Mehdi Hosseinzadeh,Sorin Hostiuc,Mowafa Househ,Thomas Hsiao,Junjie Huang,Vincent C. Iannucci,Segun Emmanuel Ibitoye,Bulat Idrisov,Olayinka Stephen Ilesanmi,Irena Ilic,Milena Ilic,Leeberk Raja Inbaraj,Seyed Sina Naghibi Irvani,Jessica Y Islam,Rakibul M Islam,Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam,Farhad Islami,Hiroyasu Iso,Ramaiah Itumalla,Masao Iwagami,Jalil Jaafari,Vardhmaan Jain,Mihajlo Jakovljevic,Sung-In Jang,Hosna Janjani,Shubha Jayaram,Panniyammakal Jeemon,Ravi Prakash Jha,Jost B. Jonas,Tamás Joó,Mikk Jürisson,Ali Kabir,Zubair Kabir,Leila R Kalankesh,Tanuj Kanchan,Himal Kandel,Neeti Kapoor,Salah Eddin Karimi,Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi,Hafte Kahsay Kebede,Bayew Kelkay,Ryan David Kennedy,Abdullah T Khoja,Jagdish Khubchandani,Gyu Ri Kim,Young Eun Kim,Ruth W Kimokoti,Mika Kivimäki,Soewarta Kosen,Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana,Ai Koyanagi,Kewal Krishan,Nuworza Kugbey,G Anil Kumar,Nithin Kumar,Om P Kurmi,Dian Kusuma,Ben Lacey,Jennifer O Lam,Iván Landires,Savita Lasrado,Paolo Lauriola,Doo Woong Lee,Yo Han Lee,Janni Leung,Shanshan Li,Hualiang Lin,Shai Linn,Wei Liu,Alan D. Lopez,Platon D. Lopukhov,Stefan Lorkowski,Alessandra Lugo,Azeem Majeed,Afshin Maleki,Reza Malekzadeh,Deborah Carvalho Malta,Abdullah Al Mamun,Narayana Manjunatha,Borhan Mansouri,Mohammad Ali Mansournia,Jose Martinez-Raga,Santi Martini,Manu Raj Mathur,Carlo Eduardo Medina-Solís,Suresh Mehata,Walter Mendoza,Ritesh G. Menezes,Atte Meretoja,Tuomo J. Meretoja,Bartosz Miazgowski,Irmina Maria Michalek,Ted R. Miller,Erkin M. Mirrakhimov,Hamed Mirzaei,Mehdi Mirzaei-Alavijeh,Sanjeev Misra,Masoud Moghadaszadeh,Yousef Mohammad,Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani,Shafiu Mohammed,Ali H. Mokdad,Lorenzo Monasta,Mohammad Ali Moni,Ghobad Moradi,Maziar Moradi-Lakeh,Rahmatollah Moradzadeh,Shane D. Morrison,Tilahun Belete Mossie,Sumaira Mubarik,Erin C Mullany,Christopher J L Murray,Mohsen Naghavi,Behshad Naghshtabrizi,Sanjeev Nair,Mahdi Nalini,Vinay Nangia,Atta Abbas Naqvi,Sreenivas Narasimha Swamy,Muhammad Naveed,Smitha Nayak,Vinod C Nayak,Javad Nazari,Sabina O Nduaguba,Sandhya Neupane Kandel,Cuong Tat Nguyen,Huong Lan Thi Nguyen,Son Hoang Nguyen,Trang Huyen Nguyen,Molly R Nixon,Chukwudi A Nnaji,Bo Norrving,Jean Jacques Noubiap,Christoph Nowak,Felix Akpojene Ogbo,Ayodipupo Sikiru Oguntade,In-Hwan Oh,Andrew T Olagunju,Eyal Oren,Nikita Otstavnov,Stanislav S. Otstavnov,Mayowa O. Owolabi,Mahesh P A,Smita Pakhale,Keyvan Pakshir,Raffaele Palladino,Adrian Pana,Songhomitra Panda-Jonas,Ashok Pandey,Utsav Parekh,Eun-Cheol Park,Eun-Kee Park,Fatemeh Pashazadeh Kan,George C Patton,Shrikant Pawar,Richard G Pestell,Marina Pinheiro,Michael A. Piradov,Saeed Pirouzpanah,Khem Narayan Pokhrel,R V Polibin,Akila Prashant,Dimas Ria Angga Pribadi,Amir Radfar,Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar,Azizur Rahman,Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman,Muhammad Aziz Rahman,Amir Masoud Rahmani,Nazanin Rajai,Pradhum Ram,Chhabi Lal Ranabhat,Priya Rathi,Lal B. Rawal,Andre M. N. Renzaho,Luz Myriam Reynales-Shigematsu,Aziz Rezapour,Seyed Mohammad Riahi,Mavra A Riaz,Leonardo Roever,Luca Ronfani,Gholamreza Roshandel,Ambuj Roy,Bedanta Roy,Simona Sacco,Basema Saddik,Amirhossein Sahebkar,Sana Salehi,Hamideh Salimzadeh,Mehrnoosh Samaei,Abdallah M. Samy,Itamar S. Santos,Milena Santric-Milicevic,Nizal Sarrafzadegan,Brijesh Sathian,Monika Sawhney,Mete Saylan,Michael Schaub,Maria Inês Schmidt,Ione Jayce Ceola Schneider,Aletta E. 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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.
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Annual Healthcare Spending Attributable to Cigarette Smoking: An Update
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Sixty years of fear appeal research: Current state of the evidence
TL;DR: It is concluded that coping information aimed at increasing perceptions of response effectiveness and especially self-efficacy is more important in promoting protective action than presenting threatening health information aimed in increasing risk perceptions and fear arousal.
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